Peak District
Protected Area
Peak District entrance stone on Hathersage Road, Sheffield
Country	England
Counties	Derbyshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire
Highest point
- location	Kinder Scout
- elevation	636 m (2,087 ft)
Area	1,438 km² (555 sq mi)
National parks of England and Wales	1951
IUCN category	V - Protected Landscape/Seascape
Peak District National Park within England
Website: www.peakdistrict.gov.uk

The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire, and South and West Yorkshire. Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. Divisions and environs South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The national parks of England and Wales are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape that are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. Divisions and environs South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of

Most of the area falls within the Peak District National Park, whose designation in 1951 made it the earliest national park in the British Isles. The national parks of England and Wales are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape that are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 An area of great diversity, it is conventionally split into the northern Dark Peak, where most of the moorland is found and whose geology is gritstone, and the southern White Peak, where most of the population lives and where the geology is mainly limestone-based. The Dark Peak is the higher wilder northern part of the Peak District in England. Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas characterised by low growing vegetation on Acidic soils White Peak is the lower southern part of the Peak District in England. Proximity to the major conurbations of the North East Midlands, Yorkshire, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, coupled with easy access by road and rail, make it the most visited national park in the UK and the second most visited in the world. ^[1]

Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Ecology 4 Economy 5 History 5.1 Early history 5.2 Medieval to modern history 5.3 Development of tourism 6 Transport 6.1 History 6.2 Road network 6.3 Public transport 7 Activities 8 Visitor attractions 9 Conservation issues 9.1 Footpath erosion 9.2 Quarrying 10 Peak District in literature and arts 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

Geography

The Peak District forms the southern end of the Pennines and much of the area is uplands above 300 m, with a high point on Kinder Scout of 636 m. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. Kinder Scout is a Moorland Plateau (and Mountain) in the Dark Peak of the Derbyshire Peak District in the United Despite its name, the landscape lacks sharp peaks, being characterised by rounded hills and gritstone escarpments (the "edges"). The area is surrounded by major conurbations, including Huddersfield, Manchester, Sheffield, Derby and Stoke-on-Trent. Huddersfield ( is a large Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England, 190 miles (306km north Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dˈɑːbɪ/ is a city in the East Midlands of England. Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19

The National Park covers 555 square miles (1,438 square km) of Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester and South and West Yorkshire, including the majority of the area commonly referred to as the Peak. The Park boundaries were drawn to exclude large built-up areas and industrial sites from the park; in particular, the town of Buxton and the adjacent quarries are located at the end of the Peak Dale corridor, surrounded on three sides by the Park. Buxton is a Spa town in Derbyshire, England. Located close to the county boundary with Cheshire to the west and Staffordshire to the south Peak Dale is a small village in Derbyshire, England. It is located between Dove Holes and Buxton, and is also situated between 2 quarries The town of Bakewell and numerous villages are, however, included within the boundaries, as is much of the (non-industrial) west of Sheffield. Bakewell is a small Market town in Derbyshire, England, deriving its name from 'Badeca's Well' As of 2006, it is the fourth largest National Park in England and Wales. The national parks of England and Wales are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape that are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 As always in Britain, the designation "National Park" means that there are planning restrictions to protect the area from inappropriate development, and a Park Authority to look after it - but does not imply that the land is owned by the government, or is uninhabited.

12% of the Peak District National Park is owned by the National Trust, a non-governmental organisation which aims to conserve historic and natural landscapes. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales ^[2] The three Trust estates (High Peak, South Peak and Longshaw) include the ecologically or geologically significant areas of Bleaklow, Derwent Edge, Hope Woodlands, Kinder Scout, Leek and Manifold, Mam Tor, Dovedale, Milldale and Winnats. High Peak Estate is an area of Pennine Moorland in the ownership of the National Trust in the High Peak district of Derbyshire, England The South Peak Estate of the National Trust comprises several land holdings in the Southern Peak District. Longshaw Estate is an area of moorland woodland and farmland located within the Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, England. |} Bleaklow is a high largely peat covered Gritstone Moorland, just north of Kinder Scout, across the Snake Pass ( A57) in the Derwent Edge is a Millstone grit escarpment that lies above the Upper Derwent Valley in the Peak District National Park in the Hope Woodlands is an extensive Civil parish in the High Peak district of Derbyshire in England. The Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway (L&MVLR was a Narrow gauge railway in Staffordshire, Great Britain that operated between 1904 and 1934 Mam Tor is a 517 m (1696 ft high peak near Castleton in the High Peak of Derbyshire, England. Dovedale is a popular dale in the Peak District, England. It is owned by the National Trust, and annually attracts a million visitors Dovedale is a popular dale in the Peak District, England. It is owned by the National Trust, and annually attracts a million visitors Winnats Pass is in the High Peak area of the English county of Derbyshire. ^[3] The Peak District National Park Authority directly owns around 5%, and other major landowners include several water companies. ^[4]

Geology

Much of the Peak District, and its adjacent areas, approximate to the structure of an eroded dome. In Geology, a dome is a deformational feature consisting of symmetrically-dipping Anticlines their general outline on a geologic Map is circular or oval The Carboniferous Coal Measures lie just outside the district, especially on the eastern side. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 Below the Coal Measures are the shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit. Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clay minerals or Muds It is characterized by Gritstone — otherwise called Millstone grit — is a Sedimentary rock composed of coarse sand grains with inclusions of small stones The grit forms the moorland of the Dark Peak, and also extends in two ridges southwards on the west and east sides of the district. The shales occur at the base of the grit.

Between the two gritstone ridges, the underlying early Carboniferous Limestone is at the surface, forming the centre of the dome. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 This is the White Peak. The limestone produces numerous caves – this is sometimes known as karst topography. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone

The Peak District dome is at the south end of the Pennine anticline. In Structural geology, an anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core

For a detailed description of the geology of the area see Cope's monograph. ^[5]

Ecology

The gritstone and shale of the Dark Peak supports heather moorland and blanket bog environments, with rough sheep pasture and grouse shooting being the main land uses. Calluna vulgaris (also known as Ling is the sole species in the Genus Calluna in the family Ericaceae. Blanket bog or Blanket Mire is an area of peatland forming where there is a climate of high rainfall and a low level of evapotranspiration allowing peat to develop not Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes. Often considered a family Tetraonidae, the American Ornithologists' Union The limestone plateaus of the White Peak are more intensively farmed, with mainly dairy usage of improved pastures. A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Some sources also recognise the South West Peak (near Macclesfield) as a third type of area, with intermediate characteristics. Macclesfield is a market town in Cheshire, England with a population of about 50688 (2001 census for Macclesfield urban sub-area ^[6]

Woodland forms around 8% of the Peak National Park. ^[4] Natural broadleaved woodland is found in the steep-sided, narrow dales of the White Peak and the deep cloughs of the Dark Peak, while reservoir margins often have coniferous plantations. Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest.

Lead rakes, the spoil heaps of ancient mines, form another distinctive habitat in the White Peak, supporting a range of rare metallophytic plants, including spring sandwort (Minuartia verna; also known as leadwort), alpine penny-cress (Thlaspi caerulescens) and mountain pansy (Viola lutea). ^[7]

Economy

Tourism is the major local employment for Park residents (24%), with manufacturing industries (19%) and quarrying (12%) also being important; only 12% are employed in agriculture. ^[8] The cement works at Hope is the largest employer within the Park. In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Hope is a Village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. ^[9] Tourism is estimated to provide 500 full-time jobs, 350 part-time jobs and 100 seasonal jobs. ^[10] There are approximately 2,700 farms in the national park, most of them under 40 hectares in area. 60% of farms are believed to be run on a part-time basis where the farmer has a second job. ^[10]

The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited to produce bottled mineral water, and many of the plantations are managed for timber. In many places mineral water is often colloquially used to mean Carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water as opposed to tap water Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Other manufacturing industries of the area are varied; they include David Mellor's cutlery factory (Hathersage), brake linings (Ferodo at Chapel-en-le-Frith) and electronic equipment (Castleton). David Mellor, CBE RDI (born 1930 is one of the best known designers in Britain Cutlery refers to any hand Implement used in preparing serving and especially eating Food in the Western world. Hathersage (from heather's edge) is a Village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. Brake linings are the consumable surfaces in braking systems, especially those used in vehicles Ferodo is a British company founded in 1897 by Herbert Frood in Chapel en le Frith, Derbyshire. Chapel-en-le-Frith (ˌtʃæpl ɒn lə ˈfrɪθ often abbreviated to Chapel, is a small Derbyshire town on the edge of the Peak District, part of the Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical This article is about the English village in Derbyshire For other uses see Castleton. Limestone is the most important mineral quarried, mainly for roads and cement; shale is extracted for cement at Hope, and several gritstone quarries are worked for housing (see also Conservation issues: Quarrying). ^[9] Lead mining is no longer economic, but fluorspar, barytes and calcite are extracted from lead veins, and small-scale Blue John mining occurs at Castleton. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Baryte ( Ba[[Sulfur S]] O 4 is a Mineral consisting of Barium sulfate. Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of Calcium carbonate ( Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]]

History

Early history

The Peak District has been settled from the earliest periods of human activity, as is evidenced by occasional finds of Mesolithic flint artefacts and by palaeoenvironmental evidence from caves in Dovedale and elsewhere. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age There is also evidence of Neolithic activity, including some monumental earthworks or barrows (burial mounds) such as that at Margery Hill. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Margery Hill is a 546m hill on the Howden Moors in South Yorkshire, England. ^[11] In the Bronze Age the area was well populated and farmed, and evidence of these people survives in henges such as Arbor Low near Youlgreave or the Nine Ladies Stone Circle at Stanton Moor. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for henge is a prehistoric Architectural structure. In form it is a nearly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20 Metres (65 feet) in diameter Arbor Low is a Neolithic Henge monument in the Peak District, Derbyshire, England. Youlgreave or Youlgrave is a Village in the Derbyshire Peak District, lying on the River Bradford, four kilometres south of Nine Ladies ( is a Bronze Age Stone circle located on Stanton Moor, Derbyshire, England. Stanton Moor is a small upland area in the Derbyshire Peak District, lying between Matlock and Bakewell near the villages of Birchover In the same period, and on into the Iron Age, a number of significant hillforts such as that at Mam Tor were created. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Roman occupation was sparse but the Romans certainly exploited the rich mineral veins of the area, exporting lead from the Buxton area along well-used routes. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly There were Roman settlements, including one at Buxton which was known to them as "Aquae Arnemetiae" in recognition of its spring, dedicated to the local goddess.

Theories as to the derivation of the Peak District name include the idea that it came from the Pecsaetan or peaklanders, an Anglo Saxon tribe who inhabited the central and northern parts of the area from the 6th century AD when it fell within the large Anglian kingdom of Mercia. The Pecsaetan, peaklanders or peakrills were an Anglo Saxon tribe who inhabited the central and northern parts of the Peak District area in Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.

Medieval to modern history

In medieval and early modern times the land was mainly agricultural, as it still is today, with sheep farming, rather than arable, the main activity in these upland holdings. However, from the sixteenth century onwards the mineral and geological wealth of the Peak became increasingly significant. Not only lead, but also coal, copper (at Ecton), zinc, iron, manganese and silver have all been mined here. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 For the village and civil parish in Northamptonshire see Ecton Ecton is a hamlet in the Staffordshire Peak District ( Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen ^[12] Celia Fiennes, describing her journey through the Peak in 1697, wrote of 'those craggy hills whose bowells are full of mines of all kinds off black and white and veined marbles, and some have mines of copper, others tinn and leaden mines, in w[hi]ch is a great deale of silver. Celia Fiennes ( 7 June 1662 - 10 April 1741) was an English traveller '^[13] Lead mining peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries and began to decline from the mid-19th century, with the last major mine closing in 1939, though lead remains a byproduct of fluorspar, baryte and calcite mining^[7] (see Derbyshire lead mining history for details). Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Baryte ( Ba[[Sulfur S]] O 4 is a Mineral consisting of Barium sulfate. This article details some of the history of Lead mining in Derbyshire, England. Limestone and gritstone quarries flourished as lead mining declined, and remain an important industry in the Peak.

Large reservoirs such as Woodhead and Howden were built from the late 19th century onward to supply the growing urban areas surrounding the Peak District, often flooding large areas of farmland and depopulating the surrounding land in an attempt to improve the water purity. Woodhead reservoir is a man-made Lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. The Howden Reservoir is a Y-shaped reservoir, top one of the three in the Upper Derwent Valley in Derbyshire, England.

The northern moors of Saddleworth and Wessenden gained notoriety in the 1960s as the burial site of several children murdered by the so-called Moors Murderers, Ian Brady and Myra Hindley. Saddleworth Moor is an area of sparsley populated Moorland and dark millstone grit scenery typical of the West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennine hills of northern The Moors murders were committed by Ian Brady and Myra Hindley around the Manchester area of England between 1963 and 1965 Ian Brady (Born Ian Duncan Stewart on January 2, 1938) is known primarily for the series of sadistic murders that he committed with his lover Myra Hindley Myra Hindley (23 July 1942 &ndash 15 November 2002 was an English Serial killer convicted along with her lover Ian Brady, of killing four children between

Development of tourism

The area has been a tourist destination for centuries, with an early tourist description of the area, De Mirabilibus Pecci or The Seven Wonders of the Peak by Thomas Hobbes, being published in 1636. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Much scorn was poured on these seven wonders by subsequent visitors, including the journalist Daniel Defoe who described the moors by Chatsworth as 'a waste and houling wilderness' and was particularly contemptuous of the cavern near Castleton known, in typically frank Derbyshire style, as the Devil's Arse (or Peak Cavern). Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for The Peak Cavern, also known as the Devil's Arse (called so because of the flatulent-sounding noises from inside the cave is one of the four Show caves in ^[14] Visitor numbers did not increase significantly until the Victorian era, with railway construction providing ease of access and a growing cultural appreciation of the Picturesque and Romantic. Guides such as John Mawe's Mineralogy of Derbyshire (1802) and William Adam's Gem of the Peak (1840) generated interest in the area's unique geology. John Mawe (1764 – 1829 was a British mineralogist who became well known for his practical approach to the discipline

There is a great tradition of public access and outdoor recreation in this area. The Peak District formed a natural hinterland and rural escape for the populations of industrial Manchester and Sheffield, and remains a valuable leisure resource in a largely post-industrial economy. The Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout, the highest point in the Peak District, in 1932 was a landmark in the campaign for national parks and open access to moorland in Britain, at a time when such open moors were strongly identified with the game keeping interests of landed gentry. The mass trespass of Kinder Scout was a notable act of willful Trespass by ramblers It was undertaken at Kinder Scout, in the Peak District of A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution The Peak District National Park became the United Kingdom's first national park on April 17, 1951. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The first National Trail in the United Kingdom was the Pennine Way, which starts from the village of Edale in the heart of the Peak District. The following Long-distance footpaths can be found in the United Kingdom: England and Wales National Trails National Trails are distinguished by being The Pennine Way is a National Trail in England. The trail runs 429 kilometres (268 mi from Edale, in the northern Derbyshire Edale (ˈiːdeɪl is a small Derbyshire Village and Civil parish in the Peak District, in the Midlands of England.

Transport

History

The first roads in the Peak were constructed by the Romans, although they may have followed existing tracks. The Roman network is thought to have linked the settlements and forts of Aquae Arnemetiae (Buxton), Chesterfield, Ardotalia (Glossop) and Navio (Brough-on-Noe), and extended outwards to Danum (Doncaster), Manucium (Manchester) and Derventio (Little Chester, near Derby). Chesterfield is a historic Market town and local government district in Derbyshire, a County in England. Glossop is a small Market town within the High Peak borough of Derbyshire, England. Hope is a Village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. Little Chester, or Chester Green as it is often referred to by locals is a suburb of the city of Derby, in Derbyshire, England, located directly ^[15] Parts of the modern A515 and A53 roads south of Buxton are believed to run along Roman roads.

Packhorse routes criss-crossed the Peak in the Medieval era, and some paved causeways are believed to date from this period, such as the Long Causeway along Stanage. A packhorse (UK or pack horse (USA refers generally to an Equid such as a Horse, Mule, Donkey or Pony used for carrying Stanage Edge, or simply Stanage (from "stone edge" is a Gritstone Escarpment in the English Peak District, famous However, no highways were marked on Saxton's map of Derbyshire, published in 1579. Christopher Saxton was a British Cartographer, probably born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire around 1540 ^[16] Bridge building improved the transport network; a surviving early example is the three-arched gritstone bridge over the River Derwent at Baslow, which dates from 1608 and has an adjacent toll-shelter. For other rivers called Derwent see River Derwent. The Derwent is a River in the County of Derbyshire Baslow is a Village in the Derbyshire, England, Peak District, lying between Sheffield and Bakewell. ^[17] Although the introduction of turnpike roads (toll roads) from 1731^[18] reduced journey times, the journey from Sheffield to Manchester in 1800 still took 16 hours, prompting Samuel Taylor Coleridge to remark that 'a tortoise could outgallop us!'^[19] From around 1815 onwards, turnpike roads both increased in length and improved in quality. A toll road, (also known as a tollway, turnpike, pike, or toll highway, especially if it is constructed to Freeway standards Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher An example is the Snake Road, built under the direction of Thomas Telford in 1819-21 (now the A57); the name refers to the crest of the Dukes of Devonshire. The Snake Pass is the name given to the higher reaches of the A57 road where it crosses the Peak District between Manchester and Sheffield in Thomas Telford (9 August 1757 - 2 September 1834 was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the aristocratic Cavendish family ^[19] The Cromford Canal opened in 1794, carrying coal, lead and iron ore to the Erewash Canal. The Erewash Canal is a broad canal in Derbyshire, England. It runs just under 12 miles (19 km and has 14 locks.

The improved roads and the Cromford Canal both shortly came under competition from new railways, with work on the first railway in the Peak commencing in 1825. ^[19] Although the Cromford and High Peak Railway (from Cromford Canal to Whaley Bridge) was an industrial railway, passenger services soon followed, including the Woodhead Line (Sheffield to Manchester via Longdendale) and the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway. The Cromford and High Peak Railway (C&HPR in Derbyshire, England, was completed in 1831 to carry Minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal Whaley Bridge is a small town and Civil parish in the High Peak district of Derbyshire, England, situated on the River Goyt. The Woodhead Line was a railway line linking Sheffield, Penistone and Manchester in the north of England. Longdendale is a valley in the north west of England, north of Glossop and south east of Holmfirth. The Manchester Buxton Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway initially served neither Manchester nor the Midlands since its connection with the North Midland Railway Not everyone regarded the railways as an improvement. John Ruskin wrote of the Monsal Dale line: 'You enterprised a railroad through the valley, you blasted its rocks away, heaped thousands of tons of shale into its lovely stream. John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered The valley is gone, and the gods with it; and now, every fool in Buxton can be at Bakewell in half-an-hour, and every fool in Bakewell at Buxton. '^[19]

By the second half of the twentieth century, the pendulum had swung back towards road transport. The Cromford Canal was largely abandoned in 1944, and several of the rail lines passing through the Peak were closed as uneconomic in the 1960s as part of the Beeching Axe. The Beeching Axe is an informal name for the British Government 's attempt in the 1960s to reduce the cost of running British Railways, the nationalised railway system The Woodhead Line was closed between Hadfield and Penistone; parts of the trackbed are now used for the Trans-Pennine Trail, the stretch between Hadfield and Woodhead being known specifically as the Longdendale Trail. Hadfield is a small residential town within the Borough of High Peak in Derbyshire, England. Penistone railway station is a Railway station in Penistone, in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. The Trans Pennine Trail is a Long distance path in the north of England, running largely along disused Railway lines and canal towpaths, Longdendale Trail is an English Long-distance trail which follows the alignment of the former Woodhead railway line which used to run between The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway is now closed between Rowsley and Buxton where the trackbed forms part of the Monsal Trail. Rowsley is a village on the A6 road in the English county of Derbyshire. The Monsal Trail is a cycle and walking trail in the Derbyshire Peak District. The Cromford and High Peak Railway is now completely shut, with part of the trackbed open to the public as the High Peak Trail. The High Peak Trail is a trail for walkers cyclists and horse riders in the Peak District, England. Another disused rail line between Buxton and Ashbourne now forms the Tissington Trail. Ashbourne is a small picturesque market Town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. The Tissington Trail is a bridleway and walk/cycle path in Derbyshire, England.

Road network

The main roads through the Peak District are the A57 (Snake Pass) between Sheffield and Manchester, the A628 (Woodhead Pass) between Barnsley and Manchester via Longdendale, the A6 from Derby to Manchester via Buxton, and the Cat and Fiddle road from Macclesfield to Buxton. The A57 is a major road in England. It runs east from Liverpool to Lincoln, via Warrington and Manchester, then through the Barnsley is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Dearne, north of the city of Sheffield, and west of Doncaster The Cat And Fiddle (aka Cat'n'Fiddle is a road in the United Kingdom running between Buxton, Derbyshire and Macclesfield, Cheshire These roads, and the pretty minor roads and lanes, are attractive to drivers, but the Peak's popularity makes road congestion a significant problem especially during summer.

Public transport

The Peak District is readily accessible by public transport, which reaches even central areas. Train services into the area are the Hope Valley Line from Sheffield and Manchester; the Derwent Valley Line from Derby to Matlock; and the Buxton Line and the Glossop Line linking those towns to Manchester. The Hope Valley Line is a Railway line in England linking Sheffield with Manchester. History The section from Derby to Ambergate was built by the North Midland Railway (which ran between Derby and Leeds) and was opened in 1839 History It has its origins with the Stockport Disley and Whaley Bridge Railway which the LNWR built to connect with the Cromford and High Peak Railway, with Route The line serves the following places Manchester Piccadilly Ardwick - very occasional trains Ashburys (originally Ashburys Coach (long-distance buses) services provide access to Matlock, Bakewell and Buxton from Derby, Nottingham, and Manchester, and there are regular buses from the nearest towns such as Sheffield, Glossop, Stoke, Leek and Chesterfield. Matlock is the County town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District, and is twinned Leek is a Market town in the county of Staffordshire, England, on the River Churnet. The nearest airports are Manchester, East Midlands and Doncaster–Sheffield. Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the East Midlands Airport is an Airport in the East Midlands of England, near Castle Donington in Leicestershire. Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield is an international Airport located at the former RAF Finningley airbase in Finningley, South Yorkshire

For such a rural area, the smaller villages of the Peak are relatively well served by internal transport links. There are many minibuses operating from the main towns (Bakewell, Matlock, Hathersage, Castleton, Tideswell and Ashbourne) out to the small villages. The Hope Valley and Buxton Line trains also serves many local stations (including Hathersage, Hope and Edale).

Activities

The Peak District provides opportunities for many types of outdoor activity. An extensive network of public footpaths and numerous long-distance trails (over 3000 km in total), as well as large open-access areas, are available for hillwalking and hiking. In Britain, the term hillwalking or fellwalking is normally used to describe the recreational practice of walking in hilly or Mountainous terrain generally The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage Bridleways are commonly used by mountain bikers, as well as horse riders. Mountain biking entails the Sport of riding Bicycles off-road often over rough terrain whether riding specially equipped Mountain bikes or hybrid road bikes For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description Some of the long-distance trails, such as the Tissington and High Peak Trails, re-use former railway lines; they are much used by walkers, horse riders and cyclists. Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles The Park authorities run cycle hire centres at Ashbourne, Parsley Hay and Ladybower Reservoir. Parsley Hay railway station was located at in Parsley Hay a hamlet about 15 km south east of Buxton, Derbyshire, on the LNWR line to Ashbourne Ladybower Reservoir is a large Y-shaped reservoir, the lowest of three in the Upper Derwent Valley in Derbyshire, England. Wheelchair access is possible at several places on the former railway trails, and cycle hire centres offer vehicles adapted to wheelchair users. There is a programme to make footpaths more accessible to less-agile walkers by replacing climbing stiles with walkers' gates.

The many gritstone outcrops, such as Stanage and the The Roaches, are recognised as some of the finest rock climbing sites in the world (see: rock climbing in the Peak District). The Roaches (from the French les roches - the rocks are a geographical feature situated above Leek and Tittesworth reservoir in the Peak Rock climbing is a Sport in which participants climb up or across natural rock formations or man-made rock walls with the goal of reaching the Rock climbing is a popular activity in the Peak District; particularly on edges such as Stanage or Froggatt. The Peak limestone also provides many testing climbs. Some of the area's large reservoirs (for example, Carsington Water) have become centres for water sports, including sailing, fishing and canoeing, in this most landlocked part of the UK. Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Canoeing is the activity of paddling a Canoe for the purpose of recreation (also called a float trip Sport, or transportation. Other activities include air sports (hang gliding and paragliding), birdwatching, caving, fell running, greenlaning and orienteering. History See also History of hang gliding Summary: Hang gliding existed in China perhaps by the 4th century AD according to the writing of the Paragliding is a recreational and competitive flying sport A paraglider is a free-flying foot-launched Aircraft. Birdwatching or birding is the observation and study of Birds with the naked eye or through a visual enhancement device like Binoculars. Caving or spelunking is the recreational Sport of exploring Caves In contrast Speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave Fell running, also known as mountain running and hill running, is the sport of Running and racing off road over upland country where the gradient climbed Off Roading is a term for driving a specialized vehicle on unpaved roads such as Sand, Gravel, riverbeds Mud, Snow, Rocks, Orienteering is a family of Sports that require Navigational skills using a Map and Compass, usually in combination with Point to point racing

Visitor attractions

The spa town of Buxton was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire as a genteel health resort in the eighteenth century; now the largest town in the Peak District, it has an opera house with a theatre, and a museum and art gallery. Buxton Opera House is in The Square Buxton, Derbyshire, England. Another spa town is Matlock Bath, popularised in the Victorian era. Matlock Bath is a Village south of Matlock in Derbyshire, England. Bakewell is the largest settlement within the National Park; its five-arched bridge over the River Wye dates from the 13th century. For other rivers named "Wye" see River Wye (disambiguation The River Wye is a River in Derbyshire, England Buxton, Matlock and Matlock Bath, Bakewell, Leek and the small towns of Ashbourne and Wirksworth, on the fringes of the Park, all offer a range of tourist amenities. Wirksworth is a small market Town in Derbyshire, England, with a population of approximately 9000

Historic buildings include Chatsworth House, seat of the Dukes of Devonshire and among Britain's finest stately homes; the medieval Haddon Hall, seat of the Dukes of Rutland; Hardwick Hall, built by powerful Elizabethan Bess of Hardwick; and Lyme Park, an Elizabethan manor house transformed by an Italianate front. Chatsworth House is a large Country house at Chatsworth, Derbyshire, England 3½ miles north east of Bakewell. Haddon Hall is an English Country house on the River Wye at Bakewell, Derbyshire, one of the seats of the Duke of Rutland, occupied Earl of Rutland and Duke of Rutland are titles in the Peerage of England derived from Rutland, a traditional county Hardwick Hall ( in Doe Lea, Derbyshire is one of the most significant Elizabethan Country houses in England. Elizabeth Talbot Countess of Shrewsbury ( July 27[[ 527]]&ndash February 13, 1608) known as Bess of Hardwick, was the third surviving daughter Lyme Park is an estate and Park near Disley, in the county of Cheshire, England. Many of the Peak's villages and towns have fine parish churches, with a particularly magnificent example being the fourteenth century church at Tideswell, sometimes dubbed the 'Cathedral of the Peak'. Tideswell is a Village in the Derbyshire Peak District, England ( location map "Little John's Grave" can be seen in Hathersage churchyard. Little John was a fellow outlaw of Robin Hood, and was said to be Robin's chief lieutenant and second-in-command of the Merry Men.

The picturesque village of Castleton, overshadowed by the Norman Peveril Castle, has four show caves (the Peak, Blue John, Treak Cliff and Speedwell Caverns) and is the centre of production of the unique semi-precious mineral, Blue-John. Peveril Castle (also Castleton Castle) is a Castle in Castleton, Derbyshire, England ( The Blue John Cavern is one of the four Show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England. Treak Cliff Cavern is a Show cave near Castleton in Derbyshire. The Speedwell Cavern is one of the four Show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England. Other show caves and mines include the Heights of Abraham caves (reached by cable car) at Matlock Bath, and Poole's Cavern at Buxton. A tourist attraction in Matlock, Derbyshire, England, the Heights of Abraham is a Country park on top of Masson Hill accessed by a Poole's Cavern or Poole's Hole is a 2 million year old natural limestone cave south of Buxton in the Peak District, in the county of Derbyshire The little village of Eyam is known for its self-imposed quarantine during the Plague of 1666. Eyam (iːm is a small village in Derbyshire, England. The village is best known for being the "plague village" that chose to isolate itself when The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia

The Mining Museum at Matlock Bath, which includes tours of the Temple lead mine, and the Derwent Valley Mills (World Heritage Site) and Brindley Water Mill at Leek give insight into the Peak's industrial heritage. The Mining Museum is located at Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, England Derwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Brindley Water Mill is a Water mill situated in the town of Leek in the English county of Staffordshire. The preserved steam railway between Matlock and Rowsley, the National Tramway Museum at Crich and the Cromford Canal chart the area's transport history. The National Tramway Museum, at Crich, ( in Derbyshire, England, is situated within Crich Tramway Village, a period village containing Crich (ˈkraɪtʃ kryech) is a Village in Derbyshire in England. The Life in a Lens Museum of Photography & Old Times in Matlock Bath presents the history of photography from 1839. The Life in a Lens Museum of Photography and Old Times is a Museum in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, England. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing

Well dressing ceremonies are held in most of the villages during the spring and summer months, in a tradition said to date from pagan times. Well Dressing is a custom practised in rural England in which wells springs or other water sources are decorated with designs created from Other local customs include Castleton's annual Garland Festival and Ashbourne's Royal Shrovetide Football, played annually since the 12th century. The Royal Shrovetide Football Match occurs annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England Buxton hosts two opera festivals, the Buxton Festival and the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, as well as the Buxton Festival Fringe, and the Peak Literary Festival is held at various locations twice a year. The Buxton Festival is an annual summer festival of Opera, music and (since 2000 a literary series held in Buxton, Derbyshire in England since The International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival is held every summer at the Opera House in Buxton, Derbyshire. The Buxton Festival is an annual summer festival of Opera, music and (since 2000 a literary series held in Buxton, Derbyshire in England since The Peak Literary Festival is held in the Peak District National Park annually in the Spring and Autumn.

Peak District food specialities include the dessert, Bakewell pudding (very different from the nationally available Bakewell tart), and the famous cheese Stilton, one of whose areas of production is the village of Hartington. The Bakewell tart is a jam Pastry with an egg and ground almond enriched filling Stilton is a Cheese of England. It is produced in two varieties the well-known blue and the lesser-known white. Hartington is a Village in the Derbyshire Peak District, England, lying on the River Dove.

Conservation issues

The proximity of the Peak to major conurbations – an estimated 20 million people live within an hour's drive^[20] – poses unique challenges to managing the area. The Peak Park Authority and the National Trust, with other landowners, attempt to balance keeping the upland landscape accessible to visitors for recreation, whilst protecting it from intensive farming, erosion and pressure from visitors themselves. An inevitable tension exists between the needs of the 38,000 residents of the Peak Park,^[8] the many millions of people who visit it annually^[21] and the conservation requirements of the area.

The uneven distribution of visitors creates further stresses. Dovedale alone receives an estimated 2 million visitors annually;^[22] other highly visited areas include Bakewell, Castleton and the Hope valley, Chatsworth, Hartington and the reservoirs of the Upper Derwent valley. The Upper Derwent Valley is an area of the Peak District National Park in England. ^[23] Over 60% of visits are concentrated in the period May–September, with Sunday being the busiest day. ^[23]

Footpath erosion

The number of footpath users on the more popular walking areas in the Peak District has contributed to serious erosion problems, particularly on the fragile peat moorlands of the Dark Peak. The recent use of some paths by mountain bikers is believed by some to have exacerbated an existing problem. Measures taken to contain the damage have included the permanent diversion of the official route of the Pennine Way out of Edale (it now goes up Jacob's Ladder rather than following the Grindsbrook), and the expensive stone paving of many moorland footpaths.

Quarrying

Large-scale limestone quarrying has been a particular area of contention. A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted Twelve large limestone quarries operate in the Peak; Tunstead near Buxton is one of the largest quarries in Europe. Tunstead is a village in Derbyshire, England, situated in Great Rocks Dale north of Buxton. ^[24] Large quarries not only leave scars on the landscape but also cause dust and noise pollution and traffic congestion, particularly where stone is transported in lorries rather than by rail. However, the industry is critical to the local economy, employing 12% of those residing within the Park. ^[8]

Total limestone output has substantially decreased from the 1990 peak of 8. 5 million tonnes (almost 30% in 1995). ^[9] However, most of the mineral extraction licences were issued by national government for 90 years in the 1950s, and remain legally binding. The Peak Park Authority has a policy of considering all new quarrying and licence renewal applications within the area of the National Park in terms of the local and national need for the mineral and the uniqueness of the source, in conjunction with the effects on traffic, local residents and the environment. ^[9] Some licenses have not been renewed; for example, the RMC Aggregates quarry at Eldon Hill was forced to close in 1999, and landscaping is ongoing. Not to be confused with Eildon Hill, Scotland Eldon Hill is situated in the Peak District National Park in the county of Derbyshire, ^[25] The proposals dating from 1999 from Stancliffe Stone Ltd to re-open dormant gritstone quarries at Stanton Moor have been seen as a test case. They are hotly contested by ecological protesters and local residents on grounds that the development would threaten nearby Bronze Age remains (in particular, the Nine Ladies stone circle) as well as the natural landscape locally. ^[21] As of 2007, negotiations are ongoing to shift the development to the nearby Dale View quarry, a less sensitive area. ^[26]

Peak District in literature and arts

The landscapes of the Peak have formed an inspiration to writers for centuries. Various places in the Peak District have been identified by Ralph Elliott and others as locations in the 14th century poem 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'; Lud's Church, for example, is thought to be the Green Chapel. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Lud's Church is a deep Millstone grit chasm created by a massive landslip on the hillside above Gradbach, Staffordshire, England. ^[27]

Key scenes in Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice are set in the Derbyshire Peak District. Jane Austen (16 Pride and Prejudice, first published on 28 January 1813, is the most famous of Jane Austen 's novels and one of the first " romantic ^[28] Peveril of the Peak (1823) by Sir Walter Scott is a historical novel set at Peveril Castle, Castleton during the reign of Charles II. Peveril of the Peak ( 1823) is the longest novel by Sir Walter Scott. Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ^[29][30] William Wordsworth was a frequent visitor to Matlock; the Peak inspired several of his poems, including an 1830 sonnet to Chatsworth House. ^[31] The village of Morton in Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre is based on Hathersage, where Brontë stayed in 1845, and Thornfield Hall might have been inspired by nearby North Lees Hall. Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Jane Eyre (dʒeɪn ɛə by Charlotte Brontë, published by Smith Elder & Company of London in 1847, is one of the most influential and ^[32][33] Snowfield in George Eliot's first novel Adam Bede (1859) is believed to be based on Wirksworth, where her uncle managed a mill; Ellastone (Hayslope) and Ashbourne (Oakbourne) are also featured. Mary Ann (Marian Evans ( 22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880) better known by her Pen name George Eliot, was an Adam Bede, the first novel written by George Eliot (the pen name of Mary Ann Evans was published in 1859. Ellastone is a village in central England on the Staffordshire side of the River Dove, between Uttoxeter and Ashbourne. ^[31]

Children's author Alison Uttley (1884–1976) was born at Cromford; her well-known novel, A Traveller in Time, set in Dethick, recounts the Babington Plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots from imprisonment. Alison Uttley ( 17 December, 1884 &ndash 7 May 1976) née Alice Jane Taylor was a prolific British writer of over 100 books Cromford, in Derbyshire, England, is a large Village that is one of the significant sites in the development of the Industrial Revolution Dethick Lea and Holloway is a Civil parish (and since 1899 an ecclesiastical Parish) in the Amber Valley borough of the English county The Babington Plot was the event which most directly led to the execution of Mary I of Scotland (Mary Queen of Scots ^[34] Crichton Porteous (1901–91) set several books in specific locations in the Peak; Toad Hole, Lucky Columbell and Broken River, for example, are set in the Derwent Valley. (Leslie Crichton Porteous (1901 - 1991 was an author of Fiction and Non-fiction - books articles and short stories - much of it about life in the Peak District ^[35] More recently, Geraldine Brooks's first novel, Year of Wonders (2001), blends fact and fiction to tell the story of the plague village of Eyam,^[36] which also inspired Children of Winter by children's novelist, Berlie Doherty (b. Geraldine Brooks (born 1955 is an Australian American Journalist and Author. Year of Wonders A Novel of the Plague is a 2001 international bestselling Historical fiction Novel by Geraldine Brooks. Berlie Doherty (b 6 November 1943; Liverpool, UK née Hollingsworth is an English Novelist Poet, Playwright and 1943). Doherty has set several other works in the Peak, including Deep Secret, based on the drowning of the villages of Derwent and Ashopton by the Ladybower Reservoir, and Blue John, inspired by the Blue John Cavern at Castleton. Derwent is a village 'drowned' under the Ladybower Reservoir in Derbyshire, England. Ashopton was the second village in Derbyshire, England, that was lost along with neighbouring Derwent when the Ladybower Reservoir was constructed ^[37]

Many works of crime and horror have been set in the Peak. 'The Terror of Blue John Gap' by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) recounts terrible events at the Blue John mines,^[38] and Sherlock Holmes investigates the kidnapping of a child in the region in 'The Adventure of the Priory School'. " The Terror of Blue John Gap " (published in 1912 is a Short story written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887 The Adventure of the Priory School, one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 13 stories in the ^[39] Many of the horror stories of local author Robert Murray Gilchrist (1878–1916) feature Peak settings. ^[31] More recently, Stephen Booth has written a series of crime novels set in various real and imagined Peak locations,^[40] while In Pursuit of the Proper Sinner, an Inspector Lynley mystery by Elizabeth George, is set on the fictional Calder Moor. Stephen Booth is a British crime-writer born in 1952 in Burnley, Lancashire UK This is an article about the American detective novelist Elizabeth George ^[41]

Other writers and poets who lived in or visited the Peak include Samuel Johnson, William Congreve, Anna Seward, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Richard Furness, D. H. Lawrence, Richmal Crompton and Nat Gould. Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr Johnson) (18 September William Congreve ( 24 January 1670 &ndash 19 January 1729) was an English Playwright and Poet. Anna Seward ( December 12, 1747 &ndash March 25, 1809) was an English poet often called the Swan of Lichfield. Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 &ndash 25 February 1852 was an Irish poet singer songwriter and Entertainer, now best remembered for the lyrics of The Minstrel Richard Furness ( August 2 1791 - December 13 1857) was a British Poet. David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short Richmal Crompton Lamburn ( 15 November 1890 &ndash 11 January 1969) was a Nathaniel Gould ( 21 December 1857 – 25 July 1919) always known as Nat Gould, was a British novelist ^[31][34]

The landscapes and historic houses of the Peak are also popular settings for film and television. The classic 1955 film, The Dam Busters, was filmed at the Upper Derwent Valley reservoirs, where practice flights for the bombing raids on the Ruhr dams had been made. The Dam Busters is a British War film, set during the Second World War, and based on the true story of the RAF 's 617 Squadron The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. ^[42] In recent adaptations of Pride and Prejudice, Longnor has featured as Lambton, while Lyme Park and Chatsworth House have stood in for Pemberley. Longnor is a Village in the Staffordshire Peak District, England originating as the site of a market in the 1850s Pride and Prejudice Pemberley is the country estate owned by Fitzwilliam Darcy, the male protagonist in Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice ^[43][44] Haddon Hall not only doubled as Thornfield Hall in two different adaptations of Jane Eyre, but has also appeared in several other films including Elizabeth and The Princess Bride. Elizabeth is a 1998 film loosely based on the early reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. The Princess Bride is a 1987 film based on the 1973 novel of the same name by William Goldman, combining Comedy, ^[45] The long-running television medical drama Peak Practice is set in the fictional village of Cardale in the Derbyshire Peak District; it was filmed in Crich, Matlock and other Peak locations. Peak Practice is a British Drama series about a GP surgery in Cardale &mdash a small fictional town in the Derbyshire ^[46]

See also

• List of peaks of the Peak District
• Wiki Commons Peak District photo Gallery

References

External links

• Official website of the Peak District National Park Authority
• The National Trust: Peak District
• Peak District National Park educational site -- includes useful interactive map
• British Geological Survey: Foundations of the Peak -- geological information

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