| Pea | ||||||||||||||||||
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 Peas are contained within a pod
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| Pisum sativum L. |
A pea, although treated as a vegetable in cooking, is botanically a fruit; the term is most commonly used to describe the small spherical seeds or the pods of the legume Pisum sativum. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants [1] The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae like the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus. Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea The pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan, syn Cajanus indicus) is a perennial member of the family Fabaceae. The Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata) is one of several Species of the widely cultivated genus Vigna. The Genus Lathyrus consists of the sweet peas and vetchlings, Flowering plants in the Legume family Fabaceae.
P. sativum is an annual plant, with a lifecycle of one year. Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. A life cycle is a period involving 1 Generation of an Organism through means of Reproduction, whether through Asexual reproduction or Sexual It is a cool season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter through to early summer depending on location. The average pea weighs between 0. 1 and 0. 36 grams. [2] The species is used as a fresh vegetable, frozen or canned, but is also grown to produce dry peas like the split pea. Split peas are the dried peeled and split Seeds of Pisum sativum. These varieties are typically called field peas.
P. sativum has been cultivated for thousands of years. The sites of cultivation have been described in southern Syria and southeastern Turkey, and some argue that the cultivation of peas with wheat and barley seems to be associated with the spread of Neolithic agriculture into Europe. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [3]
Contents |
Description
| Raw Green Pea Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz) |
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| Energy 80 kcal 340 kJ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database |
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The pea is a green, pod-shaped fruit, widely grown as a cool-season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches 10°C, with the plants growing best at temperatures of 13°C to 18°C. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates but do grow well in cooler high altitude tropical areas. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting. Generally, peas are to be grown outdoors during the winter, not in greenhouses. Peas grow best in slightly acidic, well-drained soils.
Peas have both low-growing and vining cultivars. A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant The vining cultivars grow thin tendrils from leaves that coil around any available support and can climb to be 1-2 m high. In Botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, Leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape that is used by Climbing plants for support A traditional approach to supporting climbing peas is to thrust branches pruned from trees or other woody plants upright into the soil, providing a lattice for the peas to climb. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Branches used in this fashion are called pea brush. Metal fences, twine, or netting supported by a frame are used for the same purpose. In dense plantings, peas give each other some measure of mutual support. Pea plants do not need pollination from other plants as they have special properties that allow them to pollinate themselves and make more genetic copies. This is the reason Gregor Mendel experimented on these fascinating plants.
Varieties
Many varieties of P. sativum have been bred. Widely cultivated variations include:
- Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon is commonly known as the snow pea
- Pisum sativum var. The snow pea ( Pisum sativum var macrocarpon) is a Legume, more specifically a variety of Pea eaten whole in its pod while still unripe macrocarpon ser. cv. is known as the sugar or snap pea or mange-tout
Both of these are eaten whole before the pod reaches maturity. Snap peas (also known as Sugarsnap peas, or Mange-touts in Britain are a Cultivar group of edible-podded Peas that differ from Snow The snow pea (often erroneously called "mange tout") pod is eaten flat. In sugar snap peas, the pod becomes cylindrical but is eaten before the seeds inside develop while the pod is still crisp, hence the 'snap' term used.
Diseases
Culinary use
In early times peas were grown mostly for their dry seeds. This article is a list of diseases of Peas ( Pisum sativum) Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Colletotrichum In modern times however peas are usually boiled or steamed which breaks down the cell walls and makes the taste sweeter and the nutrients more bio-available. Steaming is a method of Cooking using Steam. Steaming is considered a relatively healthier cooking technique and capable to cook almost all kinds of food Along with broad beans and lentils, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in Europe during the Middle Ages (Bianchini 1975 p 40). Vicia faba, the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, tic bean is a species of The lentil or daal or pulse ( Lens culinaris) is a bushy Annual plant of the legume family grown for its lens-shaped Seeds By the 1600s and 1700s it had became popular to eat peas "green", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked. This was especially true in France and England, where the eating of green peas was said to be "both a fashion and a madness" (OSU 2006). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland New cultivars of peas were developed by the English during this time which became known as garden peas and English peas. The popularity of green peas spread to North America. Thomas Jefferson grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate (Kafka 2005 p 297). Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence With the invention of canning and freezing of foods, green peas became available year-round, and not just in the spring as before.
Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Salt and pepper are also commonly added to peas when served. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Pod peas (particularly sweet cultivars called mange tout and sugar peas, or the flatter "snow peas," called hé lán dòu, 荷兰豆 in Chinese) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. American Chinese cuisine refers to the style of food served by certain Chinese Restaurants in the United States. [1] Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly are best preserved by drying, canning or freezing within a few hours of harvest. Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container For freezing as a method of food preservation see Frozen food.
In India, fresh peas are used in various dishes such as aloo matar (curried potatoes with peas) or matar paneer (paneer cheese with peas), though they can be substituted with frozen peas as well. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Paneer ( Hindi: पनीर panīr, from Persian پنير panir) is the most common Persian and South Asian Cheese Peas are also eaten raw as they are sweet when fresh off the bush.
Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. Split peas are the dried peeled and split Seeds of Pisum sativum. Soup is a Food that is made by combining ingredients such as Meat and Vegetables in stock or hot/boiling Water, until the flavor In Japan, China, Taiwan and some South-east Asian countries, including Thailand and Malaysia, the peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and A snack food (commonly called a snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main Meal of the day – Breakfast In the UK, dried yellow split peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish. Pease pudding, sometimes known as pease pottage or pease porridge, is a Baked vegetable product which mainly consists of split yellow or Carlin peas In North America a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup. Pea soup is Soup made typically from dried Peas It is with variations a part of the cuisine of many cultures
Ärtsoppa is a traditional Scandinavian food which predates the Viking era. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas This food was made from a fast-growing pea that would mature in a short growing season. Ärtsoppa was especially popular among the many poor who traditionally only had one pot and everything was cooked together for a dinner using a tripod to hold the pot over the fire. When pork was available it was known as Ärtsoppa och fläsk and this tradition has continued to the present day. After the Christian conversion this soup was served on Thursday evening because Friday was a fasting day. The Christianization of Scandinavia refers to the process of conversion to Christianity of the Scandinavian people starting in the 8th century with A Fast Day is a day of religious Fasting observed at various periods by different religious groups Jewish Christian and other sometimes with the authority of government
In Chinese cuisine, pea sprouts (豆苗; dòu miáo) are commonly used in stir-fries and its price is relatively high due to its agreeable taste. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Pea leaves are often considered a delicacy as well.
In Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, and other parts of the Mediterranean, peas are made into a stew with meat and potatoes. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía In Greek this stew is called arakas, whilst in Cyprus and Turkey it is called mpizeli or mpizelia.
In the United Kingdom, dried, rehydrated and mashed marrowfat peas, known by the public as mushy peas, are popular, originally in the north of England but now ubiquitously, and especially as an accompaniment to fish and chips or meat pies, particularly in fish and chip shops. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Mushy peas are dried marrowfat peas which are first soaked overnight in water and bicarbonate of soda, and then simmered with a little sugar and salt until England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Fish and chips (sometimes written " fish ’n’ chips " is a popular Take-away food originating from the United Kingdom. A meat pie is a savoury Pie with a filling of Meat and other savoury ingredients Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes added to soften the peas. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the pea to be Britain's 7th favorite culinary vegetable. Processed peas are mature peas which have been dried, soaked and then heat treated (processed) to prevent spoilage — in the same manner as pasteurising.
Cooked peas are sometimes sold dried and coated with wasabi as a spicy snack. Wasabi (わさびja ワサビ, ja 山葵 (originally written ja 和佐比 Wasabia japonica, Cochlearia wasabi, or Eutrema japonica) is a member
Some forms of etiquette require that peas be only eaten with a fork and not pushed onto the fork with a knife [2][3]. Etiquette is a code that governs the expectations of Social behavior, according to the contemporary conventional norm within a Society, As a piece of Cutlery or Kitchenware, a fork is a tool consisting of a handle with several narrow tines (usually two three or four on one end A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting
Peas in science
In the mid-1800s, Gregor Mendel's observations of pea pods led to the principles of Mendelian genetics, the foundation of modern genetics. Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is
Etymology
According to etymologists, the term was taken from the Latin pisum and adopted into English as the noun pease (plural peasen), as in pease pudding. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Pease pudding, sometimes known as pease pottage or pease porridge, is a Baked vegetable product which mainly consists of split yellow or Carlin peas However, by analogy with other plurals ending in -s, speakers began construing pease as a plural and constructing the singular form by dropping the "s", giving the term "pea". Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world This process is known as back-formation. In Etymology, back-formation refers to the process of creating a new Lexeme (less precisely a new "word" by removing actual or supposed Affixes
The name marrowfat pea for mature dried peas is recorded by the OED as early as 1733. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English Year 1733 ( MDCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The fact that an export cultivar popular in Japan is called Maro has led some people to assume mistakenly that the English name marrowfat is derived from Japanese. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities
See also
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary - Pea
- ^ Pea
- ^ Zohary, Daniel and Hopf, Maria (2000). Lathyrus niger, also known as black pea, blackening flat pea and black bitter vetch, is a perennial legume that is native to Europe Split peas are the dried peeled and split Seeds of Pisum sativum. Snap peas (also known as Sugarsnap peas, or Mange-touts in Britain are a Cultivar group of edible-podded Peas that differ from Snow Lathyrus aphaca is a Legume known as the yellow Pea or yellow Vetch. Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 0-19-850356-3 p. 106
- Bianchini, F. & Corbetta, F. , 1976, The Complete Book of Fruits and Vegetables. New York : Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-517-52033-8.
- European Association for Grain Legume Research (AEP). Pea. [4].
- Hernández Bermejo, J. E. & León, J. , (1992). Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)[5]
- Kafka, B. , 2005, Vegetable Love, New York : Artisan, ISBN 978-1-57965-168-8
- Muehlbauer, F. J. and Tullu, A. , (1997). Pisum sativum L. Purdue University[6].
- Oelke, E. A. , Oplinger E. S. , et al. (1991). Dry Field Pea. University of Wisconsin[7].
- Oregon State University (OSU). (2006). Green Peas, Garden Peas, Peas. [8].
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