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Paul Reynaud
Paul Reynaud
In office
March 21, 1940 - June 16, 1940
Preceded by Édouard Daladier
Succeeded by Philippe Pétain
Born October 15, 1878(1878-10-15)
Barcelonnette, France
Died September 21, 1966 (aged 87)
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Political party Alliance Democratique

Paul Reynaud (October 15, 1878 - September 21, 1966) was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Barcelonnette ( Barciloneta / Barcilona in Occitan is a commune in the Ubaye Valley, in the southern French Alps, in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Neuilly-sur-Seine (nœji syʀ sɛn in French) is a commune bordering the western limit of the city of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Democratic Republican Alliance ( Alliance démocratique, AD or Alliance républicaine démocratique, ARD was a French political party (1901-1978 created Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He was the penultimate Prime Minister of the Third Republic and vice-president of the Alliance Démocratique center-right party. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Democratic Republican Alliance ( Alliance démocratique, AD or Alliance républicaine démocratique, ARD was a French political party (1901-1978 created The centre-right is a political term commonly used to describe or denote individuals political parties or organizations (such as Think tanks whose views

Contents

Early life and politics

Reynaud was born in Barcelonnette, France. Barcelonnette ( Barciloneta / Barcilona in Occitan is a commune in the Ubaye Valley, in the southern French Alps, in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. His father had made a fortune in the textile industry, enabling Reynaud to study law at the Sorbonne. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Reynaud was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies from 1919 to 1924, representing Basses-Alpes, and again from 1928, representing a Paris district. Chamber of deputies is the name given to a legislative body such as the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature or can refer to a Unicameral legislature Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ( Occitan: Aups d'Auta Provença) is a French department in the south of France, it was formerly part of the province Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Although he was first elected as part of the conservative "Blue Horizon" bloc in 1919, Reynaud shortly thereafter switched his allegiance to the center-right Alliance Démocratique party. Blue Horizon was a British Blues Record label founded by Mike Vernon in the mid- sixties. The Democratic Republican Alliance ( Alliance démocratique, AD or Alliance républicaine démocratique, ARD was a French political party (1901-1978 created Reynaud later became the vice-president of his party.

In the 1920s, Reynaud developed a reputation for laxity on German reparations, at a time when many in the French government backed harsher terms for Germany. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada In the 1930s, particularly after 1933, Reynaud's stance hardened against the Germans. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Reynaud backed a strong alliance with the United Kingdom and, unlike many others on the French Right, better relations with the Soviet Union as a counterweight against the Germans. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [1]

Reynaud held several cabinet posts in the early 1930s, but he clashed with members of his party after 1932 over French foreign and defense policy and was not given another cabinet position until 1938. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Like Winston Churchill, Reynaud was a maverick in his party and often alone in his calls for rearmament and resistance to German aggrandizement. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Reynaud was a supporter of Charles de Gaulle's theories of mechanized warfare in contrast to the static defense doctrines that were in vogue among many of his countrymen, symbolized by the Maginot Line, and was an outspoken opponent of appeasement in the run-up to the Second World War. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He also clashed with his party on economic policy, backing the devaluation of the franc as a solution to France's economic woes. Origins The franc was originally a French Gold coin of 387 g minted in 1360 on the occasion of the release of King John II ("the good", held by the However, Pierre Étienne Flandin, the leader of the Alliance Démocratique, agreed with several of Reynaud's key policy stances, particularly on Reynaud's defense of economic liberalism. Pierre Étienne Flandin (12 April 1889 at Paris, France -13 June 1958 at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France) was a French conservative politician

Return to government

Reynaud returned to the cabinet in 1938 as Minister of Justice under Édouard Daladier. The French Minister of Justice ( Ministre de la Justice) is an important cabinet member in the Government of France. Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World The Munich crisis, which began not long after Reynaud was named Minister of Justice, again revealed the divide between Reynaud and the rest of the Alliance Démocratique; Reynaud adamantly opposed abandoning the Czechs to the Germans, while Flandin felt that allowing Germany to expand eastward would inevitably lead to a conflict with the Soviets that would weaken both. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Reynaud publicly made his case, and in response Flandin pamphleted Paris in order to pressure the government to agree to Hitler's demands. [2] Reynaud subsequently left his party to become an independent. Reynaud still had Daladier's support, however, whose politique de fermeté was very similar to Reynaud's notion of deterrence.

Reynaud, however, had always wanted the Finance ministry. He endorsed radically liberal economic policies in order to draw France's economy out of stagnation, centered on a massive program of deregulation, including the elimination of the forty-hour work week[3]. The notion of deregulation was very popular among France's businessmen, and Reynaud believed that it was the best way for France to regain investors' confidence again and escape the stagnation its economy had fallen into. The collapse of Léon Blum's government in 1938 was a response to Blum's attempt to expand the regulatory powers of the French government; there was therefore considerable support in the French government for an alternative approach like Reynaud's. André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Paul Marchandeau, Daladier's first choice for finance minister, offered a limited program of economic reform that was not to Daladier's satisfaction; Reynaud and Daladier swapped portfolios, and Reynaud went ahead with his radical liberalization reforms. Reynaud's reforms were successfully implemented, and the government stood down a one-day strike in opposition. Reynaud addressed France's business community, arguing that "We live in a capitalist system. For it to function we must obey its laws. These are the laws of profits, individual risk, free markets, and growth by competition. "[4]

Reynaud's reforms proved remarkably successful; a massive austerity program was implemented (although armament measures were not cut) and France's coffers expanded from 37 billion francs in September 1938 to 48 billion francs at the outbreak of war a year later. More importantly, France's industrial productivity jumped from 76 to 100 (base=1929) from October 1938 to May 1939. [5] At the outbreak of war, however, Reynaud was not bullish on France's economy; he felt that the massive increase in spending that a war would mean would stamp out France's recovery.

The French Right was ambivalent about the war in late 1939 and early 1940, feeling that the greater threat was from the Soviets. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [6] The Winter War put these problems into stark relief; Daladier refused to send aid to the Finns while war with Germany continued. The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the News of the Soviet-Finnish armistice in March 1940 prompted Flandin and Pierre Laval to hold secret sessions of the legislature that denounced Daladier's actions; the government fell on March 19. Pierre Laval (28 June 1883 15 October 1945 was a French Politician and statesman who led the Vichy government during World War II, and Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. The government named Reynaud Prime Minister of France two days later. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers

Prime minister and arrest

Although Reynaud was increasingly popular, the Chamber of Deputies elected Reynaud premier by only a single vote with most of his own party abstaining; over half of the votes for Reynaud came from the socialist SFIO party. With so much support from the left - and the opposition from many parties on the right - Reynaud's government was especially unstable; many on the Right demanded that Reynaud attack not Germany, but the Soviet Union. [7] The Chamber also forced Daladier, who Reynaud held personally responsible for France's weakness, to be Reynaud's Minister of National Defense and War. The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France One of Reynaud's first acts was to sign a declaration with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain that neither of the two countries would sign a separate peace. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Reynaud abandoned any notion of a "long war strategy" based on attrition. Reynaud entertained suggestions to expand the war to the Balkans or northern Europe; he was instrumental in launching the allied campaign in Norway, though it ended in failure. This article describes Allied operations in Norway during World War II Britain's decision to withdraw on April 26 prompted Reynaud to travel to London to personally lobby the British to stand and fight in Norway. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional [8]

The Battle of France began less than two months after Reynaud came to office. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries France was badly mauled by the initial attack in early May 1940, and Paris was threatened. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city On May 15, five days after the invasion began, Reynaud contacted his British counterpart and famously remarked, "We have been defeated. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the . . we are beaten; we have lost the battle. . . The front is broken near Sedan. " Charles de Gaulle, whom Reynaud had long supported and one of the few French commanders to have fought the Germans successfully in 1940, was promoted to brigadier general and named undersecretary of defense. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. [1]

As France's situation grew increasingly desperate, Reynaud accepted Philippe Pétain as Minister of State. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Pétain, an aged veteran of the First World War, advised an armistice. Soon after the occupation of Paris, there was increasing pressure on Reynaud to come to a separate peace with Germany. Reynaud refused to be a party to such an undertaking, and resigned on June 16 rather than sign it. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Pétain, who became the leader of the new government (the last one of the Third Republic), signed the armistice on June 22. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Reynaud was arrested on Pétain's orders. However, Pétain finally decided not to have him judged during the Riom Trial, and he was given to the Germans, who kept him prisoner until the end of the war. The Riom Trial ( February 19, 1942 - May 21, 1943) was an attempt by the regime of Vichy France, headed by Marshal Pétain Reynaud was liberated by Allied troops near Wörgl, Austria, on May 7, 1945. Wörgl is a town in Tyrol, Austria, in the Kufstein district It is 20 km from the state border with Bavaria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

Postwar life

After the war, Reynaud was made again a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1946. Reynaud was in several cabinet positions in the postwar period and remained a prominent figure in French politics, although his attempts to form governments in 1952 and 1953 in the turbulent politics of the French Fourth Republic were failures. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the Reynaud supported the idea of a United States of Europe, along with a number of prominent contemporaries. A federal Europe is a proposal that much of Europe be unified in the manner of a Federation. Reynaud presided over the consultative committee that drafted the constitution of France's (current) Fifth Republic. See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on In 1962, Reynaud denounced his old friend de Gaulle's attempt to eliminate the electoral college system in favor of direct vote. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An electoral college is a set of many electors who are empowered to elect a candidate to a particular Office. Reynaud left office the same year.

Reynaud remarried in 1949 at the age of 71 and went on to father three children. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Reynaud died on 21 September 1966 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, leaving a number of writings. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Neuilly-sur-Seine (nœji syʀ sɛn in French) is a commune bordering the western limit of the city of Paris, France.

Reynaud's Government, 21 March - 16 June 1940

Changes

References

  1. ^ Imlay, Talbot C. "Paul Reynaud and France's Response to Nazi Germany, 1938–1940. " French Historical Studies 26. 3 (2003): 517.
  2. ^ Ibid. , p. 519.
  3. ^ Ibid. , p. 503.
  4. ^ Ibid. , p. 504.
  5. ^ Ibid. , p. 505.
  6. ^ Ibid. , 522-523.
  7. ^ Ibid. , 524
  8. ^ Ibid. , 533

External links

Preceded by
Charles Dumont		 Minister of Finance
1930		 Succeeded by
Louis Germain-Martin
Preceded by
Théodore Steeg		 Minister of Colonies
1932		 Succeeded by
Louis de Chappedelaine
Preceded by
—		 Vice President of the Council
1932		 Succeeded by
—
Preceded by
Léon Bérard		 Minister of Justice
1932		 Succeeded by
René Renoult
Preceded by
Marc Rucart		 Minister of Justice
1938		 Succeeded by
Paul Marchandeau
Preceded by
Paul Marchandeau		 Minister of Finance
1938–1940		 Succeeded by
Lucien Lamoureux
Preceded by
Édouard Daladier		 President of the Council
1940		 Succeeded by
Philippe Pétain
Preceded by
Édouard Daladier		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
1940		 Succeeded by
Édouard Daladier
Preceded by
Édouard Daladier		 Minister of National Defense and War
1940		 Succeeded by
Maxime Weygand
Preceded by
Édouard Daladier		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
1940		 Succeeded by
Philippe Pétain
Preceded by
René Mayer		 Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
1948		 Succeeded by
Christian Pineau
Preceded by
–		 Minister of Relations with Partner States and the Far East
1950		 Succeeded by
Jean Letourneau
Preceded by
—		 Vice President of the Council
with Henri Queuille and Pierre-Henri Teitgen
1953–1954		 Succeeded by
—
Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records The Minister for the Economy Industry and Employment ( ministre de l'Économie de l'Industrie et de l'Emploi) or Minister of Finance for short is one of the Théodore Steeg (19 December 1868 in Libourne, Gironde 19 December 1950 in Paris) was a French politician of the Third Republic The Minister of Overseas France ("Ministre de l'Outremer" formerly "Minister of Overseas France and her Colonies" is a cabinet member in the Government Léon Bérard ( January 6, 1876 &ndash February 24, 1960 in Saint-Étienne) was a French Politician and Lawyer The French Minister of Justice ( Ministre de la Justice) is an important cabinet member in the Government of France. René Renoult ( 29 August 1867 &ndash 30 april 1946) was a French Minister and Lawyer. The French Minister of Justice ( Ministre de la Justice) is an important cabinet member in the Government of France. The Minister for the Economy Industry and Employment ( ministre de l'Économie de l'Industrie et de l'Emploi) or Minister of Finance for short is one of the This article is about the Canadian politician For the French politician see Lucien Lamoureux (France. Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of France, is the cabinet minister responsible for the Foreign relations of France. Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France Maxime Weygand ( 21 January 1867 - 28 January 1965) (vɛgɑ̃ was a French military commander in World War I and World Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of France, is the cabinet minister responsible for the Foreign relations of France. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) René Mayer ( 4 May 1895, Paris 13 December 1972, Paris) was a French Radical politician of the Fourth The Minister for the Economy Industry and Employment ( ministre de l'Économie de l'Industrie et de l'Emploi) or Minister of Finance for short is one of the Christian Pineau (14 October 1904 - 5 April 1995 was a noted French Resistance fighter Henri Queuille (31 March 1884 - 15 June 1970 was a French Radical politician prominent in the Third and Fourth Republics Pierre-Henri Teitgen ( May 29, 1908 - April 6, 1997) was a French lawyer, professor and Politician.
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