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For other uses, see Perfect game (disambiguation).
Pitcher David Cone (left) of the New York Yankees reacting to the completion of his perfect game with catcher Joe Girardi on July 18, 1999.
Pitcher David Cone (left) of the New York Yankees reacting to the completion of his perfect game with catcher Joe Girardi on July 18, 1999. David Brian Cone (born January 2, 1963 in Kansas City Missouri) is a former Major League Baseball Pitcher who pitched for the The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City, New York. Joseph Elliot Girardi (born October 14, 1964 in Peoria Illinois) is the manager of the New York Yankees, and a former Major Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)

A perfect game is defined by Major League Baseball as a game in which a pitcher (or combination of pitchers) pitches a victory that lasts a minimum of nine innings and in which no opposing player reaches base. In Baseball, the pitcher is the player who throwsthe baseball from the Pitcher's mound toward the Catcher to begin each play with the goal of A win is a Statistic in Major League Baseball credited to the Pitcher for the winning team who was in the game when his team last took the lead An inning, or innings, is a fixed-length segment of a game in any of a variety of Sports &ndash most notably Cricket and Baseball during A baseball field or baseball diamond is the field upon which the game of Baseball is played [1] Thus, the pitcher (or pitchers) cannot allow any hits, walks, hit batsmen, or any opposing player to reach base safely for any other reason—in short, "27 up, 27 down". In Baseball statistics, a hit (denoted by H) sometimes called a base hit, is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches A base on balls ( BB) is credited to a batter and against a pitcher in Baseball statistics when a batter receives four pitches that the umpire In Baseball, hit by pitch ( HBP) or hit batsman ( HB) refers to the batter being hit in some part of the body by a pitch from the The feat has been achieved only 17 times in major league history.

By definition, a perfect game must be both a no-hitter and a shutout. In Baseball, a no-hitter (also known as a no-hit game, or colloquially a no-no) refers to a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting In team sports in American English a shutout (a clean sheet in Soccer) refers to a game in which one team prevents the opposing team from scoring Since the pitcher cannot control whether or not his teammates commit any errors, the pitcher must be backed up by solid fielding to pitch a perfect game. In Baseball statistics|statistics]] an error is the act in the judgment of the Official scorer, of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner There are 9 fielding positions in Baseball. Each position conventionally has an associated number (from 1 to 9 which is used to score Putouts For example An error that does not allow a baserunner, such as a misplayed foul ball, does not spoil a perfect game. Weather-shortened contests in which a team has no baserunners and games in which a team reaches first base only in extra innings do not qualify as official under the present definition. For the baseball procedure see Extra innings. For the TV subscription package see MLB Extra Innings. The first confirmed use of the term "perfect game" was in 1908; the current official definition of the term was formalized in 1991. Champions World Series: Chicago Cubs over Detroit Tigers (4-1 Awards and honors Statistical Leaders Champions Major League Baseball World Series: Minnesota Twins over Atlanta Braves (4-3 Jack Morris, MVP Although it is possible for multiple pitchers to combine for a perfect game (as has happened nine times at the major league level for a no-hitter), to date each major league perfect game has been a complete game by just a single pitcher. [2]

Contents

History

Over the past 132 years of Major League Baseball history, there have been only 17 official perfect games by the current definition (approximately one every eight years). In sum, a perfect game occurs once in about every 11,000 major league contests. [3] For comparison, more people have orbited the moon than have pitched a Major League Baseball perfect game. This is a list of all Astronauts directly associated with NASA 's Apollo program. No pitcher has ever thrown more than one.

19th century

The first two major league perfect games, and the only two of the premodern era, were thrown in 1880, five days apart. The first to accomplish the feat was John Lee Richmond, a left-handed pitcher for the Worcester Worcesters. John Lee Richmond (or simply Lee Richmond) (born May 5, 1857, in Sheffield Ohio - died October 1, 1929, in Toledo Richmond would finish his career with a losing record. The second perfect game was thrown by John Montgomery Ward for the Providence Grays. John Montgomery Ward ( March 3, 1860 – March 4, 1925) was a 19th century Major League Baseball star pitcher, Shortstop Providence Grays was a team name used by several major and minor league baseball teams based in Providence Rhode Island. Ward went on to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, but more for his accomplishments as a position player than as a pitcher. In Baseball, a position player is a player who on defense plays as an Infielder, Outfielder, or Catcher.

Modern era

Most of the 15 modern-era players to have thrown perfect games were accomplished major league pitchers. Five are members of the Baseball Hall of Fame: Cy Young, Addie Joss, Jim Bunning, Sandy Koufax, and Catfish Hunter. Denton True "Cy" Young (March 29 1867 – November 4 1955 was an American Baseball player who pitched for five different major league Adrian Joss ( April James Paul David "Jim" Bunning (born October 23, 1931) is an American politician and former Pitcher in Major League Baseball Sanford Koufax (ˈkoʊfæks (born Sanford Braun, on December 30, 1935) is an American Left-handed former Pitcher in James Augustus "Catfish" Hunter ( April 8, 1946 – September 9, 1999) was a Major League Baseball right-handed Starting A sixth, Randy Johnson, is a five-time Cy Young Award winner considered certain to be voted into the Hall of Fame when eligible. For other people named Randy Johnson see Randy Johnson (disambiguation Randall David Johnson (born September 10, 1963 in In Baseball, the Cy Young Award is an honor given annually to the best Pitcher in Major League Baseball (one each for American and National David Cone also has a Cy Young Award to his name and three other perfect-game throwers, Dennis Martínez, Kenny Rogers, and David Wells, each won over 200 major league games. David Brian Cone (born January 2, 1963 in Kansas City Missouri) is a former Major League Baseball Pitcher who pitched for the José Dennis Martínez Ortiz (born May 14, 1955 in Granada, Nicaragua) better known as Dennis Martínez, was the first Nicaraguan Kenneth Scott Rogers (born November 10 1964 in Savannah Georgia) is a Left-handed American Major League Baseball Pitcher for David Lee Wells (born May 20, 1963 in Torrance California) is a former Major League Baseball Starting pitcher.

For several, the perfect game was the highlight of an otherwise unremarkable career. Mike Witt and Tom Browning were solid major league pitchers; each finished in the top ten in Cy Young voting once. Michael Atwater "Mike" Witt (born July 20, 1960 in Fullerton California) is a former Pitcher in Major League Baseball. Thomas Leo Browning (born April 28, 1960 in Casper Wyoming) was a Major League Baseball left-handed Pitcher for the Cincinnati Charlie Robertson, Don Larsen, and Len Barker were journeyman pitchers; each finished his major-league career with a losing record. Charles Culbertson Robertson ( January 31, 1896 &ndash August 23, 1984) was an American Pitcher in Major League Baseball Donald James Larsen (born August 7, 1929 in Michigan City Indiana) was a Major League Baseball pitcher for 14 seasons Leonard Harold Barker III (born July 7, 1955 in Fort Knox Kentucky) better known as Len Barker, is a former Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball perfect games

19th century

Pitcher Date Game
John Lee Richmond (Wor)
   LHP, 23
   5 K		 June 12, 1880
John Montgomery Ward (Prov)
   RHP, 20
   5 K		 June 17, 1880
  • Providence Grays, 5 vs. John Lee Richmond (or simply Lee Richmond) (born May 5, 1857, in Sheffield Ohio - died October 1, 1929, in Toledo In Baseball or Softball, a strikeout or strike out (denoted by SO or K) occurs when a batter receives three strikes Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Cleveland Blues were a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland Ohio that operated in the National League from 1879 to 1884 Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds was a 20- Acre (80000 m² site in Worcester Massachusetts in the 19th century Charles Wesley Bennett ( November 21, 1854 – February 24, 1927) was a Catcher in Major League Baseball. George H "Foghorn" Bradley ( July 1 1855 &ndash March 31 1900) was an American umpire in Major League Baseball John Montgomery Ward ( March 3, 1860 – March 4, 1925) was a 19th century Major League Baseball star pitcher, Shortstop Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Providence Grays was a team name used by several major and minor league baseball teams based in Providence Rhode Island. Buffalo Bisons, 0
  • Venue: Messer Street Grounds
  • Attendance: unknown Time: unknown
  • Caught by: Emil Gross
  • Umpired by: Charles F. Daniels
  • Box score

Modern era

Pitcher Date Game
Cy Young (BOS)
   RHP, 37
   3 K		 May 5, 1904
Addie Joss (CLE)
   RHP, 28
   74 pitches, 3 K		 October 2, 1908
Charlie Robertson (CHW)
   RHP, 26
   90 pitches, 6 K		 April 30, 1922
Don Larsen (NYY)
   RHP, 27
   97 pitches, 7 K		 October 8, 1956
Jim Bunning (PHI)
   RHP, 32
   90 pitches, 10 K		 June 21, 1964
Sandy Koufax (LAD)
   LHP, 29
   113 pitches, 14 K		 September 9, 1965
Catfish Hunter (OAK)
   RHP, 22
   107 pitches, 11 K		 May 8, 1968
Len Barker (CLE)
   RHP, 25
   103 pitches, 11 K		 May 15, 1981
Mike Witt (CAL)
   RHP, 24
   94 pitches, 10 K		 September 30, 1984
Tom Browning (CIN)
   LHP, 28
   102 pitches, 7 K		 September 16, 1988
Dennis Martínez (MON)
   RHP, 36
   95 pitches, 5 K		 July 28, 1991
Kenny Rogers (TEX)
   LHP, 29
   98 pitches, 8 K		 July 28, 1994
David Wells (NYY)
   LHP, 34
   120 pitches, 11 K		 May 17, 1998
David Cone (NYY)
   RHP, 36
   88 pitches, 10 K		 July 18, 1999
Randy Johnson (ARI)
   LHP, 40
   117 pitches, 13 K		 May 18, 2004

Game notes

Individual notes

General notes

Origin of term

The term "perfect game" is at least as old as 1908. I. E. Sanborn's report for the Chicago Tribune about Joss's performance against the White Sox calls it, "an absolutely perfect game, without run, without hit, and without letting an opponent reach first base by hook or crook, on hit, walk, or error, in nine innings. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company "[9]

Several sources have claimed (erroneously) that the first recorded usage of the term "perfect game" was by Ernest J. Lanigan in his Baseball Cyclopedia, made in reference to Robertson's 1922 game. Ernest John Lanigan ( January 4, 1873 - February 6, 1962) was an American sportswriter and historian on the subject [10]

Questions of definition

Richmond and Ward threw their perfect games early in the history of major league play, when the rules were substantially different from those applying to the other official perfect games. Some of those rule differences favored the batter, while some favored the pitcher. In 1880, when both premodern perfect games occurred, pitches were thrown underhand (the pitcher's hand could not rise above his belt); there was no pitching mound (the pitcher threw from flat ground); few fielders used gloves (resulting in many more errors than in the modern game); and batters could call for a high or low pitch. However, the front line of the rectangular "pitcher's box" was 45 feet from home plate (a release point about 8 feet closer than today); eight balls were required for a walk; and hitters were not awarded first when hit by a pitch.

Though convention has it that the modern era of Major League Baseball begins in 1900, the essential rules of the modern game were all in place by the 1893 season. That year the pitching distance was moved back to 60 feet, 6 inches, where it remains, and the pitcher's box was replaced by a rubber slab against which the pitcher was required to place his rear foot. Two other crucial rules changes had been made in recent years: In 1888, the rule awarding a hit batsman first base was instituted. In 1889, the number of balls required for a walk was reduced to four. [11] Thus, from 1893 on, pitchers sought perfection in a game whose most important rules are the same as today, with one significant exception. That exception, the use of the designated hitter in American League games since the 1973 season, might have been expected to make perfect games more difficult to achieve in the AL. In Baseball, the designated hitter rule is the common name for Major League Baseball Rule 6 The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League ( AL) is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in In fact, since 1973, five perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect (including one interleague game held at an American League park) and only three without it. Interleague play is the term used to describe regular season Major League Baseball games played between teams in different leagues introduced in.

The current official MLB definition of a perfect game is largely a side effect of the decision made by the major leagues' Committee for Statistical Accuracy on September 4, 1991, to redefine a no-hitter as a game in which the pitcher or pitchers on one team throw a complete game of nine innings or more without surrendering a hit. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. That decision removed a number of games that had long appeared in the record books: those lasting fewer than nine innings, and those in which a team went hitless in regulation but then got a hit in extra innings. The definition of perfect game was made to parallel this new definition of the no-hitter, in effect substituting "baserunner" for "hit". The previous MLB definition of a perfect game had not made allowance for extra-inning flaws, so the game described below in which Harvey Haddix threw 12 perfect innings before allowing a baserunner in the 13th was never officially "perfect". The 1991 redefinition did remove the credit he had once received for throwing a no-hitter in the game.

Unofficial perfect games

There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner, but, by the current definition, is not credited with a perfect game, either because he did not pitch a complete game victory, or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base:

Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos pitching on June 3, 1995, in his unofficial perfect game. (Mike Poche/AP)
Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos pitching on June 3, 1995, in his unofficial perfect game. Pedro Jaime Martínez (born October 25 1971 in Manoguayabo, Dominican Republic) is a Major League Baseball Starting pitcher for the Franchise history Creation of the franchise In 1960 Montreal lost its International League team the Montreal Royals (an affiliate of Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 (Mike Poche/AP)

Four other "perfect games" are unofficial because the games were called off before nine innings were played:

On March 14, 2000, in a spring training game—by definition unofficial—the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5-0 victory. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. In Major League Baseball, spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the Regular season. The Toronto Blue Jays are a professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [13] The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez, who lost a perfect game in extra innings in 1995 (see above).

Perfect games lost to the 27th batter

On nine occasions in Major League Baseball history, a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base. Unless otherwise noted, the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners:[14]

Other notable near-perfect games

Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection

There have been eleven occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher, after allowing one or more runners to reach base, recorded at least 27 consecutive outs. In two cases, the game went into extra innings, and the pitcher recorded more than 27 consecutive outs:

In the nine other instances, the leadoff batter (or batters) reached base in the first inning, followed by 27 consecutive batters (or batters and baserunners) being retired through the end of a nine-inning game. In one case, the leadoff baserunner was retired, meaning the pitcher faced the minimum:

The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game, noting how the opponent's leadoff batter (or batters) reached base:

Ward and Young are thus the only two men in baseball history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Providence Grays was a team name used by several major and minor league baseball teams based in Providence Rhode Island. The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were Baseball 's first openly all-professional team Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the 1882-1890 Philadelphia Athletics baseball team The Pittsburgh Pirates are a Major League Baseball club based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cyrus Edward Swartwood ( January 12 1859 &ndash May 15 1924) was an American Major League Baseball Right fielder Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Curtis Thomas "Curt" Simmons (born May 19 1929 in Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania) is a former left-handed Pitcher in Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Robin Evan Roberts (born September 30 1926) is an American former Major League Baseball Starting pitcher whose years with the Philadelphia Robert Henry Adams ( December 14, 1921 - February 13, 1997) was a Third baseman / Second baseman in Major League Baseball "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Woodrow Thompson Fryman (born April 15, 1940 in Ewing, Kentucky) known as the “ Fleming Flame,” is a former Major League "Mets" redirects here For the medical term see Metastasis. Ronald Kenneth Hunt (born February 23, 1941 in St Louis Missouri) is a former Major League Baseball player Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 James Blair Bibby (born October 29, 1944 in Franklinton North Carolina) is a former Major League Baseball Pitcher who played Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Christopher Louis Bosio (born April 3, 1963 in Carmichael California) is a former Major League Baseball Pitcher who played for the Ernest Riles (born October 2, 1960 in Cairo Georgia) is a former Shortstop and Third baseman in Major League Baseball. Carlos Quintana (born November 6, 1976) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. John Derren Lackey (born October 23 1978 in Abilene, Texas) is a Major league baseball Starting pitcher. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are a professional baseball team based in Anaheim, California. Mark Steven Kotsay (born December 2, 1975 in Whittier California) is a Major League Baseball Outfielder for the Boston Red Sox

No-hit, no-walk, no–hit batsman games

In Major League Baseball play since 1893, with the essential modern rules in place, there have been seven instances when a pitcher performed his (primary) job to perfection over a complete game of at least nine innings, but was not awarded a perfect game because of fielding errors:

On August 15, 1990, Terry Mulholland of the Philadelphia Phillies achieved a unique feat: he became the only pitcher in major league history to throw a complete game shutout victory, not give up a single hit, walk, or hit batsman, and face the minimum 27 batters...and still not be given credit for a perfect game. (Mark Lennihan/AP)
On August 15, 1990, Terry Mulholland of the Philadelphia Phillies achieved a unique feat: he became the only pitcher in major league history to throw a complete game shutout victory, not give up a single hit, walk, or hit batsman, and face the minimum 27 batters. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Terence John Mulholland (born March 9, 1963 in Uniontown Pennsylvania) is a retired Major League Baseball Pitcher. The Philadelphia Phillies are a Major League Baseball team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. . . and still not be given credit for a perfect game. (Mark Lennihan/AP)

Note that no otherwise perfect game in major league history has ever been spoiled solely due to a third-strike passed ball, third-strike wild pitch, interference, or an outfield error. In Baseball, a Catcher is charged with a passed ball when he fails to hold or control a legally pitched ball that with ordinary effort should have been In Baseball, a wild pitch (abbreviated WP) is charged against a Pitcher when his pitch is too high too short or too wide of Home In Baseball, interference is an infraction where a person illegally changes the course of play from what is expected Note also that more than one online survey incorrectly lists the game pitched by the Los Angeles Dodgers' Bill Singer against the Phillies on July 20, 1970, as perfect aside from two throwing errors by Singer; in fact, he also hit batter Oscar Gamble in the first inning. William Robert Singer (born April 24, 1944 in Los Angeles California) is a former Baseball Pitcher with a 14-year career from 1964 Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Oscar Charles Gamble (born December 20 1949, in Ramer Alabama) is a former Outfielder and Designated hitter in Major League [21]

Fiction

Notes

  1. ^ MLB Miscellany: Rules, Regulations and Statistics. Major League Baseball. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  2. ^ History: No-hitters. Major League Baseball. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
  3. ^ Holtzman (2003), writing in June 2003, before Johnson's perfect game, references Buckley (2002), although there are at least two arithmetic errors. It is unclear where the dividing line is between Buckley's facts and Holtzman's conclusions, but regardless of that, the numbers do not work out. The total number of games sits at 381,856 as of August 26, 2007,[1] which squares with an estimate of about 360,000 in 2002. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Each game is a paired contest, so the total number of games actually played is half that number, or about 180,000 as of 2002. It appears that the author corrected that one figure but failed to correct the arithmetic otherwise. 180,000 divided by 16 is more like 11,000 than 22,000. He also got the percent wrong. 1 divided by 22,000 is . 0000454, or . 00005 rounded. However, expressed as percent ("per hundred"), it's . 005, not . 00005. Correcting the error otherwise, 1 in 11,000 is more like . 009 percent. The full quote in the cited article is: "According to James Buckley, Jr. , perfect games occur once every seven to eight seasons. Buckley's Perfect, published last year, is an analysis of the 16 perfectos and also includes perfect games broken up with two outs in the ninth inning. Buckley estimates that since the birth of the National League in 1876, there have been about 180,000 games. Champions National League: Chicago White Stockings Major League Baseball final standings Statistical A perfecto surfaces once in approximately 22,000 games or . 00005 percent. Don Larsen of the 1956 Yankees authored the only perfect World Series game. Champions Major League Baseball World Series: New York Yankees over Brooklyn Dodgers (4-3 Don Larsen, MVP "
  4. ^ Akin, William (2003). Bill Phillips. SABR Baseball Biography Project. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  5. ^ Okrent and Wulf (1989), pp. 14–15. The BaseballLibrary.com entry on Richmond claims that a similar sequence of events preceded not his perfect game, but a game he pitched against the Chicago White Stockings on June 16. The Chicago Cubs are a Professional Baseball franchise based in Chicago, Illinois.
  6. ^ Anderson (2000), pp. 185–186. BaseballLibrary.com claims it was a passed ball.
  7. ^ See Coffey (2004), p. 43, for an analysis of Detroit's relatively desultory hitting at the point in the season when the game was played.
  8. ^ Wells Claims "25 to 40 Percent" of Players Use Steroids. ESPN/Associated Press (2003-02-27). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  9. ^ Deutsch et al. (1975), p. 68. This source also includes an 1880 clipping from the New York Herald describing John Richmond's perfect game for Worcester as "the most wonderful game on record. " A double error by Cleveland resulted in the lone run scoring, and the writer described it as "the only lapse from perfect play made by the Clevelands during the game"; the use of the word "perfect" in this context refers only to defensive play, a different meaning than its modern baseball sense, as Cleveland's pitcher also surrendered three hits and a walk. See Deutsch et al. (1975), p. 14. Writeups for the Ward perfect game of 1880 and the Young game of 1904 describe the games as "wonderful" and other effusive terms, but do not use the term "perfect game".
  10. ^ Buckley (2002), p. 16, citing Paul Dickson, The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (1989); Coffey (2004), p. 50. The Baseball Cyclopedia reference came in a supplement to the 1922 edition of the book (a publication of Baseball Magazine) and was worded thus: "Charles Robertson of Chicago Americans pitched an absolutely perfect no-hit game against Detroit on April 30, 1922, no one reaching first. " The publication listed all the perfect games to that point (a total of five, including Robertson's) and used the term "perfect game" matter-of-factly, possibly indicating the term was already familiar to the readership. Lanigan's work references a 1914 book called Balldom as a source for his list of perfect games, although Balldom itself does not use the term "perfect game", merely characterizing the games as "no batter reached first base. " Lanigan was also familiar with Sanborn's baseball articles, making various references to him elsewhere in the Cyclopedia, although there is nothing indicating that Sanborn necessarily inspired Lanigan's use of the term.
  11. ^ Baseball Rules Chronology 1845–1899. BaseballLibrary. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  12. ^ Ralph (2004).
  13. ^ Play-by-play available online.
  14. ^ Note that Coffey (2004) gives incorrect years for the near-perfect games of Wiltse, Stieb, Holman, and Mussina (p. 279).
  15. ^ No Hitter Records. Baseball Almanac. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  16. ^ Amspacher, Bruce (2003-04-11). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. What Really Happened? An Interview with Major League Pitching Great Milt Pappas. Professional Sports Authenticator. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  17. ^ Weinbaum, William (2007-09-20). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Froemming Draws Pappas' Ire, 35 Years Later. ESPN. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a
  18. ^ Saturday, September 18, 1971 Chicago Cubs at Philadelphia Phillies Play-by-Play Baseball-Reference. com
  19. ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, July 7, 2006 (N) at Network Associates Coliseum Retrosheet. Retrieved on November 21, 2007. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  20. ^ Schott and Peters (2003), p. 410.
  21. ^ Lewis (2002). One of the mistaken websites is HickokSports.com, which contains numerous errors.

Sources

Published

Online

Authored

Archival

See also

External links

Nippon Professional Baseball or NPB is the highest level of Baseball in Japan. Baseball Prospectus, sometimes abbreviated as BP, is a Think tank focusing on Sabermetrics, the statistical analysis of

Dictionary

perfect game

-noun

  1. (baseball) A game in which every batter on one team is retired without reaching base.
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