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History of the Jesuits |
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Fr. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Regimini militantis Ecclesiae (Latin for To the Government of the Church Militant) was the Papal bull promulgated by Pope Paul III on September The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was a result The Superior General of the Society of Jesus is the official title of the leader of the Society of Jesus &mdashthe Roman Catholic religious order also known Reverend Father Adolfo Nicolás Pachón, SJ, STD (born April 29, 1936) is a Spanish priest The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, (written within 1522-1524 are a brief set of Meditations Prayers and mental exercises available in various Ad maiorem Dei gloriam or ad majorem Dei gloriam (when an "i" functions as a consonant Magis (pronounced "màh-gis" is a Jesuit phrase that means "the more" Discernment is a term used in Christian tradition to describe the process of discerning God 's Will for one's life This is an incomplete list of famous members of the Society of Jesus. Saint Ignatius redirects here for other Saints see Ignatius. Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Íñigo Oñaz López de Loyola Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco Saint Aloysius Gonzaga ( Italian: Luigi Gonzaga, Portuguese and Spanish: Luís de Gonzaga, March 9, 1568 &ndash Robert Bellarmine ( Roberto Francesco Romolo Cardinale Bellarmino) (4 October 1542 Montepulciano, Siena, Italy – 17 September 1621 Saint Petrus Canisius ( May 8, 1521 &ndash December 21, 1597) was an important Jesuit who fought against the spread of Protestantism Saint Edmund Campion SJ ( January 24 1540 &ndash December 1 1581) was an English Jesuit priest Pedro Arrupe, S. J. (November 14, 1907 – February 5, 1991) (full name, Pedro de Arrupe y Gondra) was the twenty-eighth Superior General (1965-83) of the Society of Jesus. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. A Superior General, or General Superior, is the Superior at the head of a whole religious order or congregation The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order He was born in Bilbao, Spain. Bilbao, (also Bilbo) in the North of Spain, is the largest city in the Basque Country and the capital of the province of Biscay (Basque Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
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Education and Training
Pedro Arrupe attended school at the Santiago Apostol College in Bilbao. Later he would move to Madrid to attend the Medical School of the Universidad Complutense. There he met Severo Ochoa, who would win the Nobel Prize for Medicine. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz ( September 24, 1905 &ndash November 1, 1993) was a Spanish - American biochemist One of his teachers was Juan Negrin, a pioneer in physiology, who would become Prime Minister of the Spanish Republic during the Civil war. Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state
Japan - Hiroshima
Fr. Arrupe was working as a missionary in Japan when war broke out with the United States and the Allies. While the Attack on Pearl Harbor occurred on December 7th in Hawaii, in Japan it was already December 8th, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, and Arrupe was saying mass when he was arrested and imprisoned for a time. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. His attitude of profound prayer (he would later describe it as one of his most transforming spiritual periods), his lack of offensive behaviour gained him the respect of his jailors and judges, and was set free in a month. He was appointed Jesuit superior and the master of novices in Japan in 1942. He was living in suburban Hiroshima when the atomic bomb fell in August of 1945. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. As a trained doctor he headed the first rescue party to arrive in Hiroshima after the atomic bomb. He described that event as "a permanent experience outside of history, engraved on my memory. " He utilized his medical skills in the service of the wounded and the dying, transforming the novitiate into a make-shift hospital for over 200 grievously scarred human remnants. He eventually was appointed the first Jesuit provincial for Japan (1958-65).
Father General
At the thirty-first General Congregation (GC XXXI) of the Society of Jesus in 1965, he was elected the order's twenty-eighth Father General. highest authority in the Society of Jesus is the General Congregation, an assembly of the Jesuit representatives from all parts of the world He served in that position from 1965 to 1983. Father Vinnie O'Keefe, who was a great friend of Arrupe's as well as one of his top advisers, says Arrupe was "a second Ignatius, a refounder of the Society in the light of Vatican II. Saint Ignatius redirects here for other Saints see Ignatius. Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Íñigo Oñaz López de Loyola The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. " The defining moment of Fr. Arrupe's leadership of the Jesuits was probably the thirty-second General Congregation (GC XXXII), which he called in 1975. highest authority in the Society of Jesus is the General Congregation, an assembly of the Jesuit representatives from all parts of the world
Arrupe's dream was crystallized in the document (decree 4), Our Mission Today: the Service of Faith and the Promotion of Justice. Of GC XXXII. This decree basically defined all the Jesuits work as having an essential focus on the promotion of Justice as well as the Catholic Faith. JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The mix of religion and politics has always been controversial, so for the Jesuits to tie their work so explicitly to the promotion of Justice was a very bold statement. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions This decree was so hotly debated that it was not voted on, until the very last day of the congregation, March 7, 1975. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. when it was accepted by an overwhelming majority of delegates. This focus on justice was to cause great conflict within the order, the church and also have remarkable consequences on the outside world. To understand this we must look at the context of the Reforms of Vatican II and how they were applied to South and Central America.
Vatican II
After the great changes following Vatican II each bishops conference returned back to their own churches and implemented the decrees in their own particular context. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. In the Roman Catholic Church, an Episcopal Conference, Conference of Bishops, or National Conference of Bishops is an official assembly of all the The Church in Europe was threatened by a growing secularism and a scientific and materialistic atheism. The Church in Asia was conscious of its responsibilities to inter-religious dialogue and the tensions produced by the plurality of religions in their societies. The Church in South America was predominantly faced with the poverty that many considered to be caused by the perceived injustice of tiny minorities of the population owning and controlling vast amounts of the countries wealth and resources. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Controversially the theologians in South America became more and more politically involved, often adopting Marxist positions. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Many Jesuits in South and Central America, aware that the Church had in the past appeared to accept this inequality, were at the forefront of this movement. The theology that grew out of their work was called Liberation Theology. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic
In its most extreme manifestations, liberation theology went so far as to subordinate the Gospel to political revolution, making the former only a means to achieve the latter. This fundamental confusion between hope for equality in the present world and hope for the coming of the Kingdom led to the condemnation of Liberation Theology by Joseph Ratzinger in the 1980s in his capacity as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith; this correction was restated in his 2008 encyclical Spe Salvi.
Despite these serious difficulties, the Jesuits' work in South America was marked with great success as well. Arrupe had special relationship with these Jesuits, who were involved in Latin American proposals that eventually produced his beloved decree four from GC 32. On June 20, 1977 the White Warriors Union death squad threatened to kill each of the 47 Jesuits in El Salvador unless they abandoned their work with the poor, and left the country within a month. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays After consulting with his men, Fr. Arrupe replied, "They may end up as martyrs, but my priests are not going to leave (El Salvador), because they are with the people. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. " Six Jesuits were subsequently murdered on November 16, 1989 at the Jesuit University of Central America as well as other Jesuits such as Rutilio Grande, and later also the Archbishop Oscar Romero. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) "UCA" redirects here For other uses of the name UCA see UCA (disambiguation. Fr Rutilio Grande García SJ (1928 - 1977 was a Jesuit Priest in El Salvador and a promoter of Liberation theology. Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez ( August 25 1917 &ndash March 24 1980) commonly known as Monseñor Romero, was a Bishop
Later Life, Illness and Stroke
On August 7, 1981, after a long and tiring trip throughout the Far East, Father Arrupe suffered a stroke just after his airplane had landed at Rome's Fiumicino Airport. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 He was paralyzed on his right side and was able to speak only a few words, but this ability gradually deteriorated until he was completely mute. From that time on he lived in the infirmary at the Curia. His only form of communication with the Jesuit brother who was his constant companion, was with his eyes or hand pressure. Arrupe was forced to resign due to his refusal to reign in Jesuits holding political office in Nicaragua in 1983. He was the first, and with the exception of Peter Hans Kolvenbach, only Jesuit superior general to resign instead of remaining in office until his death. Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, SJ, STD (born in Druten, 30 November, 1928) was the 29th Superior
The thirty third General Congregation was called to deal with the resignation of Arrupe and the election of a successor. highest authority in the Society of Jesus is the General Congregation, an assembly of the Jesuit representatives from all parts of the world The Congregation was called by Father- later Cardinal- Paolo Dezza, the Pontifical Delegate, especially appointed by the Pope to assure that the Society be kept on course. A Pontifical Delegate is a cleric who is delegated by the Pope There was a wave of resentment from some Jesuits at what was seemingly Papal interference in Jesuit affairs. Arrupe's resignation was accepted on September 3, 1983 during the Congregation and it proceeded to elect Father Peter Hans Kolvenbach as General. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, SJ, STD (born in Druten, 30 November, 1928) was the 29th Superior
During the opening Session of the Congregation Fr Arrupe was wheeled into the hall, and a prayer which he had written was read out.
- More than ever I find myself in the hands of God. This is what I have wanted all my life from my youth. But now there is a difference; the initiative is entirely with God. It is indeed a profound spiritual experience to know and feel myself so totally in God's hands.
During his ten long and silent years in the infirmary, praying for the Society, Arrupe received many and frequent well wishers among whom the Pope was the most distinguished.
Arrupe died at the Curia on February 5, 1991 in his 84th year. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. His Generalate actually lasted for 18 years from his election until his resignation in 1983, though he lived another eight years of complete inactivity paralyzed and with little communication.
Pedro Arrupe's funeral was held in the Church of the Gesu and was attended by crowds inside and in the piazza outside the church. For the school see Gesu School. The Church of the Gesù (dʒeˈzu in Italian, Chiesa del Sacro Nome di Gesù, or Also in attendance were 10 cardinals, 20 bishops, the Prime Minister of Italy and other religious and civil dignitaries. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest His body, first interred in the Jesuit Mausoleum at Campo Verano, was brought back into the Church of the Gesu where it lays in a side chapel.
Several halls, Jesuit communities and other 'memorials' have been named after him. Among them: a new state-of-the-art building in the Jesuit highschool Fairfield, Connecticut. The building was opened on September 1, 2005. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The main auditorium at the ITESO, a Jesuit university in Guadalajara, is also named after Pedro Arrupe. ITESO redirects here for the Ugandan and Kenyan ethnic group see Iteso. Arrupe Jesuit High School in Denver, CO is also named after Pedro Arrupe, as well as several scholarships given in his honor. Arrupe Jesuit High School is a private, Roman Catholic High school in Denver Colorado, USA. Boston College High School, the Jesuit high school of Boston, named their new middle school in 2007 the "Arrupe Division" in honor of Pedro Arrupe. Founded in 1863 Boston College High School (also known as BC High) is an all-male Jesuit Roman Catholic college preparatory Secondary school with The Jesuit Formation College is Zimbabwe is aslo known as Arrupe College
| Preceded by Jean-Baptiste Janssens |
Superior General of the Society of Jesus 1965–1983 |
Succeeded by Peter Hans Kolvenbach |
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