Citizendia

Paul Pierre Broca
Paul Pierre Broca
Paul Pierre Broca
BornJune 28, 1824
Sainte-Foy-la-Grande
DiedJuly 9, 1880
NationalityFrench
Fieldsanthropology

Pierre Paul Broca (June 28, 1824 – July 9, 1880) was a French physician, anatomist, and anthropologist. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Sainte-Foy-la-Grande is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France. Sainte-Foy-la-Grande is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Contents

Education and research

Broca's early scientific works dealt with the histology of cartilage and bone, but he also studied cancer pathology, the treatment of aneurysms, and infant mortality. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a localized blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall Infant mortality is defined as the number of deaths of Infants (one year of age or younger per 1000 live births One of his major concerns was the comparative anatomy of the brain. His celebrated paper refers to many animal species. As a neuroanatomist he made important contributions to the understanding of the limbic system and rhinencephalon. Neuroanatomy is the science for localizing function in the Human brain. The limbic system, or Paleomammalian brain is a term for a set of brain structures including the Hippocampus and Amygdala and anterior thalamic nuclei and a limbic In Animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon is a part of the Brain involved with Olfaction. Olfaction was for him a sign of animality. His research on the localization of speech led to entirely new research into the lateralization of brain function. A Longitudinal fissure separates the Human brain into two distinct Cerebral hemispheres connected by the Corpus callosum. He wrote extensively on Darwinism, known as transformism in France. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution.

Speech research

Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech production center of the brain located in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobes (now known as the Broca's area). In Linguistics ( Articulatory phonetics) manner of articulation describes how the tongue lips and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The frontal lobe is an area in the Brain of Mammals It is located at the front of each Cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of the Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in Language processing, speech or sign production and comprehension He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of aphasic patients (persons with speech and language disorders resulting from brain injuries), particularly the brain of his first patient in the Bicêtre Hospital, Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan" due to his inability to clearly speak any words other than "tan". The Bicêtre Hospital, located in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, which is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.

In 1861, through post-mortem autopsy, Broca determined that Tan had a lesion caused by syphilis in the left cerebral hemisphere. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism usually damaged by disease or trauma Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. A cerebral hemisphere ( hemispherium cerebrale) is defined as one of the two regions of the Brain that are delineated by the body's median plane. This lesion was determined to cover the area of the brain important for speech production. (Although history credits this discovery to Broca, it should be noted that another French neurologist, Marc Dax, made similar observations a generation earlier. Marc Dax (1771-1837 was a French Neurologist, sometimes credited for discovering the link between neurological damage to the Left hemisphere, right-sided ) Today the brains of many of Broca's aphasic patients are still preserved in the Musée Dupuytren, and his collection of casts in the Musée d'Anatomie Delmas-Orfila-Rouvière. The Musée Dupuytren is a museum of anatomical items illustrating diseases and malformations The Musée d'Anatomie Delmas-Orfila-Rouvière is a museum of Anatomy located on the eighth floor of the Faculty of Medicine Paris V René Descartes University, 45

Patients with damage to Broca's area and/or to neighboring regions of the left inferior frontal lobe are often categorized clinically as having Broca's aphasia. Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in Language processing, speech or sign production and comprehension Expressive aphasia, known as Broca's aphasia in Clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in Cognitive neuropsychology, is an Aphasia This type of aphasia, which often involves impairments in speech output, can be contrasted with Wernicke's aphasia, named for Karl Wernicke, which is characterized by damage to more posterior regions of the left hemisphere (in the superior temporal lobe), and by greater impairments in speech comprehension. Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke’s aphasia fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia in Clinical neuropsychology and Cognitive neuropsychology Carl Wernicke (born 15 May 1848 in Tarnowitz Upper Silesia, then Prussia, now Tarnowskie Góry, Poland – died In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species The temporal lobes are parts of the cerebrum that are involved in speech, Memory, and Hearing. This is an example of a double dissociation, an important tool used by neuropsychologists to investigate brain function. In Neuropsychology, dissociation involves identifying the neural substrate of a particular brain function through identification of case studies neuroimaging or neuropsychological

Anthropology research

Broca was also a pioneer in the study of physical anthropology. Biological anthropology, or physical anthropology is a branch of Anthropology that studies the mechanisms of biological Evolution, genetic inheritance He founded the Anthropological Society in 1859, the Revue d'Anthropologie in 1872, and the School of Anthropology in Paris in 1876. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Just like everyone else in his time he had no reason to think that the skulls of living people were trepanned prior to the time of the ancient Greeks. The situation changed dramatically for him and subsequently for scientists around the world in 1867, after he was shown an old Peruvian skull with cross-hatched cuts. This skull came from an Inca cemetery in the valley of Yucay and was shown to him by Ephraim George Squier, an archaeologist, writer, and diplomat. Careful examination of the Peruvian skull left no doubt in Broca's mind that "advanced surgery" had been performed in the New World before the European conquest. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.

Broca advanced the science of cranial anthropometry by developing many new types of measuring instruments (craniometers) and numerical indices. Craniometry is the technique of measuring the Bones of the Skull. Craniometry is the technique of measuring the Bones of the Skull. The uses that reputable scientists, including racist ones, made of Broca's measurements and conclusions have been analyzed by Stephen Jay Gould in The Mismeasure of Man (1981) and by his biographer, Francis Schiller. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science The Mismeasure of Man is a controversial 1981 book written by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002 Broca's work is also featured in Carl Sagan's book Broca's Brain. Carl Edward Sagan ( November 9 1934 &ndash December 20 1996) was an American Astronomer, astrochemist, author Broca's Brain Reflections on the Romance of Science is a 1979 book by astrophysicist Carl Sagan.

Anatomy research

Another field in which Broca contributed significantly was the comparative anatomy of primates. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye He described, for the first time, trephined skulls from the Neolithic. Trepanation (also known as trepanning, trephination, trephining or burr hole) is surgery in which a hole is Drilled or scraped into The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos He was very interested in the relation between anatomical features of the brain and mental capabilities, such as intelligence. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities

Personal life

As a personality, Broca was a remarkable individual. His biographer, neurosurgeon Francis Schiller, records his fights with his local church which attempted to have him stricken from the electoral roll. Broca was denounced by authorities as a subversive, materialist, and corrupter of the youth after he founded a society of freethinkers in 1848 sympathetic to Charles Darwin's theories. Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds that Beliefs should be formed on the basis of Science and Logic and should not be influenced Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life

Broca was often speculated to be a homosexual by others, although proof of this was never found. His wife always argued otherwise.

Near the end of his life, Paul Broca was elected a lifetime member of the French Senate. A senator for life is a member of the Senate elected or appointed for lifetime The Senate (Sénat is the Upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president. He was also a member of the Académie Française and held honorary degrees from many other learned institutions, both in France and abroad. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Broca died in Paris in 1880.

Broca's brain is now a specimen at the Museum of Man in Paris.

Broca's Legacy

The discovery of the Broca's area revolutionized the understanding of speech production. New research has found that dysfunction in the Broca's area may lead to other speech disorders such as stuttering and apraxia of speech. Apraxia is a Neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements despite having the desire and the physical ability Recent anatomical neuroimaging studies have shown that the pars opercularis of the Broca's area is anatomically smaller in individuals who stutter whereas the pars triangularis appears to be normal. Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/ Pharmacology of the Brain In the Human brain the Pars opercularis (literally "the part that covers" is the part of the Inferior frontal gyrus that lies between the inferior Pars triangularis (pt is a region of Broca's area in the left Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG of the frontal lobe in the Human brain mapping to

References

See also

External links

PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in Language processing, speech or sign production and comprehension The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin was established in March 1994
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