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Paul Lauterbur

Born May 6, 1929(1929-05-06)
Sidney, Ohio
Died March 27, 2007 (aged 77)
Residence United States
Institutions State University of New York at Stony Brook
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Carnegie Mellon University
Alma mater Case Western Reserve University
University of Pittsburgh
Known for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2003)

Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sidney is a city in Shelby County, Ohio, United States. The population was 20211 at the 2000 census. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the State University of New York at Stony Brook, commonly known as Stony Brook University, is a public research university located in Stony Brook, New York This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private Research University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a non-sectarian coeducational independent state-related, "public" research University The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Peter Mansfield, FRS, (born 9 October 1933) is a British Physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Dr. Lauterbur was a professor along with his wife Joan at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for 22 years until his death in Urbana. This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of Urbana (ɝˈbænə is the County seat of Champaign County, Illinois, United States. He never stopped working with undergraduates on research, and he served as a professor of chemistry, with appointments in bioengineering, biophysics and computational biology at the Center for Advanced Study. [1]

Contents

Early life

Born and raised in Sidney, Ohio, Lauterbur graduated from Sidney High School, where a new Chemistry, Physics, and Biology wing was dedicated in his honor. Sidney is a city in Shelby County, Ohio, United States. The population was 20211 at the 2000 census. This article is about the high school in Ohio For other high schools named see the Sidney High School disambiguation page He did his undergraduate work at Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland. Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state As a teenager, he built his own laboratory in the basement of his parents' house. A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and [2] His chemistry teacher at school understood that he enjoyed experimenting on his own, so the teacher allowed him to do his own experiments at the back of class. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties [2] When he was drafted into the Army in the 1950s, his superiors allowed him to spend his time working on an early nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine; he had published four scientific papers by the time he left the Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive [2]

The development of the MRI

Lauterbur is a 1962 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh and credits the idea of the MRI to a brainstorm one day at a suburban Pittsburgh Big Boy, with the MRI's first model scribbled on a table napkin. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a non-sectarian coeducational independent state-related, "public" research University South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Big Boy is a restaurant chain started in 1936 by Bob Wian in Glendale California, as Bob's Big Boy. [3][2] The further research that led to the Nobel Prize was performed at the State University of New York at Stony Brook[4] in the 1970s. State University of New York at Stony Brook, commonly known as Stony Brook University, is a public research university located in Stony Brook, New York

The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952, which went to Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell, was for the development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the scientific principle behind MRI. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This page addresses only the Swiss physicist for the man accused of espionage see Felix Bloch (diplomatic officer Felix Bloch ( October 23 Edward Mills Purcell ( August 30, 1912 &ndash March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics However, for decades magnetic resonance was used mainly for studying the chemical structure of substances. Chemical structure refers to Molecular geometry, Electronic structure and Crystal structure. It wasn't until the 1970s with Lauterbur's and Mansfield's developments that NMR could be used to produce images of the body. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.

Lauterbur is credited for the idea of introducing gradients in the magnetic field which allows for determining the origin of the radio waves emitted from the nuclei of the object of study. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Radio waves are electromagnetic waves occurring on the Radio frequency portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum. The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom This spatial information allows two-dimensional pictures to be produced. [2]

While Lauterbur conducted his work at Stony Brook, the best NMR machine on campus belonged to the chemistry department; he would have to visit it at night to use it for experimentation and would carefully change the settings so that they would return to those of the chemists' as he left. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties [5] A replica of his original MRI machine is located at the Chemistry building on the campus of the State University of New York at Stony Brook in Stony Brook, New York. A replica is a copy that is relatively indistinguishable from the original Stony Brook is a hamlet (unincorporated community (and Census-designated place) located in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County New York

Some of the first images taken by Lauterbur included those of a clam his daughter had collected on the beach at the Long Island Sound, green peppers[2] and two test tubes of heavy water within a beaker of ordinary water; no other imaging technique in existence at that time could distinguish between two different kinds of water. Clam is a word which can be used for all some or only a few Species of Bivalve Mollusks the word is a Common name which has Long Island Sound is an Estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and various Rivers in the United States that lies between the coast of Connecticut "Green pepper" redirects here For green peppercorns see Black pepper. A test tube, also known as a culture tube, sample tube, test flute or flaccid flute, is a piece of Laboratory glassware composed of Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The human body consists mostly of water. [5]

When Lauterbur first submitted his paper with his discoveries to Nature, the paper was rejected by the editors of the journal. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 Lauterbur persisted and requested them to review it again, upon which time it was published and is now acknowledged as a classic Nature paper. [6] The Nature editors pointed out that the pictures accompanying the paper were too fuzzy, although they were the first images to show the difference between heavy water and ordinary water. [2] Lauterbur said of the initial rejection: "You could write the entire history of science in the last 50 years in terms of papers rejected by Science or Nature. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific "[5]

Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom took Lauterbur's initial work another step further, developing a mathematical process to speed the image reading. The University of Nottingham is a Public, Co-educational institution of Higher learning in the city of Nottingham, England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [5]

Lauterbur attempted to file patents related to his work to commercialize it unsuccessfully. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an [7] Stony Brook chose not to pursue patents, thinking that the expense would not pay off in the end. "The company that was in charge of such applications decided that it would not repay the expense of getting a patent. That turned out not to be a spectacularly good decision," Lauterbur said in 2003. He attempted to get the federal government to pay for an early prototype of the MRI machine for years in the 1970s, and the process took a decade. [8] The University of Nottingham did file patents which later made Mansfield wealthy. [8]

Nobel Prize

Lauterbur was awarded the Nobel along with Mansfield in the fall of 2003. Controversy occurred when Raymond Damadian took out full-page ads in The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Los Angeles Times headlined "The Shameful Wrong That Must Be Righted" saying that the Nobel committee had not included him as a Prize winner alongside Lauterbur and Mansfield for his early work on the MRI. Raymond Vahan Damadian (born March 16 1936) is an American practitioner of Magnetic resonance imaging. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Damadian claimed that he discovered MRI and the two Nobel-winning scientists refined his technology. The New York Times published an editorial saying that while scientists credit Damadian for holding an early patent in MRI technology, Lauterbur and Mansfield conducted the work that led to present MRI technology. The newspaper pointed out a few cases in which precursor discoveries had been awarded with a Nobel, along with a few deserving cases in which it had not, such as Rosalind Franklin and Oswald Avery. Rosalind Elsie Franklin ( 25 July, 1920 Notting Hill, London – 16 April, 1958 Chelsea London) was an Oswald Theodore Avery ( October 21, 1877 &ndash 2 February, 1955) was a Canadian -born American Physician and [9][10]

Death

Lauterbur died in March 2007 of kidney disease at his home in Urbana, Illinois. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Urbana (ɝˈbænə is the County seat of Champaign County, Illinois, United States. University of Illinois Chancellor Richard Herman said, "Paul's influence is felt around the world every day, every time an MRI saves the life of a daughter or a son, a mother or a father. Richard Herman began serving as the Chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2005 having previously served there since 1998 as Provost and Vice Chancellor "[10]

Other awards and honors

Lauterbur was a member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame's class of 2007 and was given the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan in 1988, along with Damadian. The National Inventors Hall of Fame is an organization that recognizes Inventors and invention everywhere promotes creativity and advances the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) [7]

He also received the Carnegie Mellon Dickson Prize in Science in 1993. Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private Research University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United The Dickson Prize in Medicine and the Dickson Prize in Science were both established in 1969 by Joseph Z The year 1993 in Science and Technology involved many significant events listed below [1]

He was a charter member of the Phi Kappa Tau Hall of Fame in 2006. Phi Kappa Tau ( ΦΚΤ) is a US national college fraternity History Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity (commonly called Phi Tau

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Spice, Byron. The Nobel Prize controversies are contentious disputes regarding the Nobel Prize. "Nobel Prize for MRI began with a burger in New Kensington", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2003-10-07. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-08-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia.  
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Paul Lauterbur", The Economist, 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.  
  3. ^ http://www.umc.pitt.edu/pittmag/fall2004/feature1.html
  4. ^ Nobel Prize Awardee Paul Lauterbur Returns To SBU Where His Winning Research Was Conducted In The '70s
  5. ^ a b c d Wade, Nicholas. "American and Briton Win Nobel for Using Chemists' Test for M.R.I.'s", New York Times, 2003-10-07. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.  
  6. ^ MRI — a new way of seeing. Nature. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.
  7. ^ a b Deutsch, Claudia. "Patent Fights Aplenty for M.R.I. Pioneer", New York Times, 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.  
  8. ^ a b Maugh, Thomas. "Paul Lauterbur, 77; 'the father of MRI'", Los Angeles Times, 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.  
  9. ^ Judson, Horace. "No Nobel Prize for Whining", New York Times, 2003-10-20. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.  
  10. ^ a b Chang, Kenneth. "Paul Lauterbur, MRI pioneer and Nobel Laureate, dies", International Herald Tribune, 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.  

External links

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