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For other people of the same name, see Valery. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth Valery or Valéry is a given name or surname and may refer to Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French politician Paul Valéry, French

Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (French IPA: [pɔl valeˈʁi]; October 30, 1871 – July 20, 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language His interests were sufficiently broad that he can be classified as a polymath. A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area In addition to his fiction (poetry, drama and dialogues), he also wrote many essays and aphorisms on art, history, letters, music, and current events.

Contents

Biography

Paul Valéry
Paul Valéry

Valéry was born of a Corsican father and Genoese mother in Sète, a town on the Mediterranean coast of the Hérault, but he was raised in Montpellier, a larger urban center close by. Sète ( Seta in Occitan) is a commune in the Hérault department in Languedoc-Roussillon in southern France Hérault ( Occitan: Erau) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Hérault river. Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. After a traditional Roman Catholic education, he studied law at university, then resided in Paris for most of the remainder of his life, where he was for a while part of the circle of Stéphane Mallarmé. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French

Valéry became a full-time writer late in life (at the age of fifty) when the man for whom he worked as private secretary, a former chief executive of the Agence Havas, Edouard Lebey, died of Parkinson's disease in 1920. Havas ( is the second largest advertising group in France and is a "Global advertising and communications services group" and the sixth-largest global advertising and communications Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Until then, Valéry had first briefly earned his living at the Ministry of War before assuming the relatively flexible post as assistant to the increasingly impaired Lebey, a job he held for some twenty years.

After his election to the Académie française in 1925, Valéry became a tireless public speaker and intellectual figure in French society, touring Europe and giving lectures on cultural and social issues as well as assuming a number of official positions the admiring French nation eagerly offered him. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. He represented France on cultural matters at the League of Nations, serving on several of its committees. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The Outlook for Intelligence (1989) contains English translations of a dozen essays resulting from these activities.

In 1931, he founded the College Internationale de Cannes, a private institution teaching French language and civilization. The College is still operating today, offering professional courses for native speakers (for educational certification, law and business) as well as courses for foreign students.

He gave the keynote address at the 1932 German national celebration of the 100th anniversary of the death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer This was a fitting choice, as Valéry shared Goethe's fascination with science (specifically biology and the theory of light).

In addition to his activities as a member of the Académie française, he was also a member of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, and of the Front national des Ecrivains. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. In 1937 he was appointed chief executive of what later became the University of Nice. The University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis is a university located in Nice, France and neighboring areas He was the inaugural holder of the Chair of Poetics at the Collège de France. The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement

During World War II, the Vichy regime stripped him of some of these jobs and distinctions because of his quiet refusal to collaborate with it and the German occupation, but Valéry continued throughout these troubled years to publish and to be active in French cultural life, especially as a member of the Académie française. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language.

In 1900 he married Jeannie Gobillard, a friend of Mallarmé's family, who was also a niece of the painter Berthe Morisot. Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris The wedding was a double ceremony in which the bride's cousin, Morisot's daughter Julie Manet, married the painter Ernest Rouart. Julie Manet ( November 14, 1878 - July 14, 1966) was a French painter and art collector [1] Valéry and Gobillard had three children: Claude, Agathe, and François.

Valéry died in Paris in 1945. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar He is buried in the cemetery of his native Sète – the cemetery celebrated in his famous poem le Cimetière marin.

Work

Paul Valéry, drawn by himself.
Paul Valéry, drawn by himself.

Valéry is best known as a poet, and is sometimes considered to be the last of the French Symbolists. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts But he published fewer than a hundred poems, and none that drew much attention. On the night of 4 October 1892, during a heavy storm, Paul Valéry entered an existential crisis, which made a big impact on his writing career. Around 1898, his writing activity even came to a near-standstill, due partly to the death of his mentor Stéphane Mallarmé and for nearly twenty years from that time on, Valery did not publish a single word until 1917, when he finally broke this 'Great Silence' with the publication of La Jeune Parque at forty-six years of age. [2] This obscure but superbly musical masterpiece, of 512 alexandrine lines in rhyming pairs, had taken him four years to complete, and immediately secured his fame. An alexandrine is a line of poetic meter comprising 12 Syllables Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and It is esteemed by many in France as the greatest French poem of the 20th century. The title was settled on late in the poem's gestation; it refers to the youngest of the three Parcae (the Roman deities also called Fates), though the connection with that deity is tenuous and problematic. It is written in the first person, and is the soliloquy of a young woman contemplating life and death, engagement and withdrawal, love and separateness, in a setting dominated by sea, sky, stars, rocky cliffs, and the rising sun. There are, therefore, links with le Cimetière marin, which is also a seaside meditation on such large themes. Before la Jeune Parque, Valéry's only publications of note were dialogues, articles, some poems, and a study of Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer In 1920 and 1922 he published two slim collections of verses. The first, Album des vers anciens (Album of ancient verses), was essentially a revision of early but beautifully wrought smaller poems, some of which had been published individually before 1900. The second, Charmes (from the Latin carmina, meaning "songs"; the collection includes le Cimetière marin, and many smaller poems with very diverse structures), further confirmed his reputation as a major French poet.

Valéry's technique is quite orthodox, in its essentials. His verse rhymes and scans in the traditional ways, and has much in common with the work of Mallarmé. His poem Palme inspired James Merrill's celebrated 1974 poem Lost in Translation. James Ingram Merrill ( March 3, 1926 &ndash February 6, 1995) was a Pulitzer Prize winning Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. "Lost in Translation" is a narrative poem by James Merrill (1926-1995 one of the most studied and celebrated of his shorter works

His far more ample prose writings, peppered with many aphorisms and bons mots, reveal a conservative and skeptical outlook on human nature, verging on the cynical. But he never said or wrote anything giving aid or comfort to any form of totalitarianism popular (in certain quarters, at least) in his lifetime. Raymond Poincaré, Louis de Broglie, Andre Gide, Henri Bergson, and Albert Einstein all respected Valéry's thinking and became friendly correspondents. Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934 was a French conservative Statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond 7th duc de Broglie, FRS (də bʁœj ( August 15 1892 &ndash March 19 1987) was a French Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Valéry was often asked to write articles on topics not of his choosing; the resulting intellectual journalism he collected in five volumes titled Variétés.

Valéry's most striking achievement is perhaps his monumental intellectual diary, called the Cahiers (Notebooks). Early every morning of his adult life, he contributed something to the Cahiers, prompting him to write: "Having dedicated those hours to the life of the mind, I thereby earn the right to be stupid for the rest of the day. " The subjects of his Cahiers entries often were, surprisingly, science and mathematics. In fact, arcane topics in these domains appear to have commanded far more of his considered attention than his celebrated poetry. The Cahiers also contain the first drafts of many aphorisms he later included in his books. To date, the Cahiers have been published in their entirety only in photostatic reproduction, and only since about 1980 have they begun to receive the scholarly scrutiny they deserve.

Valéry is currently considered as a reference for constructivism (epistemology), for instance in Jean-Louis Le Moigne's description of constructivism history[3]. Constructivist epistemology is an epistemological perspective in Philosophy about the nature of scientific knowledge held by many philosophers of science Jean-Louis Le Moigne is a French specialist on systemics and constructivist epistemology

Selected works

In English translation:

References

  1. ^ *Manet, Julie, Rosalind de Boland Roberts, and Jane Roberts. Growing Up with the Impressionists: The Diary of Julie Manet. London: Sotheby's Publications, 1987.
  2. ^ La jeune Parque
  3. ^ Jean-Louis Le Moigne, Les épistémologies constructivistes, 1995, PUF, « Que sais-je ? ». Jean-Louis Le Moigne is a French specialist on systemics and constructivist epistemology

External links

See also

Preceded by
Anatole France		 Seat 38
Académie française
1925–1945		 Succeeded by
Henri Mondor
Persondata
NAME Valéry, Paul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION French poet, essayist, and philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH October 30, 1871
PLACE OF BIRTH Sète, France
DATE OF DEATH July 20, 1945
PLACE OF DEATH Paris, France

geo:პოლ ვალერი

Bonini's Paradox explains the difficulty in constructing models or Simulations that fully capture the workings of Complex systems (such as the human Anatole France (16 April 1844—12 October 1924 born François-Anatole Thibault, Anatole France studied at the Collège Stanislas and after graduation This is a list of members of the Académie française (French Academy by seat number L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. Henri Mondor ( May 20, 1885 in Saint-Cernin, Cantal - April 6, 1962) was a French physician surgeon and a historian of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sète ( Seta in Occitan) is a commune in the Hérault department in Languedoc-Roussillon in southern France This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
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