The peace process describes efforts by interested parties to effect a lasting solution to long-running conflicts, such as the Northern Ireland peace process see Belfast Agreement, Arab-Israeli conflict and Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. When discussing the History of Northern Ireland, the " peace process " is generally considered to cover the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an
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Northern Ireland
Ireland was partitioned or divided in 1921 following the Irish War of Independence. The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla 26 counties to the south became an independent nation known originally as the Irish Free State and today as the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. While the 6 counties in the north-east historical province of Ulster with a loyalist Protestant community, largely descended from British planters, remained part of the U. Ulster ( Ulaidh ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster K. as Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Northern Ireland's Catholic minority mostly supported a united Ireland and, for decades, complained of persecution by the Protestant dominated devolved government led by the Ulster Unionist Party. The Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or in a historic sense simply the Unionist Party The idea of a United Ireland amongst Irish nationalists means Northern Ireland leaving the UK to join the Republic of Ireland. A United Ireland is the term used to refer to a sovereign state encompassing the whole of the island of Ireland. A bloody communal conflict was fought in between 1969 and 1998 known as The Troubles. On the one hand republican paramilitaries fought British armed forces, the local police and loyalist militias in an attempt to end British rule in Northern Ireland while Loyalist paramilitaries fought to maintain Northern Ireland's union with Britain, loyalist measures involved mostly targeting Catholic civilians. Over one thousand civilians were murdered by both sides during the conflict.
An end to the long running ethnic/political conflict in Northern Ireland known as The Troubles came with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement or Belfast Agreement in 1998. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) In exchange for the disarmament of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and much smaller and less committed moves towards peace by Loyalist paramilitaries a set of reforms was introduced which have been accepted by the majority of both communities. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. The vast majority of Irish republicans and Irish nationalists who favour a United Ireland have agreed that Northern Ireland's link with the United Kingdom should remain until a majority of its people decide otherwise (Northern Ireland's population contains a majority of Protestants who are Unionist or Loyalist and as such oppose Northern Ireland leaving the U. Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation A United Ireland is the term used to refer to a sovereign state encompassing the whole of the island of Ireland. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. K. to unite with the Republic of Ireland). Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.
The former police force known as the Royal Ulster Constabulary or RUC which Irish nationalists claimed was discriminatory towards members of Northern Ireland's Catholic minority has been replaced with a cross community force known as the PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland). The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC was the name of the Police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001 The Police Service of Northern Ireland is the Police service that covers Northern Ireland. Since the Provisional IRA has abandoned violence all together, their political ally Sinn Féin, which is currently the largest nationalist party in Northern Ireland, has been allowed to form a power-sharing government with the largest Unionist party, the Democratic Unionist Party. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP) is the larger of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. New legislation on human rights and equality has been introduced in order to meet concerns of sectarianism (persecution of the Catholic community who mostly support a united Ireland), the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission was established, A North-South Ministerial Councilhas been created combining elected officials from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland to cooperate on matters of joint concern, the right of all residents to hold either British or Irish citizenship has been granted and as has the recognition of minority languages (the Irish language and Ulster Scots). Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions The' Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission' is a Non-Departmental Public Body recognised as a member of the worldwide network of National institutions for human rights The North/South Ministerial Council ( NSMC)' ( Irish: An Chomhairle Aireachta Thuaidh/Theas, Ulster Scots: The Noarth-Sooth Cooncil o Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as
The agreement was approved by the vast majority of voters on both sides of the Irish border and is seen as an example of how ethnic conflicts can be ended. There are still problems with a minority who oppose the peace process (factions such as the Continuity Irish Republican Army and so called Real Irish Republican Army) however most paramilitaries both republican and loyalist have supported the peace process. The Continuity Irish Republican Army ( CIRA) is an Irish republican Paramilitary organisation that emerged from a split in the Provisional IRA The Real Irish Republican Army, otherwise known as the Real IRA (RIRA or True IRA and styling itself as Óglaigh na hÉireann (Volunteers As a result prisoners from paramilitaries that vowed to no longer engage in violent activities (such as the Provisional IRA, Irish National Liberation Army, Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defence Association) were freed on early release. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA; Arm Saoirse Náisiúnta na hÉireann in Irish is an Irish Republican, Left-wing paramilitary organisation The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Defence Association ( UDA) is a loyalist Paramilitary criminal organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a Terrorist
Middle East
In the Middle East, various solutions have been offered, and some tried. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat worked together to create an official peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, which ended the formal state of war between the two nations as a result of the Camp David Accords (1978). James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, The Oslo accords was a later framework between the Palestinian Authority and the State of Israel. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Many groups and individuals have created projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs, most of which have as one of their goals overcoming religious prejudice. Projects that work to foster peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs (including Palestinians fall into various categories
The usage of the term peace process is often criticized as being in an improper context to the given situation. Osama bin Laden has referred to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process as a "capitulation process". Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Left wing critics like Noam Chomsky argue that the history of US involvement in the Middle East discredits the idea that what may be taking place is an authentic peace process:
Any discussion of what is called a "peace process," whether the one underway at Camp David or any other, should keep in mind the operative meaning of the phrase —by definition, the "peace process" is whatever the US government happens to be pursuing. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0
—Noam Chomsky, "Peace Process" Prospects
After the eruption of the al-Aqsa Intifada and wave of mass suicide bombings the Israeli usage in term peace process have decreased significantly. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons A more neutral Hebrew term Hebrew: התהליך המדיני ("the international political process") is used by the Israeli media, where peace process is often used in irony. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or
See also
- Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
- Peace treaty
- Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Peaceworkers UK : British NGO providing training for potential peaceworkers in nonviolent, civilian techniques of conflict transformation
Links
- Accord analysis of peace processes from all over the world (also includes key texts & agreements and chronologies)
- Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace
- Canadian Culture of Peace Program- an example of a National Culture of Peace Program
Dictionary
peace process
-noun
- negotiations towards the peaceful settlement of a long-running conflict.
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