This article is about the original Pentium microprocessor. For CPU brands using the "Pentium" trademark (e. g. Pentium II, Pentium III, etc. ) see Pentium (brand). The Pentium registered Trademark is included in many Brand names of Intel 's single- and Multi-core x86 -compatible Microprocessors For the hydrogen isotope, see Hydrogen-5. Hydrogen-5 is a highly unstable Isotope of Hydrogen. The nucleus consists of a proton and four neutrons

Pentium Central processing unit
75 MHz classic Pentium processor
Produced:	From 1993 to 1999
Manufacturer:	Intel
Max CPU clock:	60 MHz to 300 MHz
FSB speeds:	50 MHz to 66 MHz
Min feature size:	0. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. In Personal computers the Front Side Bus ( FSB) is the bus that carries data between the CPU and the northbridge. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. 8 µm to 0. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre 25 µm
Instruction set:	x86
Microarchitecture:	P5
Cores:	1
Socket:	Socket 4, Socket 5, Socket 7
Core name:	P5. An instruction set is a list of all the instructions and all their variations that a processor can execute See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central The Pentium brand refers to Intel 's single-core x86 Microprocessor based on the P5 fifth-generation Microarchitecture. A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single Integrated P54, P54CS, P55C, Tillamook

The Pentium^[1] brand refers to Intel's single-core x86 microprocessor^[2] based on the P5 fifth-generation microarchitecture. See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central The name 'Pentium' was derived from the Greek penta, meaning 'five', and the Latin ending -ium. The Pentium registered Trademark is included in many Brand names of Intel 's single- and Multi-core x86 -compatible Microprocessors Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Latin is an inflected language and as such its nouns pronouns and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function

Introduced on March 22, 1993^[3], the Pentium succeeded the Intel486, which number "4" signified the fourth-generation microarchitecture. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design Intel selected the Pentium name after courts had disallowed trademarking of names containing numbers - like "286", "i386", "i486" - though, sometimes, the Pentium is unofficially referred to as i586. The Pentium registered Trademark is included in many Brand names of Intel 's single- and Multi-core x86 -compatible Microprocessors The Intel 286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design In 1996, the original Pentium was succeeded by the Pentium MMX branded CPUs still based on the P5 fifth-generation microarchitecture.

Starting in 1995, Intel (inconsistently) used the "Pentium" registered trademark in the names of families of post-fifth-generations of x86 processors branded as the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 and Pentium D (see Pentium (brand)). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation X86 -based Microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel introduced in November 1995 The Pentium II brand refers to Intel 's sixth-generation Microarchitecture (" Intel P6 " and x86 -compatible Microprocessors Pentium III variants Katmai The first Pentium III variant was the Katmai (Intel product code 80525 The Pentium 4 brand refers to Intel 's line of single- core mainstream desktop and Laptop Central processing units (CPUs introduced The Pentium D brand refers to two series of Dual-core 64-bit X86 processors with the NetBurst Microarchitecture manufactured The Pentium registered Trademark is included in many Brand names of Intel 's single- and Multi-core x86 -compatible Microprocessors Although they shared the x86 instruction set with the original Pentium (and its predecessors), their microarchitectures were radically different from the P5 microarchitecture of CPUs branded just as the "Pentium" and "Pentium MMX". An instruction set is a list of all the instructions and all their variations that a processor can execute See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal In 2006, the Pentium briefly disappeared from Intel's roadmaps^[4][5] to reemerge in 2007 and solidify in 2008^[6]. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The context of product management The existence of Product managers in the product software industry indicates that software is becoming more commercialized as a standard Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Vinod Dham is often referred to as the father of the Intel Pentium processor. Vinod Dham (Hindi विनोद धाम) (born 1950 in Pune, India) is a Venture capitalist. ^[7][8]

Contents 1 Improvements over i486 2 Models 2.1 P5, P54C, P54CS 2.2 P55C, Tillamook 3 As a benchmark 4 As a trademark 5 Competitors 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Improvements over i486

• Superscalar architecture - The Pentium has two datapaths (pipelines) that allow it to complete more than one instruction per clock cycle. The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design The Pentium OverDrive was a Microprocessor marketing brand name used by Intel, to cover a variety of consumer upgrade products sold in the mid 1990s It A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a single processor One pipe (called "U") can handle any instruction, while the other (called "V") can handle the simplest, most common instructions. The use of more than one pipeline is a characteristic typical of RISC processors designs, the first of many to be implemented on the x86 platform, thus signaling the road to take, and showing that it was possible to merge both technologies, creating almost “hybrid” processors.
• 64-bit data path - This doubles the amount of information pulled from the memory on each fetch. '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. This doesn't mean that the Pentium can execute 64-bit applications; its main registers are still 32 bits wide.
• MMX instructions (later models only) - A basic SIMD instruction set extension designed for use in multimedia applications. MMX is a single instruction multiple data (SIMD Instruction set designed by Intel, introduced in 1997 in their Pentium line of In Computing, SIMD ( S ingle I nstruction M ultiple D ata is a technique employed to achieve data level parallelism as in a Vector Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms.

Pentium architecture chips offered just under twice the performance of a 486 processor per clock cycle. The fastest Intel 486 parts were almost the same speed as a first-generation Pentium, and the AMD Am5x86 was roughly equal to the Pentium 75.

The Pentium ("Classic") series were designed to run at over 100 million instructions per second (MIPS), [1] with the 75 MHz model running at 126. Instructions per second (IPS is a measure of a Computer 's processor speed 5 MIPS. [2]

Models

The earliest Pentiums were released at the clock speeds of 66 MHz and 60 MHz. Later on 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166, 200, and 233 MHz versions gradually became available. 266 and 300 MHz versions were later released for mobile computing. Pentium OverDrive processors were released at speeds of 63 and 83 MHz as an upgrade option for older 486-class computers. The Pentium OverDrive was a Microprocessor marketing brand name used by Intel, to cover a variety of consumer upgrade products sold in the mid 1990s It

Pentium 66 MHz and 60 MHz chips contained 3. 1 million transistors. Transistor count has increased every year at a rate of about 40% per year. The release of the Pentium-III Coppermine a decade after the initial Pentium 66 release raised transistor count past 28 million transistors. Semiconductor Chip Manufacturing Process History

Code name	P5		P54C				P54CS				P55C						Tillamook
Product code	80500/ 80501		80502								80503
Process size (µm)	0. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre 80		0. 60				0. 35				0. 28						0. 25
Clock speed (MHz)	60	66	75	90	100	120	133	150	166	200	120*	133*	150*	166	200	233	200	233	266	300
Bus speed (MHz)	60	66	50	60	66	60	66	60	66		60	66	60	66
Voltage	5. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. 0	5. 0	3. 3	3. 3	3. 3	3. 3	3. 3	3. 3	3. 3	3. 3	2. 8	2. 8	2. 8	2. 8	2. 8	2. 8	1. 8	1. 8	1. 8	1. 8
Introduced	22 March 1993		10 October 1994	7 March 1994		27 March 1995	June 1995	4 January 1996		10 June 1996	27 March 1995 - 1 November 1995			8 January 1997		2 June 1997	August 1997		January 1998	January 1999

• * These were only available as Mobile Pentium MMX chips for laptops. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use.

P5, P54C, P54CS

The original Pentium microprocessor had the internal code name P5 and the product code 80501 (80500 for the earliest steppings). MMX is a single instruction multiple data (SIMD Instruction set designed by Intel, introduced in 1997 in their Pentium line of Stepping is a designation used by Intel and AMD to identify how much the design of a Microprocessor has advanced from the original design This was a pipelined in-order superscalar microprocessor, produced using a 0. 8 µm process. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre It was followed by the P54C (80502), a shrink of the P5 to a 0. 6 µm process, which was dual-processor ready and had an internal clock speed different from the front side bus (it's much more difficult to increase the bus speed than to increase the internal clock). In turn, the P54C was followed by the P54CS, which used a 0. 35 µm process.

The early versions of 60-100 MHz Pentiums had a problem in the floating point unit that, in rare cases, resulted in reduced precision of division operations. This bug, discovered in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1994, became known as the Pentium FDIV bug and caused great embarrassment for Intel, which created an exchange program to replace the faulty processors with corrected ones. The Pentium FDIV bug was a bug in Intel 's original Pentium Floating point unit. The 60 and 66 MHz 0. 8 µm versions of the Pentium processors were also known for their fragility and their (for the time) high levels of heat production - in fact, the Pentium 60 and 66 were often nicknamed "coffee warmers". A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre They were also known as "high voltage Pentiums", due to their 5 V operation. The heat problems were removed with the P54C, which ran at a much lower voltage (3. 3 V). P5 Pentiums used Socket 4, while P54C started out on Socket 5 before moving to Socket 7 in later revisions. Socket 5 was created for the second generation of Intel Pentium processors operating at speeds from 75 to 133 MHz as well as certain Pentium OverDrive processors Socket 7 is a physical and electrical specification for an X86 -style CPU socket on a personal computer Motherboard. All desktop Pentiums from P54CS onwards used Socket 7. Socket 7 is a physical and electrical specification for an X86 -style CPU socket on a personal computer Motherboard. Another bug known as f00f bug was discovered soon afterwards, but fortunately, operating system vendors responded by implementing workarounds that prevented the crash. f00f (ˈfuːf an Abbreviation of f0 0f c7 c8 is the Hexadecimal encoding of an instruction that exhibits a Design flaw in the majority of

The 32-bit bus Pentium -- a sort of oddity among the other Pentium processors, P24T Pentium OverDrive for 486 systems were released in 1995, which were based on the 3. The Pentium OverDrive was a Microprocessor marketing brand name used by Intel, to cover a variety of consumer upgrade products sold in the mid 1990s It The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design 3 volt 0. 6 µm technology at 63 or 83Mhz clock speed. Since the chips used Socket 2 or Socket 3 of the 486 platform, the Pentium architecture had to be modified in many ways to operate on narrower 32-bit data bus and slower on-board L2 cache architecture. Socket 2 was one of the series of sockets into which various X86 Microprocessors were plugged Socket 3 was a type of CPU socket into which various X86 Microprocessors were inserted The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design As such, they came equipped with a 32 KiB L1 cache, double what a pre-P55C Pentium came equipped with. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International The chips also included an attached fan/heatsink assembly in addition to onboard power regulation to convert the 5 V power circuitry on 486 boards down to the Pentium's 3. 3 V needs.

P55C, Tillamook

The P55C (or 80503) was developed by Intel's Research & Development Center in Haifa, Israel. It was sold as Pentium with MMX Technology (usually just called Pentium MMX); although it was based on the P5 core (the 0. MMX is a single instruction multiple data (SIMD Instruction set designed by Intel, introduced in 1997 in their Pentium line of 35 µm process was also used for this series) it featured a new set of 57 "MMX" instructions intended to improve performance on multimedia tasks, such as encoding and decoding digital media data.

The new instructions work on new data types: 64-bit packed vectors of either eight 8-bit integers, four 16-bit integers, two 32-bit integers, or one 64-bit integer. So, for example, the PADDUSB (Packed ADD Unsigned Saturated Byte) instruction adds two vectors, each containing eight 8-bit unsigned integers together, pairwise; each addition that would overflow saturates, yielding 255, the maximum unsigned value that can be represented in a byte. The term arithmetic overflow or simply overflow has the following meanings These rather specialized instructions generally require special coding by the programmer for them to be used. MMX did not achieve significant popularity until after the P55C's lifetime.

The performance of the P55C was improved over previous versions by a doubling of the Level 1 CPU cache from 16 KiB to 32 KiB.

Pentium P55C notebook CPUs used a "mobile module" that held the CPU. This module was a PCB with the CPU directly attached to it in a special smaller form factor. A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electronic components using conductive pathways or traces The module snapped to the notebook motherboard and typically a heat spreader plate was installed and made contact with the module. A heat spreader is most often simply a copper plate having high Thermal conductivity. Such notebooks frequently used the Intel 430MX chipset, a feature-reduced 430FX. This is a list of Computer Motherboard Chipsets made by Intel. This is a list of Computer Motherboard Chipsets made by Intel. However, with the 0. 25 µm Tillamook Mobile Pentium MMX (named after a city in Oregon), the module also held the 430TX chipset along with the system's 512 KiB SRAM cache memory. The city of Tillamook (ˈtɪləmʊk is the County seat of Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. This is a list of Computer Motherboard Chipsets made by Intel. Static random access memory (SRAM is a type of Semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that unlike ''dynamic'' RAM (DRAM, it does not

As a benchmark

Microsoft and many other companies use the original Pentium as a standard for specifications of requirements. For example, Microsoft's stated requirements for the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Team Edition, include (at least) a Pentium processor running at a clock speed of 600 MHz (required), or 1 GHz (recommended). To find out if another processor meets the requirement, a conversion must be used that gives its speed in terms of standard Pentium clock rates. For example, a Pentium Pro would meet the requirement running at a lower clock speed, because of its more advanced architecture. An equivalency chart is usually used to compare more modern processors to find out if they meet this requirement.

As a trademark

Intel used the "Pentium" trademark in many brand names of x86 (instruction set) processors of later generations with different microarchitectures radically departed from the P5 found in CPUs originally branded as the "Pentium" only. See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central They include:

• Pentium Pro
• Pentium II, Pentium II Xeon
• Pentium III, Pentium III Xeon
• Pentium 4, Mobile Pentium 4, Mobile Pentium 4 M, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
• Pentium M
• Pentium D, Pentium Extreme Edition
• Pentium Dual-Core

Competitors

• AMD K5
• Cyrix 5x86
• WinChip C6
• NexGen Nx586
• Rise mP6

See also

• Vinod Dham
• CPU design
• COAST (Cache on a stick), L2 cache modules for Pentium
• IA-32 processor design and instruction set
• Pentium Compatible Processor

References

External links

• CPU-Collection.de - Intel Pentium images and descriptions
• Plasma Online Intel CPU Identification
• Pictures of all known Pentium chips at chipdb.org

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic