Ratification of the Treaty of Münster.

The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648 respectively, which ended both the Thirty Years' War in Germany and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands. A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties usually countries or governments that formally ends an armed conflict Osnabrück (ɔsnaˈbʁʏk is a City in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of Münster, and some 100 km due Münster ( is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden, the Dutch Republic and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Life Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Holy Roman Empire comprised a number of political entities which were deemed to be sovereign after the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648) The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in

The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress and initiated a new order in central Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ended the war between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord. The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units

Locations

The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present day German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Münster ( is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Osnabrück (ɔsnaˈbʁʏk is a City in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of Münster, and some 100 km due North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Sweden favored Osnabrück due to its Protestant background, and France chose Münster due to its Catholic background. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. These two locations were required because the Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.

Delegations

The French delegation was headed by Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville and further comprised the diplomats Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien. Henri II d'Orléans duc de Longueville or Henri de Valois-Longueville ( 6 April 1595 — 11 May 1663) a legitimated prince of France Abel Servien marquis de Sablé et de Boisdauphin comte de Roche-Servien and comte de La Roche des Aubiers ( November 1, 1593 – February 17, 1659 The Swedes plenipotentiaries sent Johan Oxenstierna, the son of chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, and Johann Adler Salvius. The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power has two meanings Count Johan Axelsson Oxenstierna (1611-1657 Swedish statesman son of Axel Oxenstierna, completed his studies at Uppsala in 1631 and was sent by his ( June 16, 1583 &ndash August 28, 1654) Count of Södermöre was a Swedish statesman The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff; in Münster, his aides were Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, his team comprised Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and Reichshofrat Johann Krane, a lawyer. The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán. Don Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán 3rd Count of Peñaranda (circa 1595 – 14 December 1676) was a Spanish diplomat and statesman The nuntius of Cologne, Fabio Chigi, and the Venetian envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Pope Alexander VII ( February 13, 1599 &ndash May 22, 1667) born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from April 7, Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations. An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( German singular Reichsstand, plural Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands sent a delegation of eight, and Johann Rudolf Wettstein, the mayor of Basel, represented the Old Swiss Confederacy. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland.

Spain was ignored and insulted by lack of invitation.

Results

Internal political boundaries

A simplified map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

The power taken by Ferdinand III in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped and returned to the rulers of the German states. Life Eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II from the house of Habsburg and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. This rectification allowed the rulers of the German states to independently decide their religious worship. [See cuius regio, eius religio, below] Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition. ^{[1] [2]}

Tenets

The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were:

• All parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Ferdinand I, who replaced his brother Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic Cuius regio eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means "Whose region his Religion " ^{[1] [2]}

• Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. ^[1]

Holy Roman Empire in 1648.

There were also territorial adjustments:

• The independence of the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Savoy, Milan, Genoa, Mantua, Tuscany, Lucca, Modena and Parma from the Empire was formally recognised, as these regions had been de facto independent of the Emperors since the late 15th century. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation For the early history of Savoy, before it was raised to a duchy see County of Savoy and March of Turin. The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1394 to 1797 The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century The Duchy of Mantua was a Duchy in Lombardy, Northern Italy, subject to the Holy Roman Empire. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on the Ligurian Sea The Duchy of Modena (in full the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed from 1452 to The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III 's illegitimate son

• The majority of the Peace's terms can be attributed to the work of Cardinal Mazarin, the de facto leader of France at the time (the King, Louis XIV, was still a child). A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Not surprisingly, France came out of the war in a far better position than any of the other participants. France won control of the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, and the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (but not Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, or Mülhausen). The Diocese of Toul was a Roman Catholic Diocese seated at Toul in present-day France The Bishopric of Verdun was also a state of the Holy Roman Empire; it was located at the western edge of the Empire and was bordered by France the Duchy of Luxembourg Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. The Décapole ( Zehnstädtebund or Dekapolis in German) was an alliance of ten towns of the Holy Roman Empire in Alsace, in a Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région The Bishopric was a client state of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803 Mulhouse (Mulhouse myluz Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced; Mülhausen i

• Sweden received an indemnity, as well as control of Western Pomerania and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden. Swedish Pomerania (Svenska Pommern Schwedisch-Pommern was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from the 17th to the 19th century situated on what is now the The Archdiocese of Bremen is a historical Roman Catholic diocese and a former eccesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire. Verden (Aller, or Verden (ˈfeːɐdn is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on It thus won control of the mouth of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers, and acquired three voices in the Council of Princes of the German Reichstag. The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. The Elbe ( die Elbe Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major Rivers of Central Europe. The Weser (ˈveːzɐ is a River in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation,

• Bavaria retained the Palatinate's vote in the Imperial Council of Electors (which elected the Holy Roman Emperor), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Prince Palatine, Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote. Charles Louis (Karl I Ludwig Elector Palatine (22 December 1617 &ndash 28 August 1680 was the second son of Frederick V, the Winter King and his wife

• The Palatinate was divided between the re-established Elector Palatine Charles Louis (son and heir of Frederick V) and Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, and thus between the Protestants and Catholics. The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire Charles Louis (Karl I Ludwig Elector Palatine (22 December 1617 &ndash 28 August 1680 was the second son of Frederick V, the Winter King and his wife Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Not to be confused with King Maximilian I of Bavaria (1756-1825 prince-elector of Bavaria (as Maximilian IV Joseph. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Charles Louis obtained the Lower Palatinate, along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north of Bavaria. Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. The Upper Palatinate (German Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria

• Brandenburg-Prussia (later Prussia) received Farther Pomerania, and the Bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Kammin, and Minden. Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen was a German Monarchy established by the Personal union between the Duchy of Prussia and the Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Farther Pomerania or Further Pomerania (Hinterpommern Pomorze Zachodnie is a Pomeranian region roughly stretching from the Oder River in the West The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Roman Catholic Archdiocese within the Holy Roman Empire. The Bishopric of Halberstadt (Bistum Halberstadt was a Roman Catholic Diocese from 804 until 1648 and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from the late The former German Catholic diocese of Kammin (Kamień existed in Pomerania, from the twelfth century to 1544 The Bishopric of Minden (Bistum Minden was a Roman Catholic Diocese and a state of the Holy Roman Empire.

• The succession to the Dukes of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who had died out in 1609, was clarified. Jülich-Cleves-Berg was a combination of states of the Holy Roman Empire. Jülich, Berg, and Ravenstein were given to the Count Palatine of Neuburg, while Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg went to Brandenburg. Jülich (in old spellings also known as Guelich or Gülich, cf Berg was a medieval territory in today's North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Ravenstein (population 8466 is a city and former municipality in the South of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant. Palatinate-Neuburg (Herzogtum Pfalz-Neuburg is a former state of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1505 The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands The County of Mark (Grafschaft Mark colloquially known as Die Mark) was a County of the Holy Roman Empire in the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle The County of Ravensberg (Grafschaft Ravensberg was a historical County of the Holy Roman Empire.

• It was agreed that the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück would alternate between Protestant and Catholic holders, with the Protestant bishops chosen from cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück was a Prince-bishopric centered on the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück. Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg also Brunswick-Lunenburg was a historical ducal state during the period from the Late Middle Ages through the

• The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen

• Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and 'a degree' of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine. ^[3]

References

See also

• Adam Adami - German diplomat in the peace negotiations
• Eighty Years' War
• List of treaties
• History of Sweden 1648-1700
• Thirty Years' War
• Westphalian sovereignty

External links

• Treaty Text
• Treaty Text (Yale University)
• Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
• High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
• Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text)
• Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text)