Citizendia
Your Ad Here

The drapeau blanc or standard of the royal family of France
The drapeau blanc or standard of the royal family of France

The Peerage of France (French: Pairie de France) was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and It was abolished in 1789 during the French Revolution, but it reappeared after the Revolution. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In 1830, hereditary peerage was abolished, but life-time peerage continued to exist until it was definitively abolished in 1848. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

The prestigious title and position of Peer of France (French: Pair de France) was held by the greatest and highest-ranking members of the French nobility. In that respect the French peerage was very different from the British peerage (to whom the term Barons, their lowest class, was applied in its generic sense), because the vast majority of French nobles of ranks from Baron to Duke were not Peers. The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most Peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Act of Union in 1801 when [1] The title of Peer of France was an extraordinary honour granted only to very few dukes or counts (including princes of the Church in France).

The French peerage was also imported into the Holy Land during the Crusades (see below). The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

Contents

The words "pair" and "pairie"

The French word pairie is the equivalent of the English peerage, in the sense of an individual title carrying the rank of Pair, Peer in English, which derives from the Latin par, equal, and signifies the members of an exclusive body of noblemen and prelates, considered to be the highest social order, not taking in account the royal dynasty, and even in a certain way as equals of the monarch as he is seen though their subjects and vassals, as their primus inter pares. The French word pairie is the equivalent of the English word Peerage, in the sense of an individual title carrying the rank of Pair ('peer' in English which derives The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. Primus inter pares ( Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people

The main uses of the word refer to two historical traditions in the French kingdom, before and after the First French Empire of Napoleon I of France. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The word also exists in a crusader imitation.

There is also an etymological theory that the French, and later English, word baron, via the Latin form baro, would also derive from the Latin par, which would fit its early sense, not as a title below comital ranks but used for the whole peerage. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber

Under the Monarchy: feudal period and ancien régime

In the Middle Ages, the dignity of peerage was conferred by the French king on certain of his preeminent vassals, both clerics and laymen. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe,

Louis VII (1137–1180) is thought by some historians as the creator of the French peerage system. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor [2]

Peerage was attached to a specific territorial jurisdicton, be it an episcopal see in the case of the episcopal peerages or a fief in the case of secular peerages. An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing Peerages attached to fiefs were transmissible or inheritable with the fief, and these fiefs are often designated as pairie-duché for duchies and pairie-comté for countships.

By 1216 there were nine peers:

The presence of Normandy – held by the English crown by Angevin heritage – was theoretical, since in French eyes it had been forfeited to the crown in 1202. The former French Catholic diocese of Noyon lay in the north-east of France around Noyon. Duke of Normandy is a Title held or claimed by various Norman, French, English and British rulers from the 10th century until the Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the Counts of Champagne ruled the region of Champagne from 950 to 1316

A few years later and before 1228 three peers were added to make the total of twelve peers:

These twelve peerages are known as the ancient peerage or pairie ancienne, and the number twelve is sometimes said to have been chosen to mirror the 12 paladins of Charlemagne in the Chanson de geste. The diocese of Laon was a Catholic Diocese in France for around 1300 years up to the French Revolution. counts of Flanders were the Rulers over the county of Flanders from the 9th century until the abolition of the Countship by the French revolutionaries The first comites ( counts) of Toulouse were the administrators of the city and its environs under the Merovingians No succession of such royal A paladin (from Latin palatinus, plural palatini; cf derivative spellings below was a high-level official in numerous countries of medieval Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The chansons de geste, Old French for "songs of Heroic deeds lineages" are the epic poems that appear at the dawn of French literature Parallels may also be seen with mythical Knights of the Round Table under King Arthur. Knights of the Round Table were those men awarded the highest order of Chivalry at the Court of King Arthur in the literary cycle the Matter of Britain King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders So popular was this notion, that for a long time people thought peerage had originated in the reign of Charlemagne, who was considered the model king and shining example for knighthood and nobility.

The dozen pairs played a role in the royal sacre or consecration, during the liturgy of the coronation of the king, attested to as early as 1179, symbolically upholding his crown, and each original peer had a specific role, often with an attribute. Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious A coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a Monarch with regal power specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head and the Since the peers were never twelve during the coronation (due to the fact that most lay peerages were forfeited to or merged in the crown), delegates were chosen by the king, mainly between the princes of the blood.

This paralleled the arch-offices attached to the electorates, the even more prestigious and powerful first college in the Holy Roman Empire, the other heir of Charlemagne's Frankish empire. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his

The twelve original peers were divided in two classes, six clerical peers hierarchically above the six lay peers, which were themselves divided in two, three dukes above three counts:

Bishops Lay
Dukes Reims, archbishop, premier peer, anoints and crowns the king Burgundy, premier lay peer, bears the crown and fastens the belt
Laon, bears the sainte ampoule containing the sacred ointment Normandy, holds the first square banner
Langres, only of the five bishops not in the Reims province, bears the sceptre Aquitaine also called Guyenne after its refounding, holds the second square banner
Counts Beauvais, bears the royal mantle Toulouse, carries the spurs
Châlons, bears the royal ring Flanders, carries the sword
Noyon, bears the belt Champagne, holds the royal standard

Early in the 13th century the Duchy of Normandy was absorbed by the French crown, and later in that century two more of the lay peerages were absorbed by the crown, so that in 1297 three new peerages were created, the County of Artois, the Duchy of Anjou and the Duchy of Brittany, to compensate for the three peerages that had disappeared. Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which The diocese of Laon was a Catholic Diocese in France for around 1300 years up to the French Revolution. Duke of Normandy is a Title held or claimed by various Norman, French, English and British rulers from the 10th century until the The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the The first comites ( counts) of Toulouse were the administrators of the city and its environs under the Merovingians No succession of such royal counts of Flanders were the Rulers over the county of Flanders from the 9th century until the abolition of the Countship by the French revolutionaries The former French Catholic diocese of Noyon lay in the north-east of France around Noyon. Counts of Champagne ruled the region of Champagne from 950 to 1316 The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of The County of Artois (comté d'Artois graafschap Artesië was a Carolingian county (comitatus established in Western Francia. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father

Thus, beginning in 1297 the practice started of creating new peerages by letters patent, specifying the fief to which the peerage was attached, and the conditions under which the fief could be transmitted (e. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right g. only male heirs) for princes of the blood who held an apanage. An apanage or appanage is the grant of an estate titles offices or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign who under the system of By 1328 all apanagists would be peers.

The number of lay peerages increased over time from 7 in 1297 to 26 in 1400, 21 in 1505, and 24 in 1588. By 1789, there were 43, including five held by princes of the blood (Orléans, Condé, Bourbon, Enghien, and Conti), a legitimized prince (Penthièvre), and 37 other lay peers, ranking from the Duchy of Uzès, created in 1572, to the Duchy of Aubigny, created in 1787. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation. Duke of Bourbon (Duc de Bourbon is a title in the Peerage of France. For the suburb of Paris, France, see Enghien-les-Bains. For the title of nobility see Duke of Enghien. In the 11th and 12th centuries the countship of Penthièvre ( Breton: Penteur) in Brittany (now in the department of Côtes-d'Armor) belonged Lords viscounts and then dukes of Uzès, in the Languedoc. Lords of Uzès ( Seigneur d'Uzès) Viscounts of Uzès ( Vicomte d'Uzès Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

One family could hold several peerages. The minimum age was 25. The majority of new peerages created up until the fifteenth century were for royal princes, while new peerages from the sixteenth century on were increasingly created for non royals. After 1569 no more countships were made into peers, and peerage was exclusively given to duchies (duc et pair). Occasionally the Parlement refused to register the lettres of patent conferring peerage on them.

Apart from the coronation of French kings, the privileges of peers were largely matters of precedence, the titles Monseigneur, Votre Grandeur and the address mon cousin, suggesting parentage to the royal family, or at least equivalence, by the King, and a priviligium fori. Monseigneur is an Honorific in the French language. It has occasional English use as well as it may be a Title before the name of a French Prelate This meant that judicial proceedings concerning the peers and their pairie-fiefs were exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Court of Peers. Members of the peerage had also the right to sit in a lit de justice, a formal preceding and speak before the Parlement of Paris, and they were also given high positions in the court, and a few minor privileges such as entering the courtyards of royal castles in their carriages. In France under the Ancien Régime, the lit de justice was a particular formal session of the Parlement of Paris, under the presidency of the This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament.

While many lay peerages became extinguished over time, as explained above, the ecclesiastical peerages, on the other hand, were immortal, and only a seventh one was created before the French Revolution, taking precedence behind the six original ones, being created in 1690 for the Archbishop of Paris, after centuries as a mere suffraganage, styled as second archevêque-duc for he held the Duchy of Saint-Cloud. A suffragan bishop is a Bishop subordinate to a Metropolitan bishop or Diocesan bishop.

The expression pair was also sometimes used for groups of nobles within a French fief, e. g. the Prince-Bishop of Cambrai, who held the County of Cambrais, was the overlord of its twelve pairs. These peers however did not benefit from the royal privileges listed above.

Under the First Republic and the First Empire : the revolutionary and Napoleonic period

The original peerage of the French realm, like other feudal titles of nobility, was abolished during the French Revolution, on the night of August 4, 1789, the Night of the Abolition of Feudalism. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The French Revolution was a period in the History of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon

Napoleon I Bonaparte (Emperor of the French since 1804) 'reinvented' the functions of the anciennes pairies, so to speak, as he created in 1806 the exclusive duchés grand-fiefs (in chief of politically insignificant estates in non-annexed parts of Italy) in 1806 and first recreated the honorary functions at (his own) imperial coronation, but now vested in Great officers, not attached to fiefs. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom

He later reinstituted French noble titles in 1808, but did not create a system of peerages comparable to the United Kingdom. He would on paper create a House of Peers on his return from Elba in 1815, but since he had to abdicate again after 100 days (Cent jours), this remained without effect.

Under the Restoration: the Chamber of Peers

The French peerage was recreated by the Charter of 1814 with the Bourbon Restoration, albeit on a different basis from before 1789. The French Charter of 1814 was a Constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A new Chamber of Peers (Chambre des pairs) was created, on the model of the British House of Lords. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords"

This chamber acted as a Upper House, like the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. An upper house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Lower house. Members of the Chamber of Peers were appointed by the king, without limit on their numbers, starting with 154, including all surviving pre-Revolution lay peerages (except for the British-held duchy of Aubigny) and the three ecclesiastical peerages left: Reims, Langres and Châlon. The Scottish Dukes of Aubigny (Ducs d'Aubigny had their origins in Aubigny-sur-Nère, France, from the 15th century which was an important honour throughout

Thirteen peers, however, were also prelates. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries Peerage was for life or hereditary, granted at the king's will. Male members of the royal family and descendants in male line of previous kings (princes du sang) were members by birth (pairs-nés), but needed explicit permission from the king to sit at each session of the Chamber of Peers.

At first it comprised only hereditary peers, but following the July Revolution of 1830, it became a body to which one was appointed for life. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display In 1848, following the Revolution of 1848, the Chamber of Peers was disbanded and the Peerage of France was definitely abolished. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852

Peerage of Jerusalem

In the kingdom of Jerusalem, the only crusader state ranking as equal in title to such kingdoms as France (the origin of most of Jerusalem's knights) and England, there also was a peerage on the French model, using French language. This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and

See also

Sources and references

---

  1. ^ In addition, the English peerage would share in the growing power of Parliament, while the French pairs had no collective political role before the nineteenth-century creation of the Chamber of Peers.
  2. ^ As, for example, François Velde.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic