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| Prehistory |
| Early kingdoms |
| Srivijaya (3rd to 14th centuries) |
| Tarumanagara (358-723) |
| Sailendra (8th & 9th centuries) |
| Kingdom of Sunda (669-1579) |
| Kingdom of Mataram (752–1045) |
| Kediri (1045–1221) |
| Singhasari (1222–1292) |
| Majapahit (1293–1500) |
| The rise of Muslim states |
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| Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511) |
| Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) |
| Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903) |
| The Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813) |
| Mataram Sultanate (1500s to 1700s) |
| European colonialism |
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| Dutch East India Company (1602–1800) |
| Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) |
| The emergence of Indonesia |
| National Awakening (1899–1942) |
| Japanese Occupation (1942–45) |
| Declaration of Independence (1945) |
| National Revolution (1945–1950) |
| Independent Indonesia |
| Liberal Democracy (1950–1957) |
| Guided Democracy (1957–1965) |
| Start of the New Order (1965–1966) |
| The New Order (1966–1998) |
| Reformation Era (1998–present) |
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Permesta was a rebel movement in Indonesia, the name coming from Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator See also History of Indonesia This is a timeline of Indonesian history. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the sixteenth century It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who later went on to found Cirebon. The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the islands of Indonesia. See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC had a presence in the Indonesian archipelago from 1603 when the first trading See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between An era of Liberal Democracy (Demokrasi Liberal in Indonesia began in 1950 following the securing of Indonesian independence in the Indonesian National Revolution Indonesia's transition to the " New Order " in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president Sukarno after 22 years in the position The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. It was declared by civil and military leaders of East Indonesia on March 2, 1957. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The center of the movement was in Manado, and the movement was led by Colonel Ventje Sumual. Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The Permesta rebels fought against central government troops until the last remnants surrendered and were given an amnesty in 1961.
The rebellion was caused by a combination of reasons. The most significant progenitor of the rebellion was the opportunism by local military leaders who during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia (1950-1957), had developed a system of warlordism due to weakness and instability of central government in Jakarta. An era of Liberal Democracy (Demokrasi Liberal in Indonesia began in 1950 following the securing of Indonesian independence in the Indonesian National Revolution A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. When the central military command under Armed Forces Chief General Abdul Haris Nasution tried to re-impose central military control and rein in the regional army chiefs' massive copra smuggling operations, the opportunistic regional military leaders in West Sumatera formed the PRRI movement and those in North Sulawesi formed the Permesta movement to counter the central government. Abdul Haris Nasution (born Kotanopan, North Sumatra 3 December 1918 - died Jakarta 5 September 2000 was an Indonesian general who was twice West Sumatra ( Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia. North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara is a province of Indonesia. It is on the island of Sulawesi, and borders the province of Gorontalo to the To worsen the situation, the American Central Intelligence Agency interfered in the affair by giving support to the rebellious movements. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The reason was because US President Dwight David Eisenhower and CIA chief Allen Dulles was concerned that the success of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in winning fourth-place in the 1955 elections (most of these votes came from Java) might be precursor of Indonesia becoming a communist state. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7 1893 &ndash January 29 1969 was the first civilian and the longest serving (1953-1961 Director of Central Intelligence (de-facto head of The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was the largest non-ruling Communist party in the world prior Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta.
The support from the CIA to the Permesta rebels came in the form of 15 B-26 bombers which formed the rebel airforce AUREV (Angkatan Udara Revolusioner) based on Manado airfield, large amounts of weapons and equipment, unlimited source of money, plus an international cast of CIA agents and mercenaries from Philippines, Taiwan, and Poland. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Emboldened by the CIA aid, the rebels began a series of airstrikes against cities in Sulawesi and Maluku held by central government. Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago The cities bombed by the rebel planes, piloted by CIA agents, included Balikpapan, Makassar, and Ambon. Balikpapan is a seaport city on the eastern coast of Borneo island in the East Kalimantan province a resource-rich region well known for its Timber, Makassar, ( Macassar, Mangkasar) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the largest city on Sulawesi Island Ambon (1990 pop 275888 is the main city and seaport of Ambon Island, and is the capital of Maluku province of Indonesia. On 15 May 1958, rebel planes bombed the marketplace of Ambon, killing large numbers of civilians attending Ascension Sunday services. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The general and most common understanding of the Christian Doctrine of Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to Heaven in the presence
Responding to the rebel aggression, President Sukarno ordered the PRRI-Permesta rebellion to be crushed militarily. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. A series of air raids by central government airforce (AURI) on Manado destroyed most of the rebel B-26 planes. Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Meanwhile, a rebel B-26 bomber was shot down on 18 May 1958 by Indonesian pilot Ignatius Dewanto over Ambon. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi Its pilot, an American CIA agent named Allen Pope, was captured and put on trial in Jakarta where he exposed the deep involvement of CIA in the rebellion. Allen Lawrence Pope was a US Air Force pilot who was shot down on May 18, 1958 while flying a B-26 during a raid on government forces in Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. As consequence, CIA began withdrawing its support for the rebellion.
After annihilating the rebel air force AUREV, central government troops launched an amphibious and airborne assault on the rebel capital Manado called Operasi Merdeka. Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The troops quickly expelled the rebels from Manado, after which they maintained a guerrilla resistance around the Lake Tondano area. Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. However, the central government started a successful campaign offering amnesties to induce surrenders. The rebels, who had many familial and amicable relationships with many of the central government soldiers, began surrendering. The last Permesta rebels surrendered and swore an oath of loyalty to the central government in 1961.
External sources
Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957-1958, by Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, US Naval Press Institute, January 2000
External links
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