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A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against Iran by the United States (US is known to have started during 2005-2006 There has been significant opposition to the Iraq War across the world Opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War consisted of tens to a hundred thousand protestors in the United States and the United Kingdom. See also War on Terrorism Criticism of the War on Terrorism (also named the War on Terror) addresses the issues morals Ethics, efficiency economics The International Campaign to Ban Landmines is a coalition of Non-governmental organizations whose goal is to abolish the production and use of Anti-personnel mines Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War is significant because domestic protest in the U Nuclear disarmament is the proposed dismantling of Nuclear weapons. Opposition to World War II was most vocal during its early period and stronger still before it started while Appeasement and Isolationism were considered viable diplomatic World War I was mainly opposed by Left-wing groups but there was also opposition by Christian Pacifist groups Opposition to the Second Boer War in Britain was modest when the war began on 11 October 1899 and was always less widespread than support for it let alone Popular opposition to the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 was widespread This article concerns Loyalists in the American Revolution. For information on the role of those Loyalists in Canadian history after their emigration see United Empire In order to facilitate organized opposition to war Anti-war activists have often founded anti-war organizations A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support A draft dodger, draft evader or draft resister, is a person who avoids ("dodges" or otherwise violates the Conscription policies of the Peace churches are Christian churches groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism. Peace camps are a form of physical Protest camp that is focused on Anti-war activity Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of Imperialism. Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Pacificism is the general Ethical opposition to War or Violence, except in cases where force is deemed absolutely necessary to advance the cause of Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas In the context of Revolutionary struggle vanguardism is a strategy whereby an organization (usually a Vanguard party) attempts to place itself at the center of the An anti-war book is a book that is perceived as having an Anti-war theme An anti-war film is a Film that emphasizes the pain horror and human costs of armed conflict An Anti-war Song is a Musical composition that either states anti-war sentiments directly or one which is perceived (by the public and/or critics as having Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific World peace is an ideal of freedom, Peace, and Happiness among and within all nations Means to achieve these ends usually include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, moral purchasing, supporting anti-war political candidates, demonstrations, and National Political lobbying groups to create legislation. Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through Symbolic Protests Civil disobedience, Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states A boycott is a form of Consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using buying or dealing with someone or some other organization as an expression of Ethical consumerism is buying products and services that are made ethically. A demonstration is an historically and geographically common form of Nonviolent action by groups of people An interest group (also advocacy group, lobby group, pressure group or special interest group) is an organized collection of people who seek The Political Cooperative is an example of an organization that seeks to merge all peace movement organizations and green organizations which may have some diverse goals, but all of whom have the common goal of peace and humane sustainability.

Some people refer to the global loose affiliation of activists and political interests as having a shared purpose and this constituting a single movement, "the peace movement", encompassing "the anti-war movement". The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Seen this way, the two are often indistinguishable and constitutes a loose, reactive and event-driven collaboration between groups with motivations as diverse as humanism, nationalism, environmentalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, decentralization, hospitality, ideology, theology, and fear. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Anti-racism includes beliefs actions movements and policies adopted or developed to oppose Racism. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people The concept of Hospitality Services, also known as “accommodation sharing” “hospitality exchange” and “home stay networks” refers to centrally organized Social An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as

Contents 1 Diversity of ideals 2 Current events 3 Detailed history by region 3.1 Germany 3.2 Israel 3.2.1 Peace Now 3.2.2 Gush Shalom 3.3 Canada 3.4 United Kingdom 3.5 United States of America 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 The 1930s: The Rise of the Peace Movement from World War I 3.5.3 The Peace Movement in World War II 3.5.4 The Cold War: The Forties and Fifties 3.5.5 The Vietnam Era: 1962-1975 3.5.6 The Eighties and Nineties 3.5.7 The Iraq War 3.5.8 The threat of military action against Iran 3.5.9 The Peace Movement in U.S. Politics 3.5.10 Domestic Peace Movement in the United States 3.5.11 Day of Silence for Peace 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 See also 7 External links

Diversity of ideals

There is much confusion over what "peace" is (or should be), which results in a plurality of movements seeking diverse ideals of peace. Particularly, "anti-war" movements often have ill-defined goals.

It is often not clear whether a movement or a particular protest is against war in general, as in pacifism, or against one side's participation in a war (but not the other's). Indeed, some observers feel that this unclarity has represented a key part of the propaganda strategy of those seeking victory in, e. g. , the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Global protests against the US invasion of Iraq in early 2003 are an example of a more specific, short term and loosely-affiliated single-issue "movement" —with relatively scattered ideological priorities, ranging from absolutist pacifism to Islamism and Anti-Americanism (see Human shield action to Iraq). There have been considerable protests against the Iraq War in the buildup to and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Single-issue politics involves political campaigning or political support based on one essential Policy area or idea Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. Human shield action to Iraq was a group of people who travelled to Iraq to act as Human shields with the purpose of preventing the U Nonetheless, some of those who are involved in several such short term movements and build up trust relationships with others within them, do tend to eventually join more global or long-term movements.

By contrast, some elements of the global peace movement seek to guarantee health security by ending war and assuring what they see as basic human rights including the right of all people to have access to air, water, food, shelter and health care. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Universal health care is health care coverage which is extended to all eligible residents of a governmental region A large cadre of activists seek social justice in the form of equal protection under the law and equal opportunity under the law for groups that have previously been disenfranchised. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than

The movement is primarily characterized by a belief that humans should not wage war on each other or engage in violent ethnic conflicts over language, race or natural resources or ethical conflict over religion or ideology. An ethnic conflict or ethnic war is a war between Ethnic groups often as a result of Ethnic nationalism. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form An ethical dilemma is a situation that will often involve an apparent conflict between Moral imperatives in which to obey one would result in transgressing another A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Long-term opponents of war preparations are primarily characterized by a belief that military power is not the equivalent of justice. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom.

The movement tends to oppose the proliferation of dangerous technologies and weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons and biological warfare. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium Moreover, many object to the export of weapons including hand-held machine guns and grenades by leading economic nation's to lesser developed nations. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. The G7 (also known as the G-7 or Group of Seven) is the meeting of the Finance ministers from a group of seven industrialized nations Some, like SIPRI, have voiced special concern that artificial intelligence, molecular engineering, genetics and proteomics have even more vast destructive potential. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI) is an organization that conducts scientific research into questions of conflict and cooperation of importance for Molecular engineering is any means of manufacturing Molecules It may be used to create on an extremely small scale most typically one at a time new molecules which may not Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Proteomics is the large-scale study of Proteins particularly their structures and functions. Thus there is intersection between peace movement elements and Neo-Luddites or primitivism, but also with the more mainstream technology critics such as the Green parties, Greenpeace and the ecology movement they are part of. The term Luddite is a political/historical term relating to a political movement during the Industrial Revolution; it is primarily used Primitivism refers to a an artistic movement in particular which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment, or b the general tendency to idealize any social behavior A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics. Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 The global ecology movement is based upon environmental protection and is one of several new Social movements that emerged at the end of the sixties.

It is one of several movements that led to the formation of Green Party political associations in many democratic countries near the end of the 20th century. A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics. The peace movement has a very strong influence in some countries' green parties, such as in Germany, perhaps reflecting that country's negative experiences with militarism in the 20th century. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or

Current events

Some believe that as of the Iraq crisis, peace movements could be seen as part of a global effort to cohere "public opinion as a superpower" to compete with perceived U. The issue of Iraq's disarmament reached a crisis in 2002-2003 when U " Second Superpower " is a term used to conceptualize a global Civil society as a world force comparable to or counterbalancing the United States of America S. unilateralism. Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action

Peace movements are also generally thought to have benefited from the rise of Internet communication and coordination, the so-called smart mob technology. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks A flash mob is a large group of people

Detailed history by region

These histories will begin with the countries that suffered during World War II, and which effectively began the postwar period in a submitted position, and wrote peace into their constitutions. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including They will then deal with the English-speaking world and the arguments more familiar to the English speaking reader, which intersect with current events most strongly, and are the current focus of the peace movement worldwide. The English-speaking world consists of those countries or regions that use the English language to one degree or another Current events are contemporary happenings of significance The phrase may also refer to the following Current Events, a journal published by Weekly Reader Publishing

Germany

Such Green parties and related political associations were formed in many democratic countries near the end of the 20th century. A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics. The peace movement has a very strong influence in some countries' green parties, such as in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. These can sometimes exercise decisive influence over policy, e. g. as during 2002 when the German Greens influenced German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, via their control of the German Foreign Ministry under Joschka Fischer (a Green and the single most popular politician in Germany at the time), to limit his involvement in the War on Terrorism and eventually to unite with French President Jacques Chirac whose opposition in the UN Security Council was decisive in limiting support for the U.S. plan to invade Iraq. The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional ˌɡeɐ̯haɐ̯t fʁɪʦ kʊɐ̯t ˈʃʁøːdɐ (born 7 April 1944 German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005 Dr hc (Haifa Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer Bundesminister a The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia

Israel

Main article: Israeli peace camp

Peace Now

The Israeli-Palestinian and Arab-Israeli conflict have existed since the mid-nineteenth century creation of Zionism, and especially since the 1948 formation of the state of Israel, and the 1967 occupation of Palestinian and other Arab lands. The Israeli peace camp is a self-described collection of movements which claim to strive for Peace with the Arab neighbours of Israel (including the Palestinians The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The are the territories captured by Israel from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria during the Six-Day War of 1967 consisting of the West The mainstream peace movement in Israel is Peace Now (Shalom Akhshav), whose supporters tend to vote for the Labour Party or Meretz. Peace Now ( Hebrew: שלום עכשיו - Shalom Akhshav) is a left-wing Non-governmental organization in Israel with the agenda of Meretz-Yachad (מרצ-יחד Vitality - Together) previously known as Meretz and then Yachad, is a left-wing social democratic

Peace Now was founded in the aftermath of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s historic visit to Jerusalem, when many people felt that the chance for peace might be missed. Peace Now ( Hebrew: שלום עכשיו - Shalom Akhshav) is a left-wing Non-governmental organization in Israel with the agenda of PM Begin acknowledged that the Peace Now rally in Tel-Aviv at the eve of his departure for the Camp David Summit with Presidents Sadat and Carter – drawing a crowd of 100,000, the largest peace rally in Israel until then – had a part in his decision to withdraw from Sinai and dismantle Israeli settlements there. The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 Peace Now supported Begin for a time, and hailed him as a peace-maker, but turned against him when withdrawal from Sinai was accompanied by an accelerated campaign of land confiscation and settlement building in the West Bank.

This was followed by the June 1982 invasion of Lebanon, under the name "Operation Peace for Galilee". Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The 1982 Lebanon War (מלחמת לבנון Milhemet Levanon) (الإجتياح Al-Ijtīāḥ, "the invasion" called by Israel the Operation Peace In the first weeks of the invasion Peace Now kept silent under the doctrine of "no political protests during wartime". However, more radical peace groups united into The Committee Against The Lebanon War and held increasingly large protests, which drew many Peace Now grassroots activists. Also, Peace Now members who had been drafted called the movement leadership from the Lebanon front line, giving eye-witness testimonies on the lies of government propaganda on the conduct of the war.

As a result, Peace Now changed its position and launched an intensive campaign against the war. Peace Now remained, however, opposed to soldiers refusing military orders, specifically the order to be deployed to Lebanon. The anti-war group Yesh Gvul (There is a Border/Limit) had organized a campaign which signed up some 2000 reservists who requested not to serve in Lebanon. Yesh Gvul (Hebrew יש גבול can be translated as "there is a limit" or "the border exists" is a movement founded in 1982 at the outbreak of the While Yesh Gvul did not directly advocate that reservists refuse deployment orders, the group counseled those who did. Around 200 soldiers actually served prison terms. Also during the first Intifada (Palestinian Uprising) of 1987-1993 and the Second Intifada (which began on October 2000 and may or may not have ended – opinions are divided) the issue of refusing military orders remained one of the main issues dividing Peace Now from the more radical movements and groups to its left.

The Sabra and Shatila massacre in September 1982 precipitated an unprecedented week of protest demonstrations throughout Israel, dozens of demonstrators being dispersed with tear gas and hauled to detention in Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem. This page is related to the 1982 events only For the 1985&ndash1987 events see War of the camps. It culminated with Peace Now's "400,000 rally" in Tel-Aviv, the largest gathering of any kind in Israel’s history up to then, which led to the establishment of the Kahan Judicial Commission of Inquiry whose half a year of deliberations led to the impeachement of Defence Minister Ariel Sharon for indirect responsibility for the massacre. (אריאל

As described in the commission’s report, the actual killing of at least 400 Palestinian civilians (some estimates put it as high as 2000) was perpetrated by the Christian-Lebanese Phalanges. This militia was at the time armed and trained by the Israeli army, and its armed members were introduced by Sharon into the Sabra and Shartila Palestinian refugee camps at Beirut which were surrounded on all sides by Israeli forces, and whose own inhabitants had been disarmed by Israel shortly before. Sharon took this decision while knowing that the Phalangists deeply hated Palestinians and had a long record of massacring Palestinian civilians whenever they got the opportunity.

In February 1983 the Kahan Commission published its report, calling for Sharon’s removal from the Defence Ministry, but Sharon refused to comply, claiming the report was no more than a “non-binding recommendation". A Peace Now march in Jerusalem, calling for Sharon’s resignation, was brutally assaulted by extreme-right mobs, culminating with the throwing of a grenade, killing Peace Now activist Emil Grunzweig – a reserve army officer recently returned from Lebanon – and severely wounding five others. Emil Grunzweig (אמיל גרינצווייג ( December 1 1947, in Cluj, Romania - February 10 1983 in Jerusalem Only then did Sharon resign and his political career went into a long eclipse (from which he emerged twenty years later to be elected Prime Minister in January 2001).

At the same period the government also announced the official end of the Peace for Galilee operation or war (the name never really caught on among the general public). In fact, however, Israeli occupation in Lebanon lingered on for another eighteen years, costing thousands of Israeli, Lebanese and Palestinian lives, until the soldiers were finally evacuated in May 2000 – due especially to the highly effective campaign of the Four Mothers movement ( launched in 1997 by four mothers of soldiers serving in Lebanon).

Peace Now also advocates a negotiated peace with the Palestinians Originally this was worded vaguely, with no definition of who “the Palestinians” are and who represents them. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Peace Now was quite tardy in joining the dialogue with the PLO, started by such groups as the Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace and the Hadash communist party. Hadash (חד"ש is a Left-wing political party in Israel. Only in 1988 did Peace Now accept that the PLO is the body regarded by the Palestinians themselves as their representative.

During the first Intifada, Peace Now held numerous protests and rallies to protest the army's cruelty and call for a negotiated withdrawal from the Occupied Territories. At the time Peace Now strongly targeted then for Defence Minister Yitzhak Rabin for his infamous order to "break the bones of Palestinian trouble-makers. " However, after Rabin became Prime Minister, signed the Oslo Agreement and shook Yasser Arafat’s hand on the White House lawn, Peace Now strongly supported him and mobilized public support for him against the settlers’ increasingly vicious attacks. Peace Now had a central role in the November 4, 1995 rally after which Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, an extreme-right miltant. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is a frequently vandalized article and vandalism is reverted immediately

Since then the annual Rabin memorial rallies, held every year at the beginning of November, have become the main event of the Israeli Peace Movement, always certain to draw a crowd in the tens or hundreds of thousands. While officially organized by the Rabin Family Foundation, Peace Now presence in these annual rallies is always conspicuous.

Nowadays, Peace Now is especially known for its relentless struggle against the expansion of illegal settlement outposts on the West Bank. Dror Etkes, head of Peace Now’s Settlement Watch, is highly regarded for his meticulous work and on one recent occasion was invited to testify before a US Congressional committee at D. C.

Gush Shalom

Gush Shalom, the Israeli Peace Bloc, takes pride in being a radical movement to the left of Peace Now. Gush Shalom ( Hebrew: גוש שלום "the Peace Bloc" is a peace activist group which sees itself as the hardcore of Israeli peace movement

In its present name and structure, Gush Shalom grew out of the Jewish-Arab Committee Against Deportations, which protested the deportation without trial of 415 Palestinian Islamic activists to Lebanon in December 1992, and erected a protest tent in front of the Prime Minister's office in Jerusalem for two months – until the government consented to let the deportees return.

Members then decided to continue as a general peace movement with a program strongly opposing the occupation and advocating the creation of an independent Palestine side-by-side with Israel in its pre-1967 borders (“The Green Line”) and with an undivided Jerusalem serving as the capital of both states. The term Green Line is used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours ( Egypt, Jordan,

Members of Gush Shalom are motivated by moral outrage and the feeling that it is the duty of a decent person to oppose wrongdoing in general and the wrongs perpetrated by his or her own country in particular. They are also, however, motivated by what may be called enlightened self interest – the recognition that at present Israel’s existence relies on the state’s military superiority in the Middle East, on its alliance with the United States, and on US’s hegemony in the world. Enlightened self-interest is a philosophy in Ethics which states that persons who act to further the interests of others (or the interests of the group or groups to None of these factors is guaranteed to last forever, and in fact history shows that no alliance and no military superiority lasts without an end. Therefore, Israel’s long-term survival depends upon being accepted by its neighbours – first and foremost, by the Palestinians – as a legitimate part of the Middle East.

While existing under the name Gush Shalom only since 1992, this movement is in fact the lineal descendant of various groups, movements and action committees which espoused the much same program out of the same motivation at least since 1967, and which occupied the same space on the political scene. In particular, Gush Shalom is the descendant of the Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace (ICIPP) which was founded in 1975.

The ICIPP founders included a group of dissidents coming out the Israeli establishment, among them were Major-General Mattityahu Peled who was member of the IDF General Staff during the 1967 Six Day War and after being dishcarged from the army in 1969 turned increasingly in the direction of peace; Dr. Mattityahu "Matti" Peled (מתתיהו "מתי" פלד born Mattityahu Ifland on 20 July 1923, died 10 March 1995 The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Ya'akov Arnon, a well-known economist who headed the Zionist Federation in Holland before coming to Israel in 1948, and was for many years Director-General of the Israeli Ministry of Finance and afterwards chaired the Board of Directors of the Israeli Electricity Company; and Aryeh Eliav who was Secretary-General of the Labour Party until he broke with the then PM Golda Meir over the issue of whether or not a Palestinian People existed and had national rights. Aryeh Lova Eliav (אריה לובה אליאב born Aryeh Lipschitz on 21 November 1921) is an Israeli politician and former member of the Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956

These three and some two hundred more people who had essentially come out of the Israeli establishment, become radicalised and come to the conclusion that the arrogance of power was a threat to Israel’s future and that dialogue with the Palestinians must be opened. They came together with a group of younger, grassroots peace activists who had been active against the occupation since 1967. The bridge between the two groups was Uri Avnery, a well known mud-raking journalist who had been member of the Knesset (Israeli Parliament) between 1965 and 1973, at the head of his own radical one-man party. Uri Avnery (אורי אבנרי also transliterated Uri Avneri, born September 10, 1923 in Beckum, Germany as Helmut Ostermann For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit

The main achievement of the ICIPP was the opening of dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO, with the aim of making Israelis understand the need of talking and reaching a peace deal with "The Palestinian terrorists", and conversely making Palestinians aware of the need to talk to and eventually reach a deal with "The Zionist Enemy". The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary

It was far from easy. Two of the ICIPP's Palestinian interlocutors, Sa’id Hamami and Imad Sartawi, were assassinated by Palestinian militant groups which considered them traitors – which did not deter other Palestinians from taking the murdered men’s place and continuing the dialogue. The Israeli participants received countless death threats, and some efforts were made to implement such threats. On one occasion Avnery was stabbed and spent a week in intensive care – which did not deter him from setting out to meet Yasser Arafat in 1982 besieged Beirut, the act of crossing and recrossing the front line involving considerable risk. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2

Between 1986 and 1993 the very act of an Israeli citizen meeting with a member of the PLO was an offence under Israeli law, carrying a maximum penalty of three years’ imprisonment. Members of the ICIPP and of other groups, such as the Hadash communist party, were actively involved in meetings with the PLO held in defiance of that law, the first one being held at November 1986 at the Romanian Black Sea resort of Costinesti. Hadash (חד"ש is a Left-wing political party in Israel. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Costineşti is a commune and resort in Constanţa County, Romania, located on the shore of the Black Sea, about 30 kilometres south of the county A total of some fifteen activists had been charged under what came to be known as "The Anti-Peace Law". Two of them served a half-year prison term each - the well-known philanthropist Abie Nathan who for many years operated the "pirate" Voice of Peace Radio from a ship off the Tel-Aviv shore, and Jerusalem activist David Ish Shalom. Avraham "Abie" Nathan (אברהם "אייבי" נתן 29 April 1927 - 27 August 2008 was an Israeli Humanitarian and Peace activist The two were accompanied to the prison gates by large crowds of supporters. At the time the prohibition on meeting with the PLO was abolished in early 1993, various other judicial proceedings were still going on against other activists.

After the signing of the Oslo Agreements in September 1993, meetings with the PLO became not only legal but official government policy. Members of Gush Shalom (into which the ICIPP merged) who came to meet Yasser Arafat found themselves rubbing shoulders with senior Israeli government officials.

However, after the collapse of the Camp David Summit in August 2000 and the outbreak of the Second Intifada, a concerted and quite successful campaign was launched to “re-demonise” the Palestinians, the PLO and particularly Yasser Arafat{fact}. The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 Members of Gush Shalom persisted in meeting with Arafat also when Peace Now and other mainstream groups shied away from such meetings, and when Arafat’s headquarters in Ramallah came under Israeli army siege and entry became difficult and risky. Ramallah ( Arabic:) (lit "Height of God" is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank adjacent to Al-Bireh with a population 118000

On two occasions – in May 2002 and again in September 2003 – the Sharon government was known to be deliberating the sending in of commandos and the capture or killing of Arafat (which amounted to the same thing, since the Palestinian leader announced he would not be taken alive). (אריאל On both occasions, a group of about 15 Gush Shalom activists headed by Uri Avnery staid the night at the Ramallah Presidential Compound and announced their presence to the media. According to Sharon aides, the presence of Israeli citizens and the complications it may cause were a factor in cancelling the intended raids. Gush Shalom activists feel that by so doing they have saved the lives of dozens and possibly hundreds of Israelis, who might have been killed in an outburst of Palestinian rage at the killing of Arafat.

In 1995 Gush Shalom launched a campaign under the title "Our Jerusalem – Capital of Two States", jointly with the late Feisal Husseini, leader of the East Jerusalem Palestinians. Faisal Abdel Qader Al-Husseini (فيصل عبدالقادر الحسيني ( July 17, 1940 – May 31, 2001) was a Palestinian politician East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. The petition, signed by more than a thousand prominent Israelis and Palestinians, did quite a bit to make this once taboo idea acceptable to a broad part of the Israeli public (49% by the latest opinion poll){cn} – though Gush Shalom certainly does not claim the whole credit for this development.

Another Gush Shalom campaign involves the boycott of Settlement products, with a detailed list of industrial and agricultural products maintained on the Gush Shalom website, with the public in Israel and abroad called upon not to consume such products – since the proceeds go to strengthen the settlements which are the main obstacle to peace in the Middle East. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War.

Unlike Peace Now, Gush Shalom persistently supports Conscientious Objectors and those who refuse to render military service to the occupation – in particular the five youngsters Haggai Matar, Matan Kaminer, Shimri Zameret, Adam Ma’or and Noam Bahat, who were court-martialed in 2002 and spent two years behind bars. A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support Refusal to serve in the Israeli military includes both refusal to obey specific orders and refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF in any capacity due to pacifistic

Gush Spokesperson Adam Keller himself was court-martialed back in 1988, for daubing graffiti on 117 army tanks (as well as in the officers' toilet and various other locations at Tze'elim Camp in the Negev) while on reserve military duty, the inscription in all places consisting of the words: “Soldiers of the Israeli Defence Forces, refuse to be occupiers and oppressors! Refuse to serve in the Occupied Territories!”. Adam Keller (born 1955 in Tel Aviv-Yafo) is an Israeli peace activist who was among the founders of Gush Shalom, of which he is a spokesperson Tze'elim (צאלים is a Kibbutz in the Negev desert in southern Israel. The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel. For that, Keller was sentenced to three months’ imprisonment plus demotion from corporal to private. Afterwards, he was diagnosed by an army psychiatrist as “mentally unfit to military service” and given what the army considers a dishonourable discharge and Keller himself considers a highly honourable one.

At present, Gush Shalom activists are mainly involved in daily struggle at Palestinian West Bank villages which have their land confiscated by the Separation barrier, erected ostensibly to stop suicide bombers and actually to implement the de-facto annexation of considerable tracts of land to Israel and make them available for settlement expansion. The term separation barrier is a Euphemism for walls or fences constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or Border, or to separate two populations Gush activists are to be found, together with those of other Israeli movements like Ta'ayush and Anarchists Against the Wall, joining the Palestinian villagers of Bil'in in the weekly non-violent protest marches held to protest confiscation of more than half of the village lands. Ta'ayush (lit "coexistence" or "life in common" in Arabic) is a grassroots Non-violent organization which was established in the fall Anarchists Against the Wall (AAtW sometimes called "Anarchists Against Fences" or "Jews Against Ghettos" is a Direct action group comprised of Bil'in ( بلعين) is a Palestinian village located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located west of the city of Ramallah in

Although Gush Shalom earned itself respect among peace-seeking Israelis as well as in the United States and Europe, it is regarded by mainstream Israelis as a purely pro-Palestinian movement. Gush Shalom ( Hebrew: גוש שלום "the Peace Bloc" is a peace activist group which sees itself as the hardcore of Israeli peace movement The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This is hardly surprising given the enormous campaign waged against the movement in the Israeli media, with Gush Shalom’s own voice hardly being given a chance to be heard. For example, in 2003 the well-known commentator Ben Kaspit branded Gush Shalom as "a movement of traitors" on his Channel 10 TV talk show, leading to a large new wave of death threats. Channel 10 (ערוץ 10 Arutz Eser) formerly known as Israel 10 (ישראל 10 Yisrael Eser) is a commercial broadcasting That was after Gush Shalom sent warning letters to several IDF colonels and brigadier-generals, warning them that acts which their units perpetrated constituted a violation of International Law, specifically of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and might lead to persecution on charges of war crimes. The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian

Gush Shalom's position was and remains that all peoples have the right to self-determination and to oppose foreign rule and occupation, and that the Palestinians have this right no less than Israelis had it when they launched an uprising against British colonial rule between 1945 and 1947, and the Americans exercised it between 1775 and 1781. That in no way gives the right to attack the civilian population of the oppressor nation, and such attacks deserve all condemnation. Both sides to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as long as it has not been resolved, must adhere to that rule and avoid harming civilians. (It is little known, either in Israel or internationally, that the number of Palestinian children killed in IDF attacks and raids since 2000 is three times the number of Israeli children killed in Palestinian suicide bombings. )

Canada

Canada has a diverse peace movement, with coalitions and networks in many cities, towns and regions. The largest cross-country umbrella coalition is the Canadian Peace Alliance (CPA), whose 140 member groups include large city-based coalitions, small grassroots groups, national and local unions, faith, environmental, and student groups, with a combined membership of over 4 million Canadians. The Canadian Peace Alliance has been a leading voice, along with its member groups opposing the "War on Terror. " In particular, the CPA opposes Canada's participation in the war in Afghanistan and Canadian complicity in what it views as misguided and destructive US foreign policy.

Canada has also been home to a growing movement of Palestinian solidarity, marked by an increasing number of grassroots Jewish groups opposed to Israel's policies, in many cases likening them to Apartheid, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing.

The Canadian Peace Congress (1949-1990) was a leading organizer in the peace movement for many years, particularly when it was under the leadership of James Gareth Endicott who was its president until 1971. The Canadian Peace Congress was a Pacifist group founded in 1949 by James Gareth Endicott. James Gareth Endicott (1898&ndash1993 was a Canadian minister Christian Missionary and Socialist.

United Kingdom

The National Peace Council was founded in 1908 after the 17th Universal Peace Congress in London (July August 1908). The National Peace Council founded in 1908 and disbanded in 2000 acted as the co-ordinating body for almost 200 groups across Britain with a membership ranging from small village peace groups Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year It brought together representatives of a considerable number of national voluntary organisations with a common interest in peace, disarmament and international and race relations. The primary function of the NPC was to provide opportunities for consultation and joint activities between its affiliated members, to help create an informed public opinion on the issues of the day and to convey to the government of the day the views of the substantial section of British life represented by its affiliated membership. The NPC folded in 2000 to be replaced in 2001 by Network for Peace[1], which was set up to continue the networking role of NPC.

From 1934 the Peace Pledge Union gained many adherents to its pledge, "I renounce war and will never support or sanction another". Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Peace Pledge Union is a British Non-governmental organization which emerged from an initiative by Dick Sheppard, canon of St Paul's Cathedral, in 1934 Its support diminished considerably with the outbreak of war in 1939, but it remained the focus of pacifism in the post-war years. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Post-World War II peace movement efforts in the United Kingdom were initially focused on the dissolution of the British Empire and the rejection of imperialism by the United States and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The anti-nuclear movement sought to "opt out" of the Cold War (see below under U. The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the S. ) and rejected such ideas as "Britain's Little Independent Nuclear Deterrent" in part on the grounds that it (BLIND) was in contradiction even with MAD (see below).

Anti-nuclear campaigning in the early 1950s was at first focused on the small Direct Action Committee (DAC), who organised the first of the Aldermaston Marches in 1958. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The first Aldermaston March took place at Easter (4-7 April 1958, shortly after the launch of CND, when people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The DAC were later to merge into the much larger Committee of 100. Committee of 100 may refer to Committee of 100 (Delaware, a lobbying group in Delaware United States ^[1] The formation of CND tapped widespread popular fear and opposition to nuclear weapons following the development of the first hydrogen bomb, and in the late 1950s and early 1960s anti-nuclear marches attracted large followings, especially to the annual Aldermaston march at Easter. The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the

Popular opposition to nuclear weapons produced a Labour Party resolution for unilateral nuclear disarmament at the 1960 Party Conference, but it was overturned the following year and did not appear on later agendas. This experience disillusioned many anti-nuclear protesters with the Labour Party, in whom they had previously put their hopes. Subsequently there was a strong anti-parliamentary current in the British peace movement, and it has been argued that during the 1960s anarchism became as influential as socialism.

Two years after the formation of CND Bertrand Russell, its president, resigned to form the Committee of 100, which was to undertake civil disobedience in the form of sit-down demonstrations in central London and at nuclear bases around the UK. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Committee of 100 may refer to Committee of 100 (Delaware, a lobbying group in Delaware United States Russell said that these were needed because the press had grown indifferent to CND and because large scale direct action could force the government to change its policy. ^[2] A hundred prominent people, many in the arts, put their names to the organisation. Very large numbers of demonstrators were essential to this strategy, but the violence of the police, the arrest and imprisonment of demonstrators, and pre-emptive arrests for conspiracy made support dwindle rapidly. Although several eminent people took part in sit-down demonstrations (including Russell, whose imprisonment at the age of 89 was widely reported) many of the 100 signatories were inactive. ^[3]

As the Committee of 100 had a non-hierarchical structure and no formal membership, many local groups sprang up calling themselves Committee of 100. This helped the promulgation of civil disobedience but it produced policy confusion and, as the decade progressed, Committee of 100 groups engaged in actions on many social issues not directly related to war and peace.

The VSC (Vietnam Solidarity Campaign) led by Tariq Ali mounted several very large and violent demonstrations against the Vietnam war in 67/68 but the first anti Vietnam demonstration was at the American Embassy in London and took place in 1965. The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC was originally set up in 1966 by activists around the International Group with the personal and financial support of Bertrand Russell Tariq Ali ( Arabic: طارق علی) (born October 21, 1943) is a British - Pakistani historian novelist filmmaker ^[4]

The peace movement was later associated with the Peace camp movement as Labour moved "more to the centre" under Prime Minister Tony Blair. Peace camps are a form of physical Protest camp that is focused on Anti-war activity The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to

By early 2003, the peace and anti-war movement, mostly grouped together under the banner of the Stop the War Coalition, was powerful enough to cause several of Blair's cabinet to resign, and hundreds of Labour Party MPs to vote against their government. The Stop the War Coalition (StWC (informally just Stop the War) is a United Kingdom Anti-war group set up on 21 September 2001 Blair's motion to support militarily the U.S. plan to invade Iraq continued only due to support from the UK Conservative Party. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Protests against the invasion of Iraq were particularly vocal in Britain. There have been considerable protests against the Iraq War in the buildup to and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Polls suggested that without UN Security Council approval, the UK public was very much opposed to involvement, and over two million people protested in Hyde Park (the previous largest demonstration in the UK having had around 600,000).

United States of America

Introduction

Although there was substantial organized resistance to foreign wars in the U. S. since the nation's origins (see the Anti-Imperialist League and Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience), this was often simply an outgrowth of noninterventionism or religious pacifism, and not in general a coherent mass movement with unified goals until after World War II. The American Anti-Imperialist League was established in the United States on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines Civil Disobedience ( Resistance to Civil Government) is an essay by Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849 The diplomatic policy whereby a nation seeks to avoid alliances with other nations in order to avoid being drawn into wars not related to direct territorial self-defense has had a long history World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including These movements were dismissed by most in U.S. foreign policy circles as impractical as the country entered the Cold War era (c. The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the 1948-1990). Some peace groups, such as the United World Federalists, hoped to secure world peace through integrated world government. Citizens for Global Solutions, a grassroots membership organization in the United States envisions a "future in which nations work together to abolish war protect our rights and World government is the concept of a political body that would make interpret and enforce International law.

The 1930s: The Rise of the Peace Movement from World War I

With the end of World War I, there was widespread weariness with war. This led to an isolationist policy in America, marked by the passage of the Neutrality Act and congressional investigations into munition makers, who were charged with instigating wars for profit. Isolationism is a Foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of Economic nationalism ( Protectionism The Neutrality Acts were a series of laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia Popular films in the era also demonstrated this view that war was futile and should never happen again, with films like All Quiet on the Western Front. All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues is an Anti-war Novel written by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran This isolationism contributed to the "appeasement" of Hitler, due to the lack of will to go to war. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately

The Peace Movement in World War II

Opposition to World War II was limited in the United States, but included the War Resisters League, the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the Catholic Worker Movement. The War Resisters League (WRL was formed in 1923 by men and women who had opposed World War I. The Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FoR or FOR) is the name used by a number of religious Nonviolent organizations particularly in English-speaking countries The Catholic Worker Movement is a Catholic organization founded by the " Servant of God " Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933

The Cold War: The Forties and Fifties

With Cold War tensions rising, the Progressive Party became a home for the peace movement. The United States Progressive Party of 1948 was a political party that ran former Vice President Henry A Like the American Peace Mobilization before the war, they were accused of harboring communist sympathies. The American Peace Mobilization (APM was a Communist front group officially cited in 1947 by United States Attorney General Tom C In the election campaign of 1948, the Progressive Party supported appeasement of the Soviet Union and a ban on nuclear weapons. The United States presidential election of 1948 is considered by most Historians as the greatest election Upset in American history. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. They opposed the Berlin airlift and the Marshall Plan. The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger They received over one million popular votes but no electoral votes. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States.

There was a relatively small amount of domestic protest relevant to the Cold War in the 1950s, which saw a large buildup of both nuclear and conventional weapons in both the United States and its adversary, the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The lack of protest was in part due to McCarthyism and general disdain for those who did not view communist expansion as a threat. McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s It was during this time that the Eisenhower administration developed the policy of Mutual Assured Destruction, in which both the U. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Mutual assured destruction ( MAD; sometimes written as mutually assured destruction) is a Doctrine of military Strategy in which a full-scale S. and the USSR held enough nuclear weapons to obliterate each other should they become embroiled in nuclear war. According to this notion, the two superpowers' possession of nuclear weapons was viewed as a deterrent that would prevent any such war from taking place. This article refers to deterrent theories of punishment For the legal theory of justice see Deterrence (legal. MAD also became a central doctrine to the U. S. 's foreign policy of containing Communism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and

One may reasonably date the open explicit and public resistance to this process to the departing comments of U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1960) who warned that the United States was in peril of being politically dominated by a military-industrial complex. A military-industrial complex (MIC is a concept commonly used to refer to Policy relationships between Governments national Armed forces, and industrial Shortly into the Kennedy era, the world experienced white-knuckled nuclear brinksmanship during the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962). John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. To the delight of anti-militarism activists and the relief of ordinary citizens worldwide, a test ban treaty and nuclear arms control talks ensued soon after.

The Vietnam Era: 1962-1975

The peace movement in the 1960s in the United States sought to bring an end to the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Some advocates within this movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U. S. forces from Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially One reason given for the withdrawal is that it would contribute to a lessening of tensions in the region and thus less human bloodshed. Another, contrasting reason was that the Vietnamese should work out their problems independent of foreign influence.

Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia S. anti-communism, imperialism and colonialism and, for those involved with the New Left, capitalism itself, such as the Catholic Worker Movement. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where The Catholic Worker Movement is a Catholic organization founded by the " Servant of God " Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933 Others, such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War. Stephen Spiro was a political activist who opposed the Vietnam War. Just War theory is a Doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral Theologians Ethicists and international Although he was convicted of avoiding conscription, he received a suspended sentence, and was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority A suspended sentence is a legal construct Unless a minimum punishment is prescribed by law the Court has the power to suspend the passing of sentence (generally Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President

Some critics of U. S. withdrawal predicted that it would not contribute to peace but rather vastly increased bloodshed. These critics advocated U. S. forces remain until all threats from the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army had been eliminated. The Vietnam People's Army ( VPA) (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the official name of the Armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Advocates of U. S. withdrawal were generally known as "doves", and they called their opponents "hawks", following nomenclature dating back to the War of 1812. War Hawk is a term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated The imagery was intended to present the withdrawal advocates as peace-seeking and the withdrawal opponents as bad and predatory. The idea of a chickenhawk refers back to this time, to describe those who had avoided dangerous military service before they entered politics, but then advocated aggressive stances once in office. Chickenhawk (also chicken hawk and chicken-hawk; sometimes designated after a person's name by ') is a political Epithet used in the United Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority

High-profile opposition to the Vietnam war turned to street protests in an effort to turn U. S. political opinion against the war. The protests gained momentum from the Civil Rights Movement that had organized to oppose segregation laws, which had laid a foundation of theory and infrastructure on which the anti-war movement grew. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Protests were fueled by a growing network of independently published newspapers (known as "underground papers") and the timely advent of large venue rock'n'roll festivals such as Woodstock and Grateful Dead shows, attracting younger people in search of generational togetherness. The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in the San Francisco Bay Area.

The fatal shooting of four anti-war protesters at Kent State University cemented the resolve of many protesters. IMPORTANT After careful consideration the title "Kent State Shootings" has been applied in this article rather than "Kent State Massacre Kent State University (also known as Kent, Kent State, or KSU) is one of America’s largest university systems the third largest university The Kent State killings saw campuses erupt all across the country; in May 1970 most universities were strike-bound, for example at Wayne State University[2]. IMPORTANT After careful consideration the title "Kent State Shootings" has been applied in this article rather than "Kent State Massacre Wayne State University is located in Detroit, Michigan, in the city's Midtown Cultural Center. The late 1960s in the U. S. became a time of youth rebellion, mass gatherings and riots, many of which began in response to the assassination of Dr. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Martin Luther King, Jr., but which ignited in an atmosphere of open opposition to a wartime government. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader

Provocative actions by police and by protesters turned anti-war demonstrations in Chicago at the 1968 Democratic National Convention into a riot. Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name Explosive news reports of American military abuses, such as the 1968 My Lai Massacre, brought new attention and support to the anti-war movement. The My Lai Massacre ( approximately) (thảm sát Mỹ Lai was the Mass murder of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam almost

Veterans of the Vietnam War returned home to join the movement, including John Kerry, who spearheaded Vietnam Veterans Against the War and testified before Congress in televised hearings. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator Vietnam Veterans Against the War ( VVAW) is a tax-exempt Non-profit organization and Corporation, originally created to oppose the Vietnam War Thirty years later, as a United States Senator, Kerry campaigned to become President of the United States, betraying a newfound reluctance to acknowledge his anti-war roots while playing up his stellar war record. Other U. S. veterans returned from the war saying that nobody wants to be in a war where people are suffering and dying, but that they found peace in their own minds by knowing they served their country. Some cited the words of George Washington's 1790 State of the Union Address: "To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year "

Anti-war protests ended with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973. The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the Momentum from the protest organizations became a main force for the growth of an environmental movement in the United States. The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for South Vietnam was left to defend itself alone when the fighting resumed. Many South Vietnamese fled to the United States in one of the largest war refugee migrations in history. There was no peace movement to protest the renewed bloodshed, and little media coverage. Saigon surrendered to the North in 1975; Laos and Cambodia were overrun by Communist troops that same spring.

The Eighties and Nineties

During the 1980s U. S. peace activists largely concentrated on slowing the superpower arms race in the belief that this would reduce the possibility of nuclear war between the U. The nuclear Arms race was a competition for supremacy in Nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective S. and the USSR. As the Reagan Administration accelerated military spending and adopted a tough, challenging stance to the Russians, peace groups such as the Nuclear Freeze and Beyond War sought to educate the public on the what they believed was the inherent riskiness and ruinous cost of this policy. The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by The nuclear freeze was a proposed agreement between the world's nuclear powers primarily the United States and the then- Soviet Union, to freeze all production Outreach to individual citizens in the Soviet Union and mass meetings, using then-new satellite link technology, were part of peacemaking activities in the 1980s.

In response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, President George H.W. Bush began preparations for a mideast war. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Peace activists were starting to find their groove just before the Gulf War was launched in February 1991, with well-attended rallies, especially on the west coast. However, the ground war was over in less than a week. A lopsided Allied victory and a media-incited wave of patriotic sentiment washed over the protest movement before it could develop traction.

The 1990s began with the Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union (November 1991), removing one of the main focuses of peace activism. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 The U. S. government of Bill Clinton adopted a more conciliatory tone and presided over a decade of perceived peace and prosperity — one in which corporate rule quietly advanced. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Peacemakers' priorities during the Nineties included seeking a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian impasse, belated efforts at humanitarian assistance to war-torn regions such as Bosnia and Rwanda, and mitigating the harm caused by U. N. sanctions on Iraq. These sanctions — in effect from 1990 to 2003 — led to the deaths of some 500,000 children from fully preventable causes, including common infections and malnutrition{fact}; American peace activists brought medicine into Iraq in defiance of U. S. law, in some cases enduring heavy fines and imprisonment in retaliation. Some of the principal groups involved were Voices in the Wilderness and the Fellowship of Reconciliation. The Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FoR or FOR) is the name used by a number of religious Nonviolent organizations particularly in English-speaking countries

The Iraq War

Before, during, and after the War in Iraq began, a concerted protest effort existed in the United States. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign In March 2003, just before the U. S. and British Military invasion of Iraq, a protest mobilization called "The World Says No to War" led to as many as 500,000 protestors in cities across the U. S. Alleged incidents of initimidation, spying, and police harassment toward protesters have discouraged some members of the movement, and have led to lawsuits against the U. S. Government's policies related to privacy and freedom of speech. However, many protest organizations have persisted as the United States has maintained a military and corporate presence in Iraq.

U. S. activist groups including United for Peace and Justice, CODEPINK (Women Say No To War), Military Families For Peace, Military Families Speak Out (MFSO), Not In Our Name, A.N.S.W.E.R., Veterans for Peace, and The World Can't Wait continue to protest against the Iraq War. United for Peace and Justice ( UFPJ) is a coalition of more than 1300 international and U Code Pink Women for Peace is an anti-war group that started in the leadup to the Iraq War. Military Families Speak Out (MFSO is a US based anti Iraq war group Not in Our Name (NION is a United States organization founded on March 23, 2002, in order to resist the U Act Now to Stop War and End Racism — also known as International A Veterans For Peace is an American organization founded in 1985. The World Can't Wait! Drive Out the Bush Regime! (WCW is a Left-wing group in the United States. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Methods of protest include rallies and marches, impeachment petitions, the staging of a war-crimes tribunal in New York (to investigate crimes and alleged abuses of power of the Bush administration), bringing Iraqi women to tour the U. S. and tell their side of the story, street theater and independent filmmaking, high-profile appearances by anti-war activists such as Scott Ritter, Janis Karpinski, and Dahr Jamail, resisting military recruiting on college campuses, withholding tax monies, mass letter-writing to legislators and newspapers, blogging, music, and guerrilla theater. William Scott Ritter Jr (born July 15 1961 is noted for his role as a chief United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq from 1991 to 1998 and later for his Janis Leigh Karpinski (born May 25, 1953, Rahway New Jersey) is a central figure in the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal Dahr Jamail (born 1968 is an American journalist who is best known as one of the few unembedded journalists to report extensively from Iraq during the 2003 Iraq Independent media producers continue to broadcast, podcast and Web-host programs about the movement against the Iraq War. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign

The threat of military action against Iran

Further information: Opposition to war against Iran

Starting in 2005, opposition to military action against Iran started in the United States, the United Kingdom and elsewhere, including the creation of the Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran. Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against Iran by the United States (US is known to have started during 2005-2006 Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against Iran by the United States (US is known to have started during 2005-2006 Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII is a group of people especially academics students and professionals of both Iranian and non-Iranian backgrounds By August 2007, fears of an imminent United States and/or Israeli attack on Iran had increased to the level that several Nobel Prize winners, Shirin Ebadi (Nobel Peace Prize 2003), Mairead Corrigan-Maguire and Betty Williams (joint Nobel Peace Prize 1976), Harold Pinter (Nobel Prize for Literature 2005) and Jody Williams (Nobel Peace Prize 1997), along with several anti-war groups, including The Israeli Committee for a Middle East Free from Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, CASMII, Code Pink and many others, warned about what they believed was the imminent risk of a "war of an unprecedented scale, this time against Iran", especially expressing concern that an attack on Iran using nuclear weapons had "not been ruled out". Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Shirin Ebadi (شیرین عبادی - Širin Ebâdi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian Lawyer, Human rights activist Mairead Corrigan (born 27 January, 1944) also known as Mairead Corrigan-Maguire, was the co-founder with Betty Williams, of the Community Betty Williams may refer to Betty Williams (Nobel laureate (born 1943 the Nobel Peace Prize recipient from Northern Ireland Betty Williams (politician Jody Williams (born October 9, 1950 in Brattleboro, Vermont) is an American Teacher and aid worker who received the The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII is a group of people especially academics students and professionals of both Iranian and non-Iranian backgrounds Code Pink Women for Peace is an anti-war group that started in the leadup to the Iraq War. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. They called for "the dispute about Iran's nuclear program, to be resolved through peaceful means" and a call for Israel, "as the only Middle Eastern state suspected of possession of nuclear weapons", to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Israel is widely believed to possess a substantial arsenal (an estimated 100 to 200 of Nuclear weapons and maintains intercontinental-range Ballistic missiles to deliver The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT or NNPT) is a Treaty to limit the spread ^[5]

The Peace Movement in U. S. Politics

The progress of peace movements may be measured by the slow steady growth of congressional legislation to create the United States Department of Peace and Nonviolence, and the number of legislators becoming cosponsors.

Dr. Benjamin Rush[3], a Founding Father and signer of the Declaration of Independence, along with George Washington's peer, Benjamin Banneker, envisioned a Department of Peace to balance the Department of War;

1792 Benjamin Banneker, noted American scientist, surveyor, and editor and Benjamin Rush, a doctor, educator and signer of the Declaration of Independence suggested the blue print for an Office of Peace. Benjamin Rush ( December 24 1745 &ndash April 19 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States. This article is about declarations of independence in general Benjamin Banneker ( November 9, 1731 &ndash October 9, 1806) was a free African American Astronomer, Mathematician

• 1935, 1937, and 1939, Senator Matthew Neely of West Virginia introduced bills calling for a Department of Peace.

• 1943 Senator Alexander Wiley of Wisconsin spoke on the Senate floor calling for the United States of America to be the first government on the world to have a Secretary of Peace.

Over 100 bills have been introduced into Congress since the end of World War II to create a Department of Peace in the federal government;

• 1945 Representative Louis Ludlow of Indiana introduced a bill that would establish a Department of Peace.

• 1946 Representative Randolf Jennings introduced legislation to establish a Department of Peace with the goal of strengthening America's capacity to resolve and manage international conflicts by both military and nonmilitary means. The Department of Peace and Non-violence is a proposed cabinet -level department of the Executive branch of the U In the 1970s and 1980s he joined Senators Mark Hatfield and Spark Matsunaga and Congressman Dan Glickman in efforts to create a national institution dedicated to peace. Mark Odom Hatfield (born July 12 1922 is an American politician and educator from the state of Oregon. Spark Masayuki Matsunaga ( Japanese: スパーク松永 (born October 8, 1916, in Kukuiula Hawaii – died April 15, 1990 Daniel Robert "Dan" Glickman (born November 24, 1944) served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1995 until 2001 prior to After he had announced his retirement from Congress in 1984, Randolph played a key role in the passage and enactment of the United States Institute of Peace Act. The United States Institute of Peace or USIP, established in 1984, is an independent nonpartisan national institution established and funded by the United States To guarantee its passage and funding, the legislation was attached to the Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1985. Approval of the legislation was in part a tribute to Randolph's long career in public service. The Jennings Randolph Program, which awards fellowships to enable outstanding scholars, policymakers, journalists, and other professionals from around the world to conduct research at the U. S. Institute of Peace, has been named in his honor.

• 1947 Representative Everett Dirkson of Illinois introduced a bill for “A Peace Division in the State Department”.

• President Dwight Eisenhower [4] named Harold Stassen to be his Cabinet Level Advisor for Peace & Disarmament in March, 1953. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general

• 1955-1968 Eighty-five bills calling for a Department of Peace were introduced in the House or the Senate.

• 1969 Senator Vance Hartke of Indiana and Representative Seymour Halpern of New York introduced legislation to create a Department of Peace in the House of Representatives and the Senate.

• 1984 President Ronald Reagan, the great uniter signed into law the creation of the United States Institute of Peace USIP. The United States Institute of Peace or USIP, established in 1984, is an independent nonpartisan national institution established and funded by the United States

• 2001 and 2003 Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio introduced legislation to create a Department of Peace.

• September 2005 Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio and Senator Mark Dayton of Minnesota introduced legislation to create a Department of Peace and Nonviolence in the House of Representatives and the Senate, respectively.

The 21st century legislation to create the United States Department of Peace & Nonviolence introduced in July 2001, gained 45 Cosponsors during that session of congress. With the 108th Congress the movement grew to 53 congressional cosponsors, and 75 Congressional sponsors in the 109th congress. A list of the Congressional cosponsors can be viewed at the Library of Congress. LOC The Peace movement continues to seeks ratification of the cause through Federal Legislation. As with all great social movements, federal sponsorship is a huge milestone. The peace movement hopes to gain federal endorsement and join the ranks of other government programs such as: Pollution awareness – from the 1960’s “Give a Hoot don’t pollute”, to today’s Global Warming movement. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the The Anti-Tobacco movement began with a the mild surgeon generals warning, “Smoking MAY be hazardous to your health” to today with many States and municipalities outlawing smoking, within common use buildings. If successful, the United States Department of Peace and Nonviolence may be as significant a social change as the Emancipation proclamation - Freeing the slaves and the Women's suffrage movement - Granting women the right to vote. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.

Domestic Peace Movement in the United States

The Peace Movement in the United States is perhaps less popular in the media but supported by vast numerous of professionals in many areas, gang violence Prevention, domestic abuse Counseling, Violence against children Awareness, and Character education www.charactercounts.org in Primary Schools. Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game. Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Character education is an umbrella term generally used to describe the teaching of children in a manner that will help them develop as personal and social beings

Gang Violence Prevention is primarily a regional effort lead by local Law Enforcement and special programs within schools.

Domestic Abuse Counseling is supported by many non-profit organizations

Violence against Children Awareness

Character Education is a growing program in American primary school education. Recognized as a pillar of strength in the foundation of our society along with a strong family support, Character education resources are used broadly to shape young minds.

Day of Silence for Peace

Also known as The Peace Movement, the Day of Silence for Peace follows the tradition of rallies that use silence to be noticed. Participants wear a piece of white cloth across their mouths with Peace written on it to symbolize their unity and readiness to change their world. It means they are tired of the status quo, and are willing to challenge it. It hopes to achieve unity and a sense of empowerment for its participants - including the knowledge that they can have an impact without traveling to the far reaches of the earth.

The first Day of Silence for Peace took place on October 23, 2007. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

The Peace Movement

Bibliography

• Charles Chatfield, editor, Peace Movements in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1973). ISBN 0-8052-0386-0
• Charles Chatfield with Robert Kleidman, The American Peace Movement: Ideals and Activism (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992). ISBN 0-8057-3852-5
• Elsie Locke, Peace People: A History of Peace Activities in New Zealand (Christchurch, NZ: Hazard Press, 1992). ISBN 0-908790-20-1
• Sam Marullo and John Lofland, editors, Peace Action in the Eighties: Social Science Perspectives (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990). ISBN 0-8135-1561-0
• Caroline Moorehead, Troublesome People: The Warriors of Pacifism (Bethesda, MD: Adler & Adler, 1987).
• Roger C. Peace III, A Just and Lasting Peace: The U. S. Peace Movement from the Cold War to Desert Storm (Chicago: The Noble Press, 1991). ISBN 0-9622683-8-0
• Lawrence S. Wittner, Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984). ISBN 0-87722-342-4
• Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan, Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam, 1963-1975 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984). ISBN 0-03-005603-9
• André Durand: Gustave Moynier and the peace societies. In: International Review of the Red Cross, no 314, p. 532-550 (31-10-1996): http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JNAW

References

1. ^ From Protest to Resistance, Peace News/Mushroom Books, 1981
2. ^ Bertrand Russell, "Civil Disobedience", New Statesman, 17 February 1961
3. ^ Frank E. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Myers, "Civil Disobedience and Organizational Change: The British Committee of 100", Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 1. (Mar. , 1971), pp. 92-112
4. ^ Comment Magazine. (Communist) http://www.library.law.ua.edu/spcoll/findaids/murpaid/murpaid4.htm
5. ^ For a Middle East free of all Weapons of Mass Destruction. Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (2007-08-06). Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII is a group of people especially academics students and professionals of both Iranian and non-Iranian backgrounds Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.

See also

• American Friends Service Committee
• Anti-war
• Atoms for Peace Award
• Catholic Worker Movement
• Institute for Interreligious Dialogue
• Christian Peacemaker Teams
• Conscientious objector
• Conscientious objection throughout the world
• Department of Peace
• European Peace Marches
• Fellowship of Reconciliation
• Global citizens movement
• Hollanditis
• Militarism
• Mohandas Gandhi
• Nobel Peace Prize
• Nuclear-free zone
• Opposition to war against Iran
• Peace
• Peace symbol
• Peace Action
• Peace Alliance
• Peace organization (preceded the peace movement in the 19th. The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC is a Religious Society of Friends ( Quaker) affiliated organization which provides Humanitarian relief The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The Atoms for Peace Award was established in 1955 through a grant of $1000000 by the Ford Motor Company Fund The Catholic Worker Movement is a Catholic organization founded by the " Servant of God " Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933 Institute for Interreligious Dialogue is a non-governmental organization devoted to dialog among religions throughout the world Christian Peacemaker Teams ( CPT) is an international organization set up to support teams of peace workers in conflict areas around the world A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support The Department of Peace and Non-violence is a proposed cabinet -level department of the Executive branch of the U 1978 to 1992 this European-wide network of iniatives within the Peace Movement had mobilized millions of citizens protesting the arms race the growth of military spending and joining The Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FoR or FOR) is the name used by a number of religious Nonviolent organizations particularly in English-speaking countries In most discussions the global citizens movement is a socio-political process rather than a political organization or party structure Hollanditis was a term coined in 1981 by the American historian Walter Laqueur. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor A nuclear-free zone is an area where Nuclear weapons (see Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone) and/or Nuclear power is banned Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against Iran by the United States (US is known to have started during 2005-2006 Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. Peace Action is a peace organization formed through the merger of The Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy and the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign (also known See also Category:Peace organizations)
• Pentecostal Charismatic Peace Fellowship
• US Peace Memorial Foundation
• War Resisters' International
• War Resisters League
• White Rose
• World peace
• Young Peacemakers Club

External links

• UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests
• United States Institute of Peace
• The Peace Alliance Campaign for a US Department of Peace and Nonviolence - HR-808 Bill re-introduced in 2007, Nationwide grassroots organization
• International People's Initiative for Departments of Peace
• Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: A Documentary History
• International Coalition for the Decade of a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence [5]
• American Friends’ Service Committee – committed Quaker pacifist group; draft counseling etc. The Pentecostal Charismatic Peace Fellowship (PCPF is a multicultural, gender inclusive and Ecumenical organization that promotes peace justice and reconciliation War Resisters' International or WRI is an international Anti-war organization with members and affiliates in over thirty countries The War Resisters League (WRL was formed in 1923 by men and women who had opposed World War I. Also see Die weiße Rose (opera and Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage The White Rose (die Weiße Rose was a non-violent World peace is an ideal of freedom, Peace, and Happiness among and within all nations Young Peacemakers Club began in 1992 with an all volunteer staff and seven children in Sioux City IA On 10 November 1998, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the first decade of the 21st century and the third millennium the years 2001 to 2010
• US Peace Memorial - Will build and maintain the US Peace Memorial in Washington DC and publish the US Peace Registry
• US Peace Registry - Recognizes and documents the peace activities of US citizens and organizations
• Chicago FreeSpeechZone - Documents the post-9/11 Chicago-area peace movement
• Veterans For Peace - U. S. veterans' peace group
• Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
• Peace Organisation of Australia
• International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
• Additional outlets for extensive anti-war education via online videos are available at Google (anti-war videos) [6], Democracy Now! [7] and CitySites. com [8].
• Character Education Resources - Program utilized by the best schools in the United States.
• Search LOVE for a better world without war
• Silence for Peace Day article
• Getting Local and Keeping Positive in the Anti-War Movement –Zoltan Grossman, Znet, Nov. 2, 2006
• Speaking Different Languages: How the Peace Movement Works With the Military Community – Zoltan Grossman, ZNet, Nov. 2, 2007
• Challenges for the Antiwar Movement – Zoltan Grossman, Counterpunch, Jan. 5, 2006

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