| Paul Wolfowitz | |
 |
|
|
10th President of the World Bank Group
|
|
| In office June 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | James Wolfensohn |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Robert Zoellick |
|
|
|
| In office 2001 – 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Rudy deLeon |
| Succeeded by | Gordon R. England |
|
|
|
| Born | December 22, 1943 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse | Clare Selgin Wolfowitz (1968–2001 [separated]) |
| Children | Sara, David, Rachel |
| Residence | Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S. |
| Religion | Jewish |
| Website | http://www.aei.org |
Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, and President of the World Bank. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. James David Wolfensohn KBE, AO (born December 1, 1933) was the ninth president of the World Bank Group. Robert Bruce Zoellick (zʌlɪk (born July 25, 1953) is the eleventh President of the World Bank, a position he has held since July 1 The United States Deputy Secretary of Defense is the second-highest ranking official in the United States Department of Defense. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gordon Richard England ( September 15, 1937) is an American Businessman who currently serves as the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Clare Selgin Wolfowitz (born November 1945 is an expert on Indonesian Anthropology. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Chevy Chase is the name of both a Town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place (CDP in Montgomery County Maryland. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The United States Deputy Secretary of Defense is the second-highest ranking official in the United States Department of Defense. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants Public-private partnership ( PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more [1]
As Deputy Secretary of Defense, he was "a major architect of President Bush's Iraq policy and . The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign . . its most passionate and compelling advocate. "[2][3][4][5] After serving two years, he resigned as president of the World Bank Group "ending a protracted and tumultuous battle over his stewardship, sparked by a promotion he arranged for his companion. "[6][7]
Personal history
The second child of Jacob "Jack" Wolfowitz (1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz "was born in Brooklyn, New York, into a Polish Jewish immigrant family, and grew up mainly in Ithaca, New York, where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University. Jacob Wolfowitz PhD ( March 19, 1910 &ndash July 16, 1981) was a Polish -born American Statistician Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The City of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca) sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York "[8][9] "In addition to being prolific in research" and "very well read," according to Shelemyahu Zacks, Jacob Wolfowitz "fought at the time for the liberation of Soviet Jewry. He was a friend and strong supporter of the state of Israel, AIPAC member and had many friends and admirers there. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. "[10] Strongly influenced by his father, according to Eric Schmitt, Paul Wolfowitz became "a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker . . . [whose] world views . . . were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress . . . [His father] . . . escaped Poland after World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The rest of his father's family and their diamonds perished in the Holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as "[11]
As a boy, Wolfowitz devoured books about the Holocaust and Hiroshima—what he calls 'the polar horrors'". [2] Speaking of the influence of the Holocaust on his views, Wolfowitz said:
"That sense of what happened in Europe in World War II has shaped a lot of my views . World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including . . It's a very bad thing when people exterminate other people, and people persecute minorities. It doesn't mean you can prevent every such incident in the world, but it's also a mistake to dismiss that sort of concern as merely humanitarian and not related to real interest. Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans "[11]
Before first moving to Ithaca, in the fall of 1952 for his father's new post, the Wolfowitzes lived in Manhattan: "I was born in Brooklyn but we grew up in Manhattan, one block down on Morningside Drive . Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Morningside Drive is a roughly north-south bi-directional street in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the New York City borough of Manhattan . . from the President of Columbia who for part of that time was Dwight Eisenhower. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general "[12][13] After teaching for a year at Cornell, his father took a year long sabbatical and was accompanied by his family, spending half the time at UCLA, and half at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of In 1957, Paul Wolfowitz lived in Israel, while his father was a visiting professor at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion IIT), in Haifa. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Technion &ndash Israel Institute of Technology (הטכניון &ndash מכון טכנולוגי לישראל is an internationally-acclaimed Institute of technology in Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with [10][3]
Wolfowitz took classes at Cornell University while still a student at Ithaca High School. For other schools by this name see Ithaca High School Ithaca High School (IHS is a Public high school in Ithaca New York [14] In the mid-1960s, while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell, he met Clare Selgin, who later became an anthropologist. Clare Selgin Wolfowitz (born November 1945 is an expert on Indonesian Anthropology. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of They married in 1968, had three children, lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland, separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002. Chevy Chase is the name of both a Town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place (CDP in Montgomery County Maryland. [8][9][3][15][16]
In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Ali Riza. Shaha Ali Riza, ( شاها علي رضا) (born 1953 or 1954 is a World Bank staffer who is currently on external assignment Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic [3][17].
Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English; "Wolfowitz taught himself Arabic in the nineteen-eighties, when he was working at the State Department," and "He also speaks French, German, Hebrew, and Indonesian. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of "[3]
He lives in Chevy Chase, Maryland. Chevy Chase is the name of both a Town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place (CDP in Montgomery County Maryland. [7]
Post-secondary education
Cornell University
Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961, on full scholarship. He was a member of the Telluride Association, a non-profit organization founded in 1910. The Telluride Association is a Non-profit organization in the United States that provides young people with free educational programs emphasizing intellectual curiosity [9] He lived in the Telluride House through academic year 1962 to 1963. [9]
That year philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house and had a major influence on Wolfowitz's political views with his assertion of the importance of political regimes in shaping peoples’ characters. Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis Indiana &ndash 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American Philosopher, [9] Schmitt observes that Wolfowitz first "became a protégé of the political philosopher Allan Bloom, and then of Albert Wohlstetter, the father of hard-line conservative strategic thinking at the University of Chicago. Albert Wohlstetter (born 1913 died January 10, 1997) was a major intellectual force behind efforts to avoid the horizontal spread of Nuclear weapons. "[11] In August 1963, "when he was nineteen, he and his mother attended the civil-rights march on Washington organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. and others". The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington D Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader [3][9]
Though he "majored in mathematics and chemistry . . . he was profoundly moved by John Hersey's Hiroshima and shifted his focus toward politics. John Richard Hersey ( June 17, 1914 – March 24, 1993) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American Writer and journalist Hiroshima (ISBN 0-679-72103-7 is the title of a Magazine article written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey that appeared in 'One of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war,' he said. "[11] During his senior year Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger senior honor society. Quill and Dagger is a senior honor society at Cornell University. [9]
Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor's degree degree in mathematics and chemistry. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Against his father's wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study politics. A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned [9] Although his choice to pursue political science and a career in politics instead of mathematics defied his father's wishes, Dudley concludes that, eventually, "as Paul's career took him from Yale to the Pentagon and the State Department . . . Jack Wolfowitz seemed to make peace with his son's choice. "
University of Chicago
Following his gradutation from Cornell, Wolfowitz attended the University of Chicago because he wanted to study under Bloom's mentor, Leo Strauss. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical Wolfowitz enrolled in Strauss' courses, on Plato and Montesquieu. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng
Wolfowitz completed his PhD dissertation at Chicago under defense analyst Albert Wohlstetter, who was at Chicago and fairly close to Strauss (Norton, 2004: 182–3). Though Wolfowitz took several courses with Bloom, he claims to have been more influenced by Wohlstetter and, according to historian and media critic Eric Alterman, does 'not consider himself to be a Straussian . Eric Alterman (b January 14, 1960) is a liberal American Journalist, Author, Media critic, blogger, and . . he becomes impatient with the high level of abstraction of the discussion. He does not think Strauss is in any way important to the conduct of American foreign policy' (Alterman, n. d. ; Orwin, 2005). (401-402).
Professor Albert Wohlstetter, who had studied mathematics with Wolfowitz's father at Columbia, and who directed Paul Wolfowitz's research at the University of Chicago,[9][18] instilled in his students the importance of maintaining the supremacy of the United States through advanced weaponry. Albert Wohlstetter (born 1913 died January 10, 1997) was a major intellectual force behind efforts to avoid the horizontal spread of Nuclear weapons. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and [19] Wohlstetter feared that plutonium produced as a by-product of U. S. -sponsored nuclear-powered desalination plants to be built near the Israeli-Egyptian border could be used in a nuclear weapons program. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for his students Wolfowitz and Wilson, as well as Richard Perle to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson. This is about the conservative official and lobbyist for the liberal author see Rick Perlstein. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Paul Henry Nitze ( January 16 1907 &ndash October 19 2004) was a high-ranking United States government official who helped shape Dean Gooderham Acheson ( April 11, 1893 — October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer as United States
From 1970 to 1972, Wolfowitz taught in the Department of Political Science at Yale University, where one of his students was I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby. Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby (born August 22 1950) is a former Assistant to the President of the United States, George W [20]
In 1972, Wolfowitz earned a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, writing his doctoral dissertation on "nuclear proliferation in the Middle East". "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of Nuclear weapons, fissile material and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [21]
Career
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
In the 1970s Wolfowitz served as an aide to Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, who influenced several neoconservatives, including Wolfowitz and Richard Perle. Team B was a competitive analysis exercise commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1970s to analyze threats the Soviet Union posed to the The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism This is about the conservative official and lobbyist for the liberal author see Rick Perlstein. Jackson "was the quintessential 'Cold War liberal. Cold War liberal was a term most commonly used in the United States during the Cold War to describe politicians who despite their generally liberal outlook ' He was an outspoken and influential advocate of increased military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and the labor movement. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 "[22]
In 1972 U.S. President Richard Nixon, under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and replaced him with Fred Ikle. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA was established as an independent agency by the Arms Control and Disarmament Act (75 Stat Dr Fred Charles Iklé (born August 21, 1924) is a Distinguished Scholar with the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Ikle brought in a new team including Wolfowitz. Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
Under President Gerald Ford, the American intelligence agencies had come under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President National Intelligence Estimates ( NIEs) are United States federal government documents that are the authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence According to Mann: "The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A. and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissinger's policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s " In an attempt to counter these claims, the newly appointed Director of Central Intelligence, George H.W. Bush authorized the formation of a committee of anti-Communist experts, headed by Richard Pipes, to reassess the raw data. The Office of United States Director of Central Intelligence (DCI was established by U George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Richard Edgar Pipes (born July 11, 1923) is an American historian who specializes in Russian history, particularly with respect to the history of the Richard Pipes picked Wolfowitz, to serve on this committee, which came to be known as Team B: "'Richard Perle recommended him,' Pipes says of Wolfowitz today [2003, as quoted by Tanenhaus]. Team B was a competitive analysis exercise commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1970s to analyze threats the Soviet Union posed to the This is about the conservative official and lobbyist for the liberal author see Rick Perlstein. 'I'd never heard of him. '"[23]
The team's report, delivered in 1976 and quickly leaked to the press, stated that "All the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the 'worldwide triumph of socialism,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony," highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had got it wrong. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later:
The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets' observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable. [24]
The work of Team B, the accuracy of its conclusions, and its effects on U.S. military policies remain controversial. Team B was a competitive analysis exercise commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1970s to analyze threats the Soviet Union posed to the The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States [20][25][26]
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs
In 1977, during the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Wolfowitz moved to The Pentagon. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. He was employed as U. S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the U.S. Defense Department, under then U.S. Secretary of Defense Harold Brown. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Harold Brown (born September 19, 1927) American scientist was U
In early 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and went to work as a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. According to the Washington Post; "He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D "[27]
State Department Director of Policy Planning
In 1980, following the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the newly appointed U.S. National Security Advisor Richard V. Allen put together the administration's foreign policy advisory team. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Richard Vincent Allen (born 1936 was the United States National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1982 Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz’s appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague John Lehman, Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department. John F Lehman Jr (born September 14, 1942) is an American Investment banker and Writer who served as Secretary of the The Director of Policy Planning is the United States Department of State official in charge of the Department's internal think tank the Policy Planning Staff.
President Reagan’s foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeanne Kirkpatrick entitled "Dictatorships and Double Standards". The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was a political Doctrine expounded by United States of America Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick Commentary is an American monthly Magazine covering Politics, International affairs, Judaism, and social cultural Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926 &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent
Although most governments in the world are, as they always have been, autocracies of one kind or another, no idea hold greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime, anywhere, under any circumstances. . . . (But) decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits.
Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President James Mann points out: "quite a few neo-conservatives, like Wolfowitz, believed strongly in democratic ideals; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a 'tyrant. Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical '" Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft to Saudi Arabia. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi "In both instances," according to Mann, "Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. "
Mann stresses: "It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National " After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 70s, U. S. policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Chinese were now pushing for the U. S. to end arms sales to Taiwan, and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissinger's foreign policy toward China. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Instead, Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy, claiming that the U. S. did not need China’s assistance but that the Chinese needed the U. S. to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland. Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig, who had been Kissinger’s assistant at the time of the visits to China. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U On March 30, 1982, The New York Times predicted that "Paul D. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Wolfowitz, the director of policy planning . . . will be replaced," because "Mr. Haig found Mr. Wolfowitz too theoretical. " Instead, on June 25, 1982, George Schultz replaced Haig as U. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U S. Secretary of State, and Wolfowitz was promoted.
State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
In 1982 the new U.S. Secretary of State George Schultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U The Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs is the head of the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs within the United States
Jeane Kirkpatrick, on a visit to the Philippines, had been eagerly welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagan’s policy toward Marcos. Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926 &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 Commentary is an American monthly Magazine covering Politics, International affairs, Judaism, and social cultural Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the U.S. military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station. Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr ( November 27, 1932 – August 21 Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States Clark Air Base is a former United States Air Force base on Luzon Island in the Philippines, located 3 miles west of Angeles City, about 40 miles US Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair supply and rest and recreation facility of the United States Navy located in Zambales, Philippines Wolfowitz tried to re-orient the administration’s policy, stating in an April 15, 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that "The best antidote to Communism is democracy. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) "
In pursuance of this policy Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders but the approach was still very soft. Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby (born August 22 1950) is a former Assistant to the President of the United States, George W The City of Manila
Mann points out that "the Reagan administration’s decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant, messy, crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations. " Following massive street protests, Marcos fled the country on a U. S. Air Force plane and the U. S. recognized the government of Corazón Aquino. María Corazón Cojuangco-Aquino (born María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco on January 25, 1933) widely known as Cory Aquino, was the 11th
Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia
From 1986 to 1989, "during the military-backed government of former President Suharto," Wolfowitz was the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding This article contains several lists of Ambassadors from the United States. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. [28] According to Peter J. Boyer, in his New Yorker profile of Wolfowitz,
Wolfowitz’s appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world, an advocate of democracy in Suharto's dictatorship. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. But Wolfowitz’s tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely owing to the fact that, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned the language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta. (3)[2]
Sipress and Nakashima report that "Wolfowitz's colleagues and friends, both Indonesian and American" pointed to the "U. S. envoy's quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia. "[29] According to the Associated Press, however, in their opposition to Wolfowitz's later appointment to the presidency of the World Bank, "Analysts in Indonesia . The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic . . say the candidate has a poor track record in other areas crucial to the World Bank, such as fighting graft and respect for human rights. "[28] While Dewi Fortuna Anwar, "a former foreign policy adviser to B J Habibie, Suharto's successor as head of state" (1998–1999), agreed with others "that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy," saying, "'He was extremely able and very much admired and well-liked on a personal level,'" Anwar qualified that, adding: "'but he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (born June 25, 1936) more commonly known simply as Rudi Habibie or B J Habibie, was the third President of Indonesia '"[28] The head of the Indonesian National Human Rights Commission, Abdul Hakim Garuda Nusantara, "who at the time headed the Legal Aid Institute Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBHI)] that defended dissidents and sought to free political prisoners" elaborated: "'Of all former U. Most liberal democracies consider that it is necessary to provide some level of legal aid to persons otherwise unable to afford legal representation A ABRI ( Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia) - Military of Indonesia (New Order Era AMD ( ABRI Masuk Desa) - A social A dissident, broadly defined is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine policy or institution S. ambassadors, he was considered closest to and most influential with Suharto and his family, but he never showed interest in issues regarding democratization or respect of human rights. Wolfowitz never once visited our offices. I also never heard him publicly mention corruption, not once. '"[28] Anwar generalized further about Wolfowitz's tenure: "'at the time, Washington didn't care too much about human rights and democracy; it was still the Cold War and they were only concerned about fighting communism. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the '"[28] As Suzanne Goldenberg observes,
some who acknowledge his popularity also discount the argument that Wolfowitz used his influence as an envoy to press for change. . . . "It is really too much to claim that he played any kind of role in leading Indonesia to democracy," says Jeffrey Winters, an expert on Indonesia at Chicago's Northwestern University, who was in the country at the time. . . . "The real record when you dig into it is that he was very slow to respond to Indonesia's movement for democracy. Indonesia's citizens across the spectrum had been struggling against authoritarian rule. They had been tortured. They had been jailed. They had been ruined in various ways, and the Wolfowitz embassy didn't speak up for them - not once. . . . He adds: "He had his chance, and he toed the Reagan hawkish line. " The World Bank will be watching for far more than that from Wolfowitz. [8]
After Suharto was "ousted in 1998 by pro-democracy protests," according to the AP, Wolfowitz himself stated that the former president was guilty "'of suppressing political dissent, of weakening alternative leaders and of showing favoritism to his children's business deals, frequently at the expense of sound economic policy'. "[28] Opposing Wolfowitz's World Bank appointment, Binny Buchori, Director of the International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development ("a coalition of 100 agencies promoting democracy in Indonesia"), told the AP that Wolfowitz "'went to East Timor and saw abuses going on, but then kept quiet. '"[28] While, "during his 32-year reign, Suharto, his family and his military and business cronies transformed Indonesia into one of the most graft-ridden countries in the world, plundering an estimated $30 billion . . . Wolfowitz [Buchori said] 'never alluded to any concerns about the level of corruption or the need for more transparency. . . . '"[28]
Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitz's tenure told Alan Sipress and Ellen Nakashima of The Washington Post that he "took a keen personal interest in development, including health care, agriculture and private sector expansion" and that "Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suharto's family, which had an ownership interest in the country's only flour mill, was indirectly benefiting. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D "[29]
In "The Tragedy of Suharto", published in May 1998, in The Wall Street Journal, Wolfowitz states:
Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asia's present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values, it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting, of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers. But the greed of Mr. Suharto's children ensured that their father would take the lion's share of the blame for Indonesia's financial collapse. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding The Suharto children's favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence. Worst of all, they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well. That he allowed this, and that he amassed such wealth himself, is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life. [30]
After the 2002 Bali bombing, on October 18, 2002, according to Scott Burchill, a Lecturer in International Relations, at the School of Social and International Studies, Deakin University, then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that "'the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone. The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Deakin University is an Australian public University with around 33600 Higher education students studying as of 2007 '"[31]
Undersecretary of Defense for Policy
From 1989 to 1993, Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H.W. Bush as Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, under then U.S. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The Under Secretary of Defense for Policy is the title of a high-level civilian official in the United States Department of Defense. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States.
During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Wolfowitz’s team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy, raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation. Wolfowitz was present with Cheney, Colin Powell and others, on 27 February 1991 at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
On February 25, 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that "the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was, unfortunately, lost in the month right after the war. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) "[32] Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as "Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him, while American fighter pilots flew overhead, desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters, and not allowed to do so. " During that hearing, he also stated: "Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days, we might have got rid of [Saddam Hussein]. "
After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Wolfowitz Doctrine to "set the nation’s direction for the next century. Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby (born August 22 1950) is a former Assistant to the President of the United States, George W " At that time the official administration line was "containment", and the contents of Wolfowitz’s plan calling for "preemption" and "unilateralism" which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush. Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992.
After the election of U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1992, Wolfowitz left government until 2000. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States During the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush, from 2000 to 2007, many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine became part of what is called the Bush Doctrine. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various related Foreign policy principles of United States president George W
Out of office
- See main article: Project for the New American Century
From 1994 to 2001, Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the university's endowment, developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum, and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department. Drawing upon his political and defense experience, he also served as a foreign policy advisor to Bob Dole on the 1996 U.S. Presidential election campaign. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice
According to Kampfner, "Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision. " Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century (PNAC); he signed both the PNAC's June 3, 1997 "Statement of Principles",[33] which begins by stating:
American foreign and defense policy is adrift. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D Conservatives have criticized the incoherent policies of the Clinton Administration. They have also resisted isolationist impulses from within their own ranks. But conservatives have not confidently advanced a strategic vision of America's role in the world. . . . We aim to change this. We aim to make the case and rally support for American global leadership.
and its January 26, 1998 "open letter to President Bill Clinton", which begins by stating: "We are writing you because we are convinced that current American policy toward Iraq is not succeeding, and that we may soon face a threat in the Middle East more serious than any we have known since the end of the Cold War. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the "[34]
In February 1998 Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing, stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to "liberate ourselves, our friends and allies in the region, and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 "[35] In his testimony, he lamented the decision at the end of the 1991 Persian Gulf War to call for a ceasefire before attempting to achieve those goals. Wolfowitz urged the administration to support Iraqi opposition groups, in particular the INC of Ahmed Chalabi with arms, intelligence and financing as a way of overthrowing the current regime without risking American troops. The Iraqi National Congress ( INC) is an umbrella Iraqi opposition group led by Ahmed Chalabi.
In September 2000 the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century, advocating the redeployment of U. S. troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect U. S. interests abroad. [36] During the 2000 U.S. Presidential election campaign, Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States The Vulcans is a nickname used to refer to Republican Presidential candidate George W [37]
Deputy Secretary of Defense
From 2001 to 2005, during the George W. Bush administration, Wolfowitz served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The United States Deputy Secretary of Defense is the second-highest ranking official in the United States Department of Defense. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President
The terrorist attacks of 9-11 was a turning point in administration policy, as Wolfowitz later explained: "9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call," adding: "if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11, and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously, we will have made a very big mistake. The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state Terrorism. "[38]
In the first emergency meeting of the U.S. National Security Council on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn’t we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according to John Kampfner, "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case. The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National John Kampfner is a British Journalist who was editor of the weekly political magazine the New Statesman between 2005 and 2008 " The idea was initially rejected, at the behest of U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Powell was excluded. " In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine, centering on "pre-emption", American unilateralism, and the war on Iraq, which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters. The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various related Foreign policy principles of United States president George W Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D [39]
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U. S. had to deal immediately with the threat of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [39] The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Victory was declared on March 6, 2002. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Just under a month later, on October 10, 2001, George Robertson, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops, planes and ships to assist. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the contemporary politician For the president of the Court of Session see James Robertson Baron Robertson George The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The North Atlantic Treaty Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: "We can do everything we need to. " Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, "that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern. "
Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital, Kabul, and met with the new president Hamid Karzai. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December Wolfowitz stated, "We’re clearly moving into a different phase, where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction. There’s no way to go too fast. Faster is better. " Despite the promises, according to Hersh, "little effort to provide the military and economic resources" necessary for reconstruction was made. [39] This criticism would also re-occur after the U.S. invasion of Iraq later that year. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia [39]
On April 16, 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to oppose US pressure on the government of Ariel Sharon. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. (אריאל Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend, speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with According to Matthew Engel in The Guardian, the administration had exposed itself to being momentarily characterised as anti-Israel, which would have meant losing votes and financial support. Matthew Engel is a British writer and editor who began his career in 1972 The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. [40] As reported by the BBC, Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W. Bush "wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you". The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. [41] Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that "Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA is an international News agency serving Jewish community Newspapers and media around the world It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact," before being booed and drowned out by chants of "No more Arafat. "[42] According to Engel this may have been a turning point that saw a return to a more pro-Israeli position within the administration as Bush feared being outflanked on the right. [40]
Following the declaration of victory in Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U According to John Kampfner, "Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan, they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets, from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia. John Kampfner is a British Journalist who was editor of the weekly political magazine the New Statesman between 2005 and 2008 Wolfowitz epitomised this view. " Wolfowitz "saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions. " The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. [39]
Prior to the invasion, Wolfowitz had a plan to sell the war to the administration as well as the general public, as he later stated: "For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e "[43][13][12][44][45][46]
The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking. " As a result "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans (OSP) based in the U.S. Defense Department. The Office of Special Plans (OSP which existed from September 2002 to June 2003 was a Pentagon unit created by Paul Wolfowitz and Douglas Feith, and The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government " According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The "[39]
Within months of being set-up, the OSP "rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagon’s Defense Intelligence Agency, the DIA, as President Bush’s main source of intelligence regarding Iraq’s possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda. " Hersh explains that the OSP "relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress, or I. The Iraqi National Congress ( INC) is an umbrella Iraqi opposition group led by Ahmed Chalabi. N. C. , the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi. " According to Kampfner, the CIA had ended its funding of the I. N. C. "in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabi’s reliability. " Nevertheless "as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam, Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon" under the auspices of the OSP, and "Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabi’s information. " The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration "fixing intelligence to support policy" with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act. The War Powers Act of 1973 ( also referred to as the War Powers Resolution is a resolution of the Congress of The United States of America that stated that the President of [39]
Kampfner outlined Wolfowitz’s strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which "envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops, to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabi’s Iraqi National Congress. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia The Iraqi National Congress ( INC) is an umbrella Iraqi opposition group led by Ahmed Chalabi. " Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment, Hersh explains, because "any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq, and that it would quickly expand. "[39] The financial expenditure would be kept low, Kampfner observes, if "under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra, in the South, and sell the oil to finance the opposition. "
During Wolfowitz's pre-war testimony before Congress, he dismissed General Eric K. Shinseki's estimates of the size of the post war occupation force as incorrect and estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in the war. General Eric Ken Shinseki (born November 28, 1942) was the 34th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1999 - 2003 Two days after Shinseki testified, Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27, 2003:
There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently, such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U. S. troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq, are wildly off the mark. It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddam's security forces and his army—hard to imagine. [39]
On October 26, 2003, while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets slammed into the floors below his room blowing out the windows and frames. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The Al-Rashid Hotel ( Arabic,فندق الرشيد is an 18-story Hotel in Baghdad, Iraq, favored by Journalists and media [47] Army Lt. Col. Charles H. Buehring was killed and seventeen others soldiers were wounded. [48] Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28, 2003. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
President of the World Bank
In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media. [49] Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said: "'The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American Economist and a professor at Columbia University. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world. '"[50] In a speech at the U. N. Economic and Social Council, economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz: "It's time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development. Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954, in Detroit Michigan) is an American Economist and Director of the Earth Institute This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives . . . Let's have a proper leadership of professionalism. "[51]
In the U. S. there was some praise for the nomination. An editorial in The Wall Street Journal states: "Mr. Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power . . . he saw earlier than most, and spoke publicly about, the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions. It is the world's dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty. If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world, it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 "[52]
He was confirmed and became president on June 1, 2005. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa. The 31st G8 summit was held from July 6 to July 8 2005 at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7, 2005 London bombings, Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to
Several of Wolfowitz's initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial, including two US nationals (Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems) formerly with the Bush administration, whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts. [53] Another appointee, Juan José Daboub was criticized by his colleagues and others for attempts to change policies on family planning and climate change towards a conservative line. Juan José Daboub, PhD joined the World Bank on June 28 2006 He is the Managing Director who is currently responsible for the Bank’s operations in 89 countries (in "[54][55]
Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues. Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards, he traveled widely in the region. He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption. Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy. Overturning the names produced by a formal search process, he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Bank's internal watchdog. Member countries worried that Wolfowitz's willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests. In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Bank's 2006 Annual Meetings, shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders' representatives on the Bank's Board would play a key role. Following the consultations and revisions, the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007. [3]
Recent controversies
Wolfowitz's economic arguments pertaining to the Iraq War
On March 27, 2003, Wolfowitz told a Congressional panel that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraq's reconstruction after the Iraq war; he testified: "The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Now, there are a lot of claims on that money, but . . . We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon. ”[56][57][5] By March 2005, two years later, oil revenues were not paying for the occupation and reconstruction of Iraq, Wolfowitz's estimation of 50 to 100 billion US dollars had not materialized, and, in light of his miscalculation, detractors criticized his appointment to head of the World Bank. [58]
Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza
After President George W. Shaha Ali Riza, ( شاها علي رضا) (born 1953 or 1954 is a World Bank staffer who is currently on external assignment Bush's nomination of Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank, journalists reported that Wolfowitz had become involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer (and Acting Manager of External Affairs) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Shaha Ali Riza, ( شاها علي رضا) (born 1953 or 1954 is a World Bank staffer who is currently on external assignment [59] According to Richard Leiby, of The Washington Post, Riza is "an Oxford-educated British citizen, was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi She's known for her expertise on women's rights and has been listed on the bank's Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. "[60] According to Leiby and Linton Weeks, in their essay "In the Shadow of a Scandal", Riza's employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitz's nomination as Bank president: "Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999"; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well:
In the early 1990s, Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organization's Middle East program. The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a US Non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 to promote Democracy by providing cash The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Wolfowitz was on the endowment's board—which is how Riza first met him, according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar, a friend of the couple. Cengiz Çandar (born 1948 is a Turkish Journalist and a former War correspondent. "Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married," Candar recalled, and it wasn't until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years, Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating. Clare Selgin Wolfowitz (born November 1945 is an expert on Indonesian Anthropology. "[60][17]
When Wolfowitz was being considered for head of the CIA immediately after the 2000 election, Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husband's relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk. [61][62] It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter. Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby (born August 22 1950) is a former Assistant to the President of the United States, George W [63] Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote:
| “ | This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret, although a former high official of the CIA told me about it. Sidney Blumenthal (born November 6, 1948) is a former aide to President Bill Clinton and a widely published American journalist especially on American Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected, nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter: "A certain Ms. Chris Nelson is the Secretary of State of South Dakota. Role in Possible Replacement of U Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Riza was even then Wolfowitz's true love. The problem for the CIA wasn't just that she was a foreign national, although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment. The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else, and that someone was really angry about it, and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President. So when we, with our characteristic innocence, put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA, we were instantly told, by a very, very, very senior Republican foreign policy operative, 'I don't think so. ' It was then gently explained why, purely on background, of course. Why Wolfowitz's personal issues weren't also a disqualification for DOD we've never heard. " The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wife's letter at the time that Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005. Asked about it by the newspaper, Clare Wolfowitz did not deny it, saying, "That's very interesting but not something I can tell you about. "[64] | ” |
According to the profile of Wolfowitz published in the London Sunday Times on March 20, 2005, despite their cultural differences, "Riza, an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a 'Zionist conspiracy' of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington . The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism . . [and who] works as the bank’s senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa . . . not only shares Wolfowitz’s passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world, but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Hussein’s oppressive regime. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 "[15]
The reported relationship created further controversy concerning Wolfowitz’s nomination to head the World Bank, because the organization's own ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager, even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision. Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, in The Daily Mail, quote one World Bank employee's statement that "Unless Riza gives up her job, this will be an impossible conflict of interest"; the observation of "a Washington insider": "His womanizing has come home to roost . . . Paul was a foreign policy hawk long before he met Shaha, but it doesn't look good to be accused of being under the thumb of your mistress"; and Wolfowitz's response: "If a personal relationship presents a potential conflict of interest, I will comply with Bank policies to resolve the issue. "[16]
Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Bank's Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza, but the committee rejected that proposal. [65] Riza was "seconded to the State Department", or placed on "external assignment," assigned "a job at the state department under Liz Cheney, the daughter of the vice-president, promoting democracy in the Middle East . Elizabeth Cheney Perry (born July 28, 1966) is an American Attorney. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death . . "[66] She "was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career," resulting in a raise of over $60,000, as well as guarantees of future increases; "The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines. "[66][67] A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation. [68] According to Steven R. Weisman, however, in a report published in The New York Times, the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza. [69] Wolfowitz refers to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in his recent statement posted on the website of the World Bank (April 12, 2007). Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [70]
Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group
Beginning early in 2007, Fox News published on its website a series of investigative stories on the World Bank, based in part on leaks to Fox of internal bank documents. [71]
On April 11, 2007, Reuters and Al Kamen, in his column in The Washington Post, reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Williams & Connolly LLP is a prominent litigation firm based in Washington D [72][73] Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet, dated April 9, 2007, in which the World Bank's general counsel, Ana Palacio, states that the Bank's legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27, 2007. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Richard Behar is an award-winning Investigative journalist who has written on the staffs of leading magazines including Forbes, Time Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [74] A day after the second report published by Behar, on March 28, 2007, Kamen had disclosed that "Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project" documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza[75]
On April 12, 2007 the London Financial Times reported that, in a 2005 memorandum, Wolfowitz had personally directed the Bank's human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion, according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Shaha Ali Riza, ( شاها علي رضا) (born 1953 or 1954 is a World Bank staffer who is currently on external assignment Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. [76] The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents publicly released by the bank on April 14, 2007. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [76]
On April 14, 2007, after reviewing the 102-page document package, the Financial Times concluded that it was "a potentially fatal blow" to Wolfowitz. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [76] In contrast, Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a "new lifeline" in the scandal, because the Bank's ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee. [77]
Media speculations about Wolfowitz quitting his position as president of the World Bank intensified on April 19, 2007 after his failure to attend a high-profile meeting. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [78] The controversy about Wolfowitz's girlfriend Shaha Riza led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons "in a display of defiance against his leadership. In Symbolism, blue ribbon is a term used to describe something of high quality "[79]
World Bank Group's board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America Family planning is frequently used to mean that people plan when to have children using Birth control, preconceptional counseling. According to Nicole Gaouette, in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19, 2007, Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change[55] and "a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party"—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Juan José Daboub, PhD joined the World Bank on June 28 2006 He is the Managing Director who is currently responsible for the Bank’s operations in 89 countries (in [54]
On May 14, 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported (in part):
- "Mr. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Wolfowitz's contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest, real or apparent, were violated";
- "The salary increase Ms. Riza received at Mr. Wolfowitz's direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6. 01";
- "The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality, Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution"; and
- "He did not accept the bank's policy on conflict of interest, so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head. "[80]
Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Group's board of executive directors to respond on Tuesday, May 15, 2007, and, the following day, on Wednesday, May 16, in another board meeting, its executive directors would "consider the report and make a statement later in the week. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. " Adams speculates that "With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down, the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate. Members have discussed a range of options, including sacking Mr Wolfowitz, issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him. Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job. "[81] If the World Bank's board of directors "votes him out," according to Michael Hirsh, in the May 21, 2007 issue of Newsweek, he would be "the first president dismissed in [its] 62-year history . Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. . . "[82] By mid-afternoon, Wednesday, May 16, 2007, The New York Times, reported that "after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president . Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. . . Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation, in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct . . . "[83] After recent expressions from the Bush administration that it "fully" supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a "fair hearing" for him, President Bush expressed "regret" at Wolfowitz's impending resignation. [84]
On May 17, 2007, in a statement published on its website, the World Bank Group's board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007; their statement is followed by a statement from Wolfowitz about his tenure as president and his hopes for the World Bank's future success. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [6] [85]
Wolfowitz in the media and pop culture
In his 2002 profile of Wolfowitz in The New York Times, Eric Schmitt describes Wolfowitz as a "lightning rod" for President George W. Bush[11]
Prior to Wolfowitz's nomination to the World Bank, as cited in media profiles of him, in Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet (New York: Viking, 2004), James Mann described him as "the most influential underling in Washington. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. James Mann (1946- is senior writer-in-residence at the Centre for Strategic International Studies (CSIS Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. "[8] According to Goldenberg, as well as various other sources, "A former colleague says[,] "Hawk doesn't do him justice. What about velociraptor?"[8][86]
In his book review of Rise of the Vulcans, Martin Sieff views Mann's portrayal of Wolfowitz as disappointing in its uncritical omissions and departures from reality. [37]
For Rosh Hashana 2003 (5764), The Jerusalem Post named Paul Wolfowitz its inaugural "Man of the Year. Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה literally "head of the year" Biblical: ˈɾoʃ haʃːɔˈnɔh Israeli haʃaˈna Yiddish: hɑˈʃɔnə is a Jewish The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 "[87]
In June 2004, as reported on the MSNBC television program Deborah Norville Tonight, Tom Clancy asked about Paul Wolfowitz: "Is he really on our side?", narrating the context: "I sat in on—I was in the Pentagon in '01 for a red team operation and he came in and briefed us. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Deborah Norville (born August 8, 1958 in Dalton Georgia) is an American television broadcaster and journalist Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength And after the brief, I just thought, is he really on our side? Sorry. "[88]
Journalist and polemicist Christopher Hitchens stated in an interview with Johann Hari published on September 23, 2004: "The thing that would most surprise people about Wolfowitz if they met him is that he's a real bleeding heart. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Building christening and commissioning The Ronald Reagan was the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American Johann Hari (born January 21, 1979) is a British Journalist and Writer. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "[89]
Bloomberg News reported on March 24, 2005 that Malaysian politician Anwar Ibrahim, Wolfowitz's longtime friend, had said in an interview that Wolfowitz "passionately believes in freedom and understands the issues of poverty, environment degradation, living conditions and health issues which (are) very much a World Bank agenda. Bloomberg Television is a network that airs Business and Financial news 24 hours a day and is distributed globally on ten separate channels Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dato' Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim (born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian politician who served as Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998 Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and "[90]
According to Sipress and Nakashima, reporting in the The Washington Post several days later, Abdurrahman Wahid, Indonesia's first democratically-elected president after the fall of Suharto, "was so taken by Wolfowitz's 1989 speech that he asked to be introduced. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Abdurrahman Wahid (also known as Gus Dur) (born September 7 1940 is an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President . . that they became friends and he remains proud of that relationship today despite differences over the U.S. invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Wahid was impeached by his political rivals in 2001 but remains highly influential. "[29]
On April 6, 2005, after Wolfowitz was appointed to the World Bank, the East Timor Action Network (ETAN) quoted East Timorese Nobel Peace Prize-winner José Ramos-Horta's comment that "Those who have suspicions and reservations should not have them because Wolfowitz is very humane and sensitive. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor José Manuel Ramos-Horta ( Portuguese: ʒu'zɛ 'ʁɐmuz 'oɾtɐ GCL (born 26 December 1949) is the second President "[91]
In his article about Wolfowitz's problems as president of the World Bank Group, published in The New Statesman on May 15, 2006, for which he interviewed Bank "insiders", Robert Calderisi, who "worked at the World Bank from 1979 to 2002," wonders whether Wolfowitz is "The Worst Man in the World?", concluding "most insiders believe the bank is becoming the very caricature of a US-dominated, ideological agency that they have always denied it was. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic For the current affairs magazine see New Statesman. For other uses see New Statesmen. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Its critics may feel vindicated, but friends of international development will worry that the Europeans - who are the largest providers of aid to poor countries - will lose confidence in using the bank as an objective channel. Or they may bide their time and decide that Paul Wolfowitz will be the last US-appointed president of the World Bank. "[92]
In May 2007, as a result of the controversy about his leadership of the World Bank Group, according to Washington Post op-ed columnist Sebastian Mallaby, Wolfowitz became involved in an "endgame" both for his career and for the institution of the World Bank itself. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic [93]
Immortal Technique talks about Wolfowitz in his song One Remix where he says "Paul Wolfowitz motherfucker I'll see you in hell. Felipe Coronel, better known as Immortal Technique, is a Hip hop MC and political activist "[94]
Wolfowitz found public prominence through his involvement in the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, criticized in Fahrenheit 9/11, the film by Michael Moore. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Fahrenheit 9/11 is an award-winning 2004 Documentary Film by American filmmaker Michael Moore which takes a critical look Michael Francis Moore (born April 23 1954 is an Academy Award -winning American filmmaker author and liberal Political commentator. According to Suzanne Goldenberg's profile of Wolfowitz published in The Guardian, "one of the most indelible moments of the film . The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. . . is when Paul Wolfowitz . . . puts a generous dollop of spit on his comb before smoothing his hair for a television appearance. "[8] She describes Wolfowitz as the "intellectual high priest of the Bush administration's hawks. "[8]
Wolfowitz is featured in the Autumn 2004 BBC Two television documentary film series The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear, directed by Adam Curtis, which compares the rise of the American neoconservatives and radical Islamists, arguing that there are close connections between them, that some popular beliefs about these groups are inaccurate, and that both movements have benefited from exaggerating the scale of the terrorist threat, inflating a myth of a dangerous enemy in order to draw people to support them. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by Adam Curtis (born 1955 is a British Television documentary maker who has during the course of his television career worked as a writer producer Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only [95]
On 30 January 2007, after his visit to Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey, news media released photographs of Paul Wolfowitz's socks, which had holes in them. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Selimiye Mosque ( Turkish: Selimiye Camii) is a Mosque in the city of Edirne, Turkey. Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [96] A few days later, Today's Zaman announced that the Turkish Hosiery Manufacturers' Association sent him twelve pairs of socks. Today's Zaman is a Turkish daily newspaper. Founded on January 16 2007, it is the third English-language daily newspaper in [97]
See also
- American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
- Full-spectrum dominance
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA)
- Joint Vision 2020
- Neoconservatism
- Project for the New American Century
- Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors
- Wolfowitz Doctrine
- World Bank Group
Notes
- ^ Zachary A. The American Israel Public Affairs Committee ( AIPAC) is an American Lobbying group that advocates for pro- Israel policies to the Congress and Full-spectrum dominance is a military concept whereby a joint military structure achieves control over all elements of the battlespace using land, air, maritime The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA is a Washington D Joint Vision 2020 was a document released on May 30, 2000, by the United States Department of Defense proclaiming the need for " Full-spectrum Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (TWI known informally as WINEP is a Washington DC-based Think tank which concerns itself with U The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic Goldfarb, "Wolfowitz Joins Think Tank as Visiting Scholar", online posting, The New Yorker, July 3, 2007, accessed July 3, 2007. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c Peter J. Boyer, "The Believer: Paul Wolfowitz Defends His War", online posting, The New Yorker, November 1, 2004, accessed June 20, 2007 (7 pages). The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g John Cassidy, "The Next Crusade: Paul Wolfowitz at the World Bank", online posting, The New Yorker, April 9, 2007, accessed May 7, 2007. John Cassidy is an English business journalist of Irish descent The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Cf. Amy Goodman, "Bush Names Iraq War Architect Paul Wolfowitz to Head World Bank", transcript, Democracy Now!, March 17, 2005, accessed May 17, 2007. Amy Goodman (born April 13 1957 in Bay Shore / New York) is an American broadcast journalist, Syndicated columnist and Author Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Cf. Ibrahim Warde, "Iraq: Looter's License", 16-22 in America's Gulag: Full Spectrum Dominance Versus Universal Human Rights, ed. Ken Coates (London: Spokesman Books, 2004), ISBN 0851246915. Ken Coates (born 1930 is a British politician and writer He chairs the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation and edits The Spokesman, the BRPF magazine
- ^ a b "Statements of Executive Directors and President Wolfowitz", World Bank Group, May 17, 2007, accessed May 17, 2007. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Matthew Jones, "Wolfowitz Exit Seen Clearing Way for Progress", Reuters (UK), May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g Suzanne Goldenberg, "Guardian Profile: Paul Wolfowitz", The Guardian, April 1, 2005, accessed May 1, 2007. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i David Dudley, "Paul's Choice", Cornell Alumni Magazine Online 107. 1 (July/August 2004), accessed May 17, 2007. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Shelemyahu Zacks, "Biographical Memories: Jacob Wolfowitz (March 19, 1910–July 16, 1981)", National Academy of Sciences, n. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science d. , accessed May 3,2007.
- ^ a b c d e Eric Schmitt, "The Busy Life of Being a Lightning Rod for Bush", The New York Times, April 22, 2002, accessed March 24, 2008. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b "U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript" of telephone interview of Paul Wolfowitz, conducted by Sam Tanenhaus, "Presenter: Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz", press release, United States Department of Defense, May 9, 2003, accessed May 2, 2007. Sam Tanenhaus (born October 31, 1955) is an American author historian and biographer The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ["Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Interview with Sam Tannenhaus [sic], Vanity Fair. "]
- ^ a b Sam Tanenhaus, "Bush's Brain Trust", "(George W. Bush, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz, Weekly Standard Editor William Kristol, former Pentagon official Richard Perle)", Vanity Fair July 2003, AccessMyLibrary, July 1, 2003, accessed May 1, 2007. Sam Tanenhaus (born October 31, 1955) is an American author historian and biographer George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. William Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American political analyst and commentator This is about the conservative official and lobbyist for the liberal author see Rick Perlstein. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. AccessMyLibrarycom is a web based Federated search product produced by Gale (Cengage, which prefers to market the product as a " Search engine "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Associated Press, "Paul Wolfowitz '65 Sparks Controversy at World Bank", Cornell Daily Sun, April 17, 2007, accessed May 19, 2007. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio The Cornell Daily Sun is an independent daily Newspaper published in Ithaca New York by students at Cornell University. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Profile: Paul Wolfowitz: Hawk with a Lot of Loot Needs a Bit of Lady Luck", The Sunday Times, March 20, 2005, accessed April 18, 2007. The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, "Will a British Divorcee Cost 'Wolfie' His Job?" The Daily Mail, March 20, 2005, accessed April 14, 2007. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Linton Weeks and Richard Leiby, "In the Shadow of a Scandal", The Washington Post, May 10, 2007, accessed May 10, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (Page 2 of 3 pages. )
- ^ Alterman, as cited in Richard H. King, "Intellectuals and the State: The Case of the Straussians", Comparative American Studies 4. 4 (2006): 395-408 (402), accessed June 5, 2007. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Alain Frachon and Daniel Vernet, "The Strategist and the Philosopher", trans. Mark K. Jensen, orig. published in French as "Le stratège et le philosophe", Le Monde, April 15, 2003, online posting, Information Clearing House, April 15, 2003, accessed May 22, 2007; cf. Le Monde (The World is a Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "The Strategist and the Philosopher: Leo Strauss and Albert Wohlstetter", trans. (for CounterPunch) Norman Madarasz, online posting, CounterPunch, June 2, 2003, accessed May 22, 2007
- ^ a b "Profile: Paul Wolfowitz, Right Web (International Relations Center), updated April 19, 2007, accessed May 21, 2007. CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The International Relations Center (IRC formerly Interhemispheric Resource Center is an American " Policy studies institute" based in Silver City Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Wolfowitz, Paul. "Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting. " Diss. University of Chicago, 1972.
- ^ Kit Oldham, "Cyberpedia Library: Jackson, Henry M. 'Scoop' (1912–1983): HistoryLink.org Essay 5516", historylink. org (The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History), August 19, 2003, accessed May 17, 2007. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Sam Tanenhaus, "The Hard Liner:
- ^ Qtd. by Jack Davis, "The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty: Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence-Policy Relations", Studies in Intelligence 39. 5 (1996): 35-42, accessed May 21, 2007. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ("Jack Davis served in the Directorate of Intelligence. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all ") [Corrected title. ]
- ^ "Profile: Richard Pipes", Right Web (International Relations Center), last updated December 12, 2003, accessed May 21, 2007. The International Relations Center (IRC formerly Interhemispheric Resource Center is an American " Policy studies institute" based in Silver City Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Tom Barry, "A History of Threat Escalation: Remembering Team B", Right Web, International Relations Center, February 12, 2004, accessed May 21, 2007. The International Relations Center (IRC formerly Interhemispheric Resource Center is an American " Policy studies institute" based in Silver City Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Michael Dobbs, "For Wolfowitz, a Vision May Be Realized", The Washington Post,April 7, 2003, accessed April 16, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g h AP, "Indonesian Rights Groups Denounce Wolfowitz' World Bank Nomination", online posting, Alliance for Reform and Democracy in Asia, March 22, 2005, accessed June 20, 2007. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c Alan Sipress and Ellen Nakashima, "Jakarta Tenure Offers Glimpse of Wolfowitz", The Washington Post, March 28, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Paul Wolfowitz, "The Tragedy of Suharto", The Wall Street Journal, May 27, 1998, accessed April 16, 2007. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ As qtd. in Scott Burchill, "What the West Wants from Indonesia"m Z Magazine, October 1, 2003, accessed June 7, 2007. Z Communications is a media group founded in 1987 by Michael Albert and Lydia Sargent. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Transcript of hearing, Committee on International Relations, "U.S. Options in Confronting Iraq", February 25, 1998, accessed April 17, 2007. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Elliott Abrams, et al. Elliott Abrams (born January 24, 1948) is an American lawyer who has served in foreign policy positions for two Republican U , "Statement of Principles", Project for the New American Century, June 3, 1997, accessed May 27, 2007. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Elliott Abrams, et al. Elliott Abrams (born January 24, 1948) is an American lawyer who has served in foreign policy positions for two Republican U , "Open letter to President Bill Clinton," Project for the New American Century, January 26, 1998, accessed May 24, 2007. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ U. S. House Committee on International Relations, "U.S. Options in Confrtonting Iraq", February 25, 1998, accessed April 18, 2007. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century, Project for the New American Century, September 2000, accessed May 14, 2007. The Project for the New American Century (PNAC was an American neoconservative Think tank based in Washington D Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Martin Sieff, "Mission Accomplished: Bush's Brain Trust Had a Grand Plan for the Middle East. The Results Are Coming Home Every Day in Body Bags", Slate, April 8, 2004, accessed May 19, 2007. Slate is an English-language online current affairs and culture Magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript" of "Wolfowitz interview with the San Francisco Chronicle", conducted by Robert Collier, "Presenter: Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz", press release, United States Department of Defense, February 23, 2002, accessed May 26, 2007. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ["Interview with Robert Collier, San Francisco Chronicle". ]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Seymour M. Hersh, "Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence: Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Seymour (Sy Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative Journalist and Author Are they reliable?" The New Yorker, May 12, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Matthew Engel, "Bush goes to the dogs", The Guardian, April 23, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007. Matthew Engel is a British writer and editor who began his career in 1972 The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Thousands in US rally for Israel", BBC News, April 15, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger, "Speakers Stick to Consensus Theme at National Solidarity Rally for Israel", United Jewish Communities (JTA), April 15, 2002, accessed May 3, 2007. United Jewish Communities (UJC is an American Jewish Umbrella organization representing 155 Jewish Federations and 400 independent Jewish communities The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA is an international News agency serving Jewish community Newspapers and media around the world Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Qtd. in Associated Press, "Wolfowitz Comments Revive Doubts Over Iraq's WMD", USA Today, May 30, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Danny Postel, "Noble Lies and Perpetual War: Leo Strauss, the Neo-cons, and Iraq", interview with Shadia Drury, Open Democracy, October 18, 2003, rpt. Shadia B Drury (born 1950 is a Canadian academic and Political commentator of Egyptian Christian origin Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. in Information Clearing House, October 18, 2003, accessed May 26, 2007. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Cf. Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq (New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2003). Sheldon Rampton (born August 4, 1957) is the editor of PR Watch, and the Author of several books that criticize the John Stauber ( 1953 -) is an American writer and political activist who has co-authored five books about Propaganda by governments private interests and
- ^ Iraq: The War Card. The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Jane Arraf, "Bold, Well-executed Attack", CNN, October 26, 2003, accessed April 18, 2007. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "DoD Identifies Army Casualty", United States Department of Defense, October 27, 2003, accessed April 18, 2007. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Alan Beattie and Edward Alden, "Shareholders' dismay at lack of consultation", The Financial Times, March 16, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Qtd. in Robert Preston, "Stiglitz Warns of Violence If Wolfowitz Goes to World Bank", The Daily Telegraph, March 20, 2005 (Registration required), rpt. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in Common Dreams NewsCenter, March 20, 2005, accessed May 7, 2007. Common Dreams NewsCenter, often referred to simply as Common Dreams is a popular U Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. updated Daily Telegraph URL.
- ^ "Many Wary, Some Cheer Wolfowitz Pick", Al Jazeera, April 16, 2007, accessed April 16, 2007. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Banking on Wolfowitz: And You Thought Iraq Was Difficult", The Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007, Review & Outlook (Past Featured Article), accessed June 8, 2007. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Karen DeYoung, "Wolfowitz Clashed Repeatedly With World Bank Staff: Tenure as President Has Been Rocky", The Washington Post, April 15, 2007: A12, accessed May 1, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Nicole Gaouette, "World Bank May Target Family Planning: Repeated Absence of References to Birth Control in Internal Reports Alarms Women's Health Advocates", The Los Angeles Times, April 19, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Krishna Guha, "Wolfowitz Deputy Under Fire for Climate Change", The Financial Times, April 24, 2007, updated April 25, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Wolfowitz Chronology: An Examination of the Presumptive World Bank President’s Works on Oil, National Security, Development, Corruption, Human Rights, and Debt" (January 2001 – May 2005), Institute for Policy Studies (May 2005), accessed April 18, 2007. Institute for Policy Studies ( IPS) is a Policy studies non-profit think-tank for progressive or liberal causes based in Washington D Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Cf. Gore Vidal, "The Enemy Within", The Observer, October 27, 2002, Review, accessed May 7, 2007, rpt. Gore Vidal (born October 3 1925 ˌgɔər vɪˈdɑːl or /vɪˈdæl/ is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Playwright, The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. in lawyersagainstthewar. org, accessed May 7, 2007; rpt. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. as "Goat Song: Unanswered Questions—Before, During, After 9/11", Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta (New York: Nation Books/Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002), ISBN 1560255021 (10), ISBN 978-1560255024 (13).
- ^ Paul Blustein, "Wolfowitz Strives To Quell Criticism", The Washington Post, March 21, 2005, accessed April 18, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Philip Sherwell, "Special 'relationship' Behind US West Asia policy", The Telegraph, August 1, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Richard Leiby, "Reliable Source: What Will the Neighbors Say?", The Washington Post, March 22, 2007, C-03, accessed May 1, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Will a British divorcee cost 'Wolfie' his job?, Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, The Daily Mail, March 20, 2005. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ How Cheney took control of Bush's foreign policy, Craig Unger, Salon. com, November 9, 2007; Interview with Vanity Fair contributing editor Craig Unger, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 12, 2007
- ^ Libby and Wolfie: A Story of Reacharounds, Ward Harkarvey, The Village Voice, June 14, 2007. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Wikinews is a free-content News source Wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Wolfowitz's tomb, Sidney Blumenthal, Salon. com, May 24, 2007. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Greg Hitt, "World Bank Ex-Board Member Disputes Wolfowitz", The Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2007, A8, accessed May 8, 2007 (restricted access; free preview); rpt. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2-2007/ "World Bank Ex-Board Member Disputes Wolfowitz", goldnotes. wordpress. com, May 2, 2007, accessed May 8, 2007; cf. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Greg Hitt, "Top Wolfowitz Adviser Resigns", The Wall Street Journal, Wall Street Journal Online, May 7, 2007, Washington Wire, accessed May 8, 2007. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Suzanne Goldenberg, "Wolfowitz Under Fire After Partner Receives Promotion and Pay Rise", The Guardian, April 7, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ William McQuillen, "Wolfowitz Says He Won't Quit, Calls Charges 'Bogus'" (Update2), Bloomberg News, April 30, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007. Bloomberg Television is a network that airs Business and Financial news 24 hours a day and is distributed globally on ten separate channels Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Ethics Committee Case No 2 and President Papers"PDF , World Bank, worldbank. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e org, "strictly confidential" documents posted online at bicusa. org, April 12, 2007, accessed April 14, 2007. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Steven R. Weisman, "Wolfowitz Loses Ground in Fight for World Bank Post", The New York Times, April 27, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Paul Wolfowitz, "Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007", Worldbank. org, April 12, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (Video and audio links. )
- ^ Richard Behar. Richard Behar is an award-winning Investigative journalist who has written on the staffs of leading magazines including Forbes, Time "World Bank Launches Internal Probe to Root Out Leakers", Fox News, 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Reuters, "World Bank Launches Probe Into Leak of Confidential Documents to FOXNews.com", Fox News April 11, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Al Kamen, "Under Flood of Criticism, Looking to Plug a Leak", The Washington Post, April 11, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Richard Behar, "Wolfowitz vs. the World Bank Board: It's Trench Warfare", Fox News, January 31, 2007 and "World Bank Anticorruption Drive Blunted as China Threatens to Halt Loans", Fox News, March 27, 2007, both accessed May 14, 2007. Richard Behar is an award-winning Investigative journalist who has written on the staffs of leading magazines including Forbes, Time Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Al Kamen, "In the Loop: Where the Money Is", The Washington Post, March 28, 2007, accessed May 10, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c Krishna Guha and Eoin Callan, "Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner’s Pay Package", Financial Times, April 12, 2007, accessed May 14, 2007. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Richard Behar, "Documents May Give Wolfowitz New Lifeline in World Bank Scandal", Fox News April 14, 2007, accessed May 14, 2007. Richard Behar is an award-winning Investigative journalist who has written on the staffs of leading magazines including Forbes, Time Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Wolfowitz Absent As World Bank Board Decides Fate", The Guardian, April 19, 2007, accessed April 20, 2007. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Wolfowitz's Troubles Disrupt World Bank", San Francisco Chronicle, April 20, 2007, accessed April 20, 2007. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Reuters, "Wolfowitz Rejects World Bank Ethics Ruling": Bank Committee Determines That President Violated Ethics Standards Over His Girlfriend's Promotion; Wolfowitz Calls Findings 'unbalanced' and 'flawed'", online posting, CNNMoney.com ("The Internet home of Fortune, Money, Business 2.0"), May 15, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group Money is a Time Inc Personal finance magazine Its first issue was published in October 1972 Business 20 was a monthly magazine publication founded by magazine entrepreneur Chris Anderson and journalist James Daly in order to chronicle the rise Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Richard Adams, "Angry Wolfowitz in Four-letter Tirade", The Guardian Unlimited, May 15, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Michael Hirsh, "With the Best of Intentions", Newsweek, May 21, 2007, accessed May 12, 2007. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Steven R. Weisman, "Wolfowitz Said to Be Working On Deal for His Resignation", The New York Times, May 16, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Jeannine Aversa (Associated Press), "White House: Give Wolfowitz Fair Hearing", The Guardian, May 10, 2007, accessed May 9, 2007; "Markets: Bush Expresses Regret Over Wolfowitz", The Houston Chronicle, May 17, 2007, accessed May 17, 2007. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily Newspaper in Texas, USA. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Steven R. Weisman, "'Second Chance' at Career Goes Sour for Wolfowitz", New York Times, May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Paul Wolfowitz, Velociraptor", The Economist, February 7, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Bret Stephens, "Man of the Year", The Jerusalem Post, Rosh Hashana 2003 (5764), accessed May 15, 2007. The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה literally "head of the year" Biblical: ˈɾoʃ haʃːɔˈnɔh Israeli haʃaˈna Yiddish: hɑˈʃɔnə is a Jewish Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Qtd. on Deborah Norville Tonight, MSNBC, June 3, 2004, accessed April 18, 2007. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Johann Hari, "In Enemy Territory? An Interview with Christopher Hitchens: Islamofascism and the Left", The Independent, September 23, 2004, accessed April 18, 2007. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Bloomberg "'Passionate' Wolfowitz backed by Anwar for World Bank post", Bloomberg News, March 24, 2005, accessed May 4, 2007. Bloomberg Television is a network that airs Business and Financial news 24 hours a day and is distributed globally on ten separate channels Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ ETAN "E Timor welcomes Wolfowitz appointment to World Bank presidency", East Timor Action Network (ETAN), April 6, 2005, accessed May 4, 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. At the time Ramos-Horta was the foreign minister of East Timor; he was appointed Prime Minister in July 2006. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia.
- ^ Robert Calderisi, "The Worst Man in the World?", The New Statesman, May 15, 2006, accessed May 28, 2007. For the current affairs magazine see New Statesman. For other uses see New Statesmen. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Sebastian Mallaby, "Endgame at the World Bank", The Washington Post, May 14, 2007, Op-Ed: A15, accessed May 14, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Immortal Technique Lyrics - One (Remix)
- ^ See Thom Hartmann, "Hyping Terror For Fun, Profit—And Power", BBC News, December 7, 2004, rpt. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " in Common Dreams NewsCenter, December 7, 2004, accessed May 7, 2007. Common Dreams NewsCenter, often referred to simply as Common Dreams is a popular U Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Holes Found in Wolfowitz's Style", BBC News, 31 January 2007, accessed 18 April 2007. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Gift Knocks the Socks Off WB President Paul Wolfowitz", Today's Zaman, 2 February 2007, accessed 18 April 2007. Today's Zaman is a Turkish daily newspaper. Founded on January 16 2007, it is the third English-language daily newspaper in Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
External links
- Official biographical accounts
- "Biography: Paul Wolfowitz: President, The World Bank Group", at web. worldbank. org (World Bank Group). The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic Accessed May 4, 2007. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- "Paul Wolfowitz—Department of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense". Search result in obsolete directory of "The President and His Leadership Team". Accessed May 4, 2007. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- "Paul Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary of Defense"—Archived biography at the United States Department of Defense. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Last updated: March 16, 2005. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed May 2, 2007. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- Wolfowitz, Paul. "Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007". Online posting. World Bank Group, Worldbank. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic org, April 12, 2007. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed May 1, 2007. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (Video and audio links. )
| Diplomatic posts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Anthony Lake |
United States Department of State Director of Policy Planning 1981 – 1982 |
Succeeded by Stephen W. Bosworth |
| Preceded by John H. Holdridge |
Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs 1982 – 1986 |
Succeeded by Gaston J. Anthony Lake (born April 2, 1939) is an American diplomat, political figure, and academic. The Director of Policy Planning is the United States Department of State official in charge of the Department's internal think tank the Policy Planning Staff. Stephen W Bosworth is the Dean of The Fletcher School at Tufts University. John Herbert Holdridge (1924-2001 was an American foreign service officer and diplomat who was best known for having taken part in and later recounted Henry A The Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs is the head of the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs within the United States Sigur, Jr. |
| Preceded by John H. Holdridge |
United States Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia 1986 – 1989 |
Succeeded by John C. John Herbert Holdridge (1924-2001 was an American foreign service officer and diplomat who was best known for having taken part in and later recounted Henry A This article contains several lists of Ambassadors from the United States. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Monjo |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Fred Ikle |
United States Department of Defense Under Secretary of Defense for Policy 1989 – 1993 |
Succeeded by Frank G. Wisner |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by George Packard |
Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies 1993 – 2001 |
Succeeded by Jessica Einhorn |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Rudy deLeon |
United States Deputy Secretary of Defense 2001 – 2005 |
Succeeded by Gordon R. England |
| Non-profit organization positions | ||
| Preceded by James Wolfensohn |
President of the World Bank 2005 – 2007 |
Succeeded by Robert Zoellick |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Wolfowitz, Paul Dundes |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 10th President of the World Bank, Deputy Secretary of Defense in the administration of President George W. Bush |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 22, 1943 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic