| Perineum | |
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| The muscles of the male perineum | |
| Gray's | subject #120 424 |
| Artery | perineal artery, dorsal artery of the penis, deep artery of the penis |
| Nerve | perineal nerve, posterior scrotal nerves, dorsal nerve of the penis, dorsal nerve of clitoris |
| Lymph | primarily superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | p_13/12627677 |
In human anatomy, the perineum is generally defined as the surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx. Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. For the artery also known as the "per' O' neal artery" see Fibular artery The perineal artery ( superficial perineal artery The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the Crus penis and the Pubic symphysis, and piercing the inferior fascia of the Urogenital diaphragm, passes The deep artery of the penis ( artery to the corpus cavernosum) one of the terminal branches of the Internal pudendal, arises from that vessel while it is situated A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. The perineal nerve is a Nerve arising from the Pudendal nerve that supplies the Perineum. The posterior scrotal branches; superficial peroneal nerves are two in number medial and lateral The dorsal nerve of the penis is the deepest division of the Pudendal nerve; it accompanies the Internal pudendal artery along the Ramus of the ischium The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is a Nerve in females that branches off the Pudendal nerve to innervate the Clitoris. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. The superficial inguinal lymph nodes form a chain immediately below the Inguinal ligament. Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Human anatomy, which with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult Human body The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous Joint (secondary cartilaginous uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones. The coccyx (pronounced kok -siks (Latin os coccygis) commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column The perineum is the region of the body inferior to the pelvic diaphragm and between the legs.
A diamond-shaped area on the inferior surface of the trunk which includes the anus and, in females, the vagina[1]. The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus Its definition varies: it can refer to only the superficial structures in this region, or it can be used to include both superficial and deep structures.
The perineum corresponds to the outlet of the pelvis. The lower circumference of the Lesser pelvis is very irregular the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or pelvic outlet.
The anogenital distance is a measure of male feminisation measuring the distance between the anus and the base of the penis. The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. The penis (plural penises, penes Studies show that the perineum is twice as long in males as in females. [2] Measuring the anogenital distance in neonatal humans has been suggested as a noninvasive method to predict neonatal and adult reproductive disorders. [3]
Contents |
Boundaries
Its deep boundaries are as follows:[4]
- in front: the pubic arch and the arcuate ligament of the pubis
- behind: the tip of the coccyx
- on either side: the inferior rami of the pubis and Ischium, and the sacrotuberous ligament
In Alfred Kinsey's 1967 report, he concluded that the perineum was one of the 6 key erogenous zones for males. The eminences of the lower circumference of the True pelvis are separated by three notches one in front the pubic arch, formed by the convergence of the Inferior rami The term arcuate ligament refers to an arc-shaped Ligament. Specifically it can refer to a variety of ligaments in the human body Arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm For the bone in many mammals often called the penis bone see Baculum The android pubic bone is the Ventral and Anterior The coccyx (pronounced kok -siks (Latin os coccygis) commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flattened It passes lateralward and downward from the medial end of the Superior ramus; it becomes narrower as it descends and joins with The ischium forms the lower and back part of the Hip bone ( os coxae) The sacrotuberous ligament ( great or posterior sacrosciatic ligament) is situated at the lower and back part of the Pelvis. An erogenous zone is an area of the Human body that has heightened Sensitivity and stimulation of which normally results in sexual response.
Triangles
A line drawn transversely across in front of the ischial tuberosities divides the space into two triangles:
| Name | Location | Contents |
| Urogenital triangle | the anterior triangle | in females, contains the vagina |
| Anal triangle | the posterior triangle | contains the anus |
Perineal fascia
The terminology of the perineal fascia can be confusing, and there is some controversy over the nomenclature. Posteriorly the superior ramus of the Ischium forms a large swelling the tuberosity of the ischium (or ischial tuberosity) The urogenital triangle is the anterior part of the Perineum. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus The anal triangle is the posterior part of the Perineum. It contains the Anal canal. The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. Fascia (făsh'ē-ə pl fas·ci·ae (făsh'ē-ē adj fascial (făsh'ē-əl (from Latin: a band is the Soft tissue component of This stems from the fact that there are two parts to the fascia, the superficial and deep parts, and each of these can be subdivided into superficial and deep parts.
The layers and contents are as follows, from superficial to deep:
- 1) Skin
- 2) superficial perineal fascia: Subcutaneous tissue divided into two layers: (a) A superficial fatty layer, and (b) Colles' fascia, a deeper, membranous layer. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant The deep layer of superficial fascia ( fascia of Colles) is thin Aponeurotic in structure and of considerable strength serving to bind down the muscles of the
- 3) deep perineal fascia and muscles:
| superficial perineal pouch | Contains superficial perineal muscles: transversus perinei superficialis, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus |
| inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm, or perineal membrane | A membranous layer of the deep fascia. The superficial perineal pouch (also superficial perineal compartment/space/sac) is a compartment of the Perineum. The Transversus perinei superficialis (Transversus perinei Superficial transverse perineal muscle is a narrow muscular slip which passes more or less transversely across the Perineal Bulbospongiosus ( bulbocavernous in older texts is one of the superficial Muscles of the Perineum. The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the Perineum, present in both men and women The deep perineal pouch (also deep perineal space) is an anatomical term that refers to the space enclosed in part by the Perineum, and located superior to the The perineal membrane is an Anatomical term for a fibrous membrane in the Perineum. Deep fascia (or "investing fascia" is a layer of Fascia which can surround individual muscles and divide groups of muscles into compartments |
| deep perineal pouch | Contains the deep perineal muscles: transversus perinei profundus, sphincter urethrae membranaceae |
| superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm | Considered hypothetical by some modern anatomists, but still commonly used to logically divide the contents of the region. The deep perineal pouch (also deep perineal space) is an anatomical term that refers to the space enclosed in part by the Perineum, and located superior to the The Transversus perinei profundus (or deep transverse perineal) arises from the inferior rami of the Ischium and runs to the median line where it interlaces in a The urethral sphincter is a collective name for the Muscles used to control the flow of Urine (micturition from the Urinary bladder. The superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is continuous with the Obturator fascia and stretches across the Pubic arch. |
- 4) fascia and muscles of pelvic floor (levator ani, coccygeus)
Areas of the perineum
The region of the perineum can be considered a distinct area from pelvic cavity, with the two regions separated by the pelvic diaphragm. The pelvic floor or pelvic/urogential diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the Levator ani, the Coccygeus, and associated Connective tissue The Levator ani is a broad thin Muscle, situated on the side of the Pelvis. The Coccygeus is situated behind the Levator ani. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers arising by its apex from the spine of the Ischium The pelvic floor or pelvic/urogential diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the Levator ani, the Coccygeus, and associated Connective tissue The following areas are thus classified as parts of the perineal region:
- perineal pouches: superficial and deep (see above for details)
- Ischioanal fossa - a fat filled space at the lateral sides of anal canal. The ischiorectal fossa (or ischioanal fossa) is somewhat prismatic in shape with its base directed to the surface of the Perineum, and its apex at the line of meeting It is bounded laterally by obturator internus muscle, medially by pelvic diaphragm and anal canal. Its base is the skin.
- Anal canal
- Pudendal canal - contains internal pudendal artery and the pudendal nerve. The anal canal is the terminal part of the Large intestine. It is situated between the Rectum and Anus, below the level of the Pelvic diaphragm The pudendal canal (also called Alcock's canal) is an anatomical structure in the pelvis through which the Internal pudendal artery, Internal pudendal veins The internal pudendal artery is an Artery that branches off the Internal iliac artery, providing blood to the External genitalia. The pudendal nerve is a Nerve in the pelvic region that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes as well as sphincters for the bladder and the Rectum
Additional images
 Diameters of inferior aperture of lesser pelvis (female). |
 The perineum. The integument and superficial layer of superficial fascia reflected. |
 Muscles of the female perineum. |
 The superficial branches of the internal pudendal artery. |
 The posterior aspect of the rectum exposed by removing the lower part of the sacrum and the coccyx. |
 Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female. |
References
- ^ Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby. com, 2000.
- ^ Validity of anogenital distance as a marker of in utero phthalate exposure. PMID 16393642
- ^ Michelle Welsh, et al. : Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism. J. Clin. Invest., 13 March 2008.
- ^ perineumboundaries
See also
External links
The pelvic floor or pelvic/urogential diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the Levator ani, the Coccygeus, and associated Connective tissue The deep perineal pouch (also deep perineal space) is an anatomical term that refers to the space enclosed in part by the Perineum, and located superior to the Georgetown University is a Jesuit Private university located in Georgetown Washington DDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic