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Paul Painlevé
Paul Painlevé
In office
September 12, 1917 – November 16, 1917
President Raymond Poincare
Preceded by Alexandre Ribot
Succeeded by Georges Clemenceau
In office
April 17, 1925 – November 28, 1925
President Gaston Doumergue
Preceded by Édouard Herriot
Succeeded by Aristide Briand
Born December 5, 1863
Died October 29, 1933
Political party PRS

Paul Painlevé (December 5, 1863–October 29, 1933) was a French mathematician and politician. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934 was a French conservative Statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (7 February 1842 13 January 1923 was a French politician four times Prime Minister. Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (Aigues-Vives Gard, 1 August 1863 18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives was a French Politician of the Third Republic. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. He served twice as Prime Minister of the Third Republic: September 12–November 13, 1917 and April 17–November 22, 1925. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Contents

Early life

Painlevé was born in Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city [1]

Brought up within a family of skilled artisans (his father was a draughtsman) Painlevé showed early promise across the range of elementary studies and was initially attracted by either an engineering or political career. A technical drawing is a form of graphic communication This type of Drawing is used in the transforming of an idea into physical form Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and However, he finally entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1883 to study mathematics, receiving his doctorate in 1887 following a period of study at Göttingen, Germany with Felix Klein and Hermann Amandus Schwarz. École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Felix Christian Klein ( 25 April 1849 &ndash 22 June 1925) was a German Mathematician, known for his work in Group See also Hermann Schwarz (philosopher (1864&ndash1951 A different Hermann Schwarz was a founder of Rohde & Schwarz, a German manufacturer Intending an academic career he became professor at Lille, returning to Paris in 1892 to teach at the Sorbonne, École Polytechnique and later at the College de France and the École Normale Supérieure. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century For other Écoles Polytechniques see École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or He was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1900. The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar [1]

He married Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve in 1901. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Marguerite died during the birth of their son Jean Painlevé in the following year. Jean Painlevé ( November 20 1902 - July 2 1989) son of mathematician and twice prime-minister of France Paul Painlevé, was a film [1]

Painlevé's mathematical work on differential equations led him to encounter their application to the theory of flight and, as ever, his broad interest in engineering topics fostered an enthusiasm for the emerging field of aviation. A differential equation is a mathematical Equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them In 1908, he became Wilbur Wright's first airplane passenger in France and in 1909 created the first university course in aeronautics. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Aeronautics (from Greek aero which means air or sky and nautis which means sailor i [1]

Mathematical work

It is well known that some differential equations can be solved using the elementary algebraic operations involving the trigonometric and exponential functions (sometimes called elementary functions). A differential equation is a mathematical Equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the The exponential function is a function in Mathematics. The application of this function to a value x is written as exp( x) This article discusses the concept of elementary functions in differential algebra It is further known that many interesting special functions arise as solutions of linear second order ordinary differential equations. Special functions are particular mathematical functions which have more or less established names and notations due to their importance for the Mathematical analysis When a Polynomial is expressed as a sum or difference of terms (e In those hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ecclesiastical law system an ordinary is an officer of the church who by reason of office Around the turn of the century, Painlevé and É. Picard and B. Charles Émile Picard (usually referred to simply as Émile Picard) ( July 24, 1856 - December 12, 1941) was a leading French Gambier showed that of the class of nonlinear second order ordinary differential equations with polynomial coefficients, those which possess a certain desirable technical property, shared by the linear equations (nowadays commonly referred to as the 'Painlevé property') can always be transformed into one of fifty canonical forms. This article describes the use of the term nonlinearity in mathematics In Mathematics, a polynomial is an expression constructed from Variables (also known as indeterminates and Constants using the operations In Mathematics, a coefficient is a Constant multiplicative factor of a certain object Of these fifty equations, just six require 'new' transcendental functions for their solution. [2] These new transcendental functions, solving the remaining six equations, are called the Painlevé transcendents, and interest in them has revived recently due to their appearance in modern geometry and high-energy physics. In mathematics Painlevé transcendents are solutions to certain Nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations in the complex plane with the

In the nineteen twenties, Painlevé briefly turned his attention to the new theory of gravitation, general relativity, which had recently been introduced by Albert Einstein. General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical In 1921, Painlevé proposed the Gullstrand-Painlevé coordinates for the Schwarzschild metric. and Allvar Gullstrand in 1921 Similar to Schwarzschild coordinates, GP coordinates can be used in the Schwarzschild metric to describe the Space-time In Einstein's theory of General relativity, the Schwarzschild solution (or the Schwarzschild vacuum) describes the Gravitational field outside The modification in the coordinate system was the first to reveal clearly that the Schwarzschild radius is a mere coordinate singularity (with however, profound global significance: it represents the event horizon of a black hole). The Schwarzschild radius (sometimes historically referred to as the gravitational radius) is a characteristic Radius associated with every Mass. In General relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in Spacetime, an area surrounding a Black hole or a Wormhole, inside which events cannot A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e This essential point was not generally appreciated by physicists until around 1963. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In his diary, Harry Graf Kessler recorded that during a later visit to Berlin, Painlevé discussed pacifist international politics with Einstein, but it is apparently not known whether he attempted to explain to Einstein the true significance of the Schwarzschild radius. Harry Kessler (1868 &ndash 1937 was an Anglo-German Count, diplomat writer and patron of modern art Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany.

First period as French Prime Minister

Painlevé took his aviation interests, along with those in naval and military matters, with him when he became, in 1906, Deputy for Paris's Ve arrondissement, the so-called Latin Quarter. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The 5th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France. By 1910, he had vacated his academic posts and World War I led to his active participation in military committees, joining Aristide Briand's cabinet in 1915 as Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [1]

On his appointment as War Minister in March 1917 he was immediately called upon to give his approval, albeit with some misgivings, to Robert Georges Nivelle's wildly optimistic plans for a breakthrough offensive in Champagne. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 &ndash 22 March 1924 was a French artillery officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion, and the First World War. Champagne is a historic province in the northeast of France, best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name Painlevé reacted to the disastrous public failure of the plan by dismissing Nivelle and controversially replacing him with Henri Philippe Pétain. Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 &ndash 22 March 1924 was a French artillery officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion, and the First World War. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) [3]

On September 7, 1917, Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot lost the support of the Socialists and Painlevé was called upon to form a new government. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (7 February 1842 13 January 1923 was a French politician four times Prime Minister. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution [1]

Painlevé was a leading voice at the Rapallo conference which led to the establishment of the Supreme Allied Council, a consultative body of allied powers that anticipated the unified Allied command finally established in the following year. The Rapallo Conference was convened by the allied powers of World War I, on the fifth of November 1917 in Rapallo, Italy, following their defeat In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose He appointed Ferdinand Foch as French representative knowing that he was the natural Allied commander. Ferdinand Foch OM GCB (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929 was a French soldier military theorist and writer credited with possessing "the most original On Painlevé's return to Paris he was defeated and resigned on November 13, 1917 to be succeeded by Georges Clemenceau. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist Foch was finally made commander in chief of all Allied armies on the Western and Italian fronts in May 1918. Ferdinand Foch OM GCB (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929 was a French soldier military theorist and writer credited with possessing "the most original Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [1][3]

Second period as French Prime Minister

Painlevé then played little active role in politics until the election of November 1919 when he emerged as a leftist critic of the right-wing Bloc National. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The National Bloc ( al-Kutla al-Wataniyya) was a Nablus -based party established in 1935 in the Palestine by Abd al-Latif Salah. By the time the next election approached in May 1924 his collaboration with Edouard Herriot, a fellow member of Briand's 1915 cabinet, had led to the formation of the Cartel des Gauches. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Cartel des gauches ( French for Left-wing Coalition) designed the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist Winning the election, Herriot became Prime Minister in June, while Painlevé became President of the Chamber of Deputies. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the Though Painlevé ran for President of France in 1924 he was defeated by Gaston Doumergue. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (Aigues-Vives Gard, 1 August 1863 18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives was a French Politician of the Third Republic. Herriot's administration publicly recognised the Soviet Union, accepted the Dawes Plan and agreed to evacuate the Ruhr. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee chaired by Charles G The Occupation of the Rhineland gave the French and Belgian armies the springboard from which it was easy to undertake the occupation of the Ruhr. However, a financial crisis arose from the ensuing devaluation of the franc and in April 1925, Herriot fell and Painlevé became Prime Minister for a second time on April 17. Origins The franc was originally a French Gold coin of 387 g minted in 1360 on the occasion of the release of King John II ("the good", held by the Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Unfortunately, he was unable to offer convincing remedies for the financial problems and was forced to resign on November 21. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. [1][3][4]

Later political career

Following Painlevé's resignation, Briand formed a new government with Painlevé as Minister for War. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Though Briand was defeated by Raymond Poincaré in 1926, Painlevé continued in office. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934 was a French conservative Statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Poincaré stabilised the franc with a return to the gold standard, but ultimately acceded power to Briand. Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934 was a French conservative Statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize [1] During his tenure as Minister of War, Painlevé was instrumental in the creation of the Maginot Line. The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery This line of military fortifications along France's Eastern border was largely designed by Painlevé, yet named for André Maginot, owing to Maginot's championing of public support and funding. André Maginot ( February 17, 1877 – January 7, 1932) was a French Civil servant, soldier and Member of Parliament Painlevé remained in office as Minister for War until July 1929. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [1]

Though he was proposed for President of France in 1932, Painlevé withdrew before the election. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. He became Minister of Air later that year, making proposals for an international treaty to ban the manufacture of bomber aircraft and to establish an international air force to enforce global peace. On the fall of the government in January 1933, his political career ended. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [1]

He died in Paris in October of the same year. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city [3]

Painlevé is now buried at the Panthéon.

Honours

The aircraft carrier Painlevé was named in his honour. History Painlevé was to be built at the shipyards of AC de St

Painlevé's First Government, September 12–November 16, 1917

Changes'

Painlevé's Second Ministry, April 17–October 29, 1925

Changes

Painlevé's Third Ministry, October 29–November 28, 1925

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k O'Connor et al. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World Georges-Étienne Bonnet (July 22/23 1889 - June 18, 1973) was a French politician and leading figure in the Radical-Socialist Party Camille Chautemps (1 February 1885 in Paris 1 July 1963 in Washington D Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel ( January 7, 1871 in Saint-Affrique, France &ndash February 3, 1956 in Paris Yvon Delbos ( May 7 1885 &ndash November 15 1956) was a French Radical politician who served as Minister of Foreign
  2. ^ Painlevé (1897)
  3. ^ a b c d [Anon. ] (2001a)
  4. ^ [Anon. ] (2001b)

Bibliography

External links

Preceded by
Alexandre Ribot		 Prime Ministers of France
1917		 Succeeded by
Georges Clemenceau
Preceded by
Édouard Herriot		 Prime Ministers of France
1925		 Succeeded by
Aristide Briand
The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based Database that gives an Academic genealogy based on Dissertation supervision relations Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (7 February 1842 13 January 1923 was a French politician four times Prime Minister. Early Modern France Chief Ministers of the French Kings Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 Jules Cardinal Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the Early Modern France Chief Ministers of the French Kings Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 Jules Cardinal Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize
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