A pattern, from the French patron, is a theme of reoccurring events or objects, sometimes referred to as elements of a set. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people These elements repeat in a predictable manner. It can be a template or model which can be used to generate things or parts of a thing, especially if the things that are created have enough in common for the underlying pattern to be inferred, in which case the things are said to exhibit the unique pattern. Pattern matching is the act of checking for the presence of the constituents of a pattern, whereas the detecting for underlying patterns is referred to as pattern recognition. In Computer science, pattern matching is the act of checking for the presence of the constituents of a given Pattern. Pattern recognition is a sub-topic of Machine learning. It is "the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the category of the data" The question of how a pattern emerges is accomplished through the work of the scientific field of pattern formation. The science of pattern formation deals with the visible ( statistically) orderly outcomes of Self-organisation and the common principles behind similar Patterns are also related to repeated shapes or objects, sometimes referred to as elements of the series. Some patterns (for example, many visual patterns) may be directly observable, such as simple decorative patterns (stripes, zigzags, and polka-dots). Others can be more complicated, such as the regular tiling of a plane, echos, and balanced binary branching.

The most basic patterns are based on repetition and periodicity. A single template, or cell, is combined with duplicates without change or modification. For example, in aviation, a "holding pattern" is a flight path which can be repeated until the aircraft has been granted clearance for landing.

Pattern recognition is more complex when templates are used to generate variants. For example, in English, sentences often follow the "N-VP" (noun - verb phrase) pattern, but some knowledge of the English language is required to detect the pattern. Computer science, ethology, and psychology are fields which study patterns.

In addition to static patterns, Simple Harmonic Oscillators produce repeated patterns of movement.

Computer Science

Theory of Computation attempts to grasp the patterns that appear within the logic of computer science. Since efficiency is extremely important when executing a command, minimizing a pattern into its most basic form becomes evermore necessary.

• Pattern matching
• Design patterns
• Architectural Pattern
• Regular expression

Golden Ratio

The irrational number (approximatey 1. In Computer science, pattern matching is the act of checking for the presence of the constituents of a given Pattern. In Software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in Software design. Architectural patterns are software patterns that offer well-established solutions to architectural problems in Software engineering. In Computing, regular expressions provide a concise and flexible means for identifying strings of text of interest such as particular characters words or patterns of characters 618) is found frequently in nature. It is referred to as the golden ratio, and is defined by two numbers, that form a ratio such that (a+b)/a = a/b (a/b being the golden ratio). It has a direct relationship to the Fibonacci numbers. This pattern was exploited by Leonardo da Vinci in his art. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer The Fibonacci pattern has a closed-form expression. These patterns can be seen in nature, from the spirals of flowers to the symmetry of the human body (as expressed in Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, one of the most referenced and reproduced works of art today. The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals This is still used by many artist.

Art

• Modern art

Mondrian, Op Art

• Impressionism: Pointillism
• Performance Art: Crop circles
• Music: Minimalism

Science and mathematics

Fractals are mathematical patterns that are scale invariant. History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth Pieter Cornelis (Piet Mondriaan, after 1912 Mondrian, (pronounced Dutch pit 'mɔndrian later pit 'mɔndɹiɔn ( March 7, 1872 &ndash February Op art, also known as optical art, is a genre of visual Art, especially Painting, that makes use of Optical illusions Op art is also known as Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s See also Neo-Impressionism Pointillism is a style of Painting in which small distinct points of Primary colors create the impression of a wide selection Crop circles are patterns created by the flattening of crops such as Wheat, Barley, Rapeseed (also called "canola" Rye Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features This means that the shape of the pattern does not depend on how closely you look at it. Self-similarity is found in fractals. Even though self-similarity in nature is only approximate and stochastic, integral measures describing fractal properties can also be applied to natural "fractals". Examples of such are coast lines and tree shapes, which repeat their shape reguardless of what magnification you view at. While the outer appearance of self-similar patterns can be quite complex, the rules needed to describe or produce their formation can be extremely simple (e. The science of pattern formation deals with the visible ( statistically) orderly outcomes of Self-organisation and the common principles behind similar g. Lindenmayer systems for the description of tree shapes). An L-system or Lindenmayer system is a parallel rewriting system, namely a variant of a Formal grammar (a set of rules and symbols most famously used A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or

Patterns are common in many areas of mathematics. Recurring decimals are one example. A Decimal representation of a Real number is called a repeating decimal (or recurring decimal) if at some point it becomes periodic: there is These are repeating sequences of digits which repeat infinitely. For example, 1 divided by 81 will result in the answer 0. 012345679. . . the numbers 0-9 (except 8) will repeat forever — 1/81 is a recurring decimal.

In geology, a mineral's crystal structure is composed of a recurring pattern. In fact, this is one of the 5 requirements of a mineral. Minerals must have a fixed chemical coposition in a repeating arrangement, such as a crystal matrix. For a 2-dimensional crystal structure, there are 10 different planar lattices possible. Moving up to 3 dimensions, 32 patterns are possible. These are called bravais lattices.

• Crystals
• Tessellation
• Penrose tilings
• Cellular Automata
• Mineral

Geometry

The recurring pattern of regular polygons is called a tessellation. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a collection of Plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps A Penrose tiling is a nonperiodic tiling generated by an aperiodic set of Prototiles named after Roger Penrose, who investigated these sets A cellular automaton (plural cellular automata) is a discrete model studied in computability theory, Mathematics, Theoretical biology A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific In Geometry a polygon (ˈpɒlɨɡɒn ˈpɒliɡɒn is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a closed path or circuit A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a collection of Plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps Out of all posible combinations, there are only three posible regular polygons that can complete a repeating pattern. These polygons are squares, triangles, and hexagons. The hexagon is the most stable version for engineering purposes. Any shear stress upon segments of the hexagon series is distibuted over the six points.

Patterns in Pedagogics

• Pedagogical patterns

Quotation

"A pattern has an integrity independent of the medium by virtue of which you have received the information that it exists. In the last years the scope of Pattern languages has expanded to include domains as diverse as group work Software design, Human computer interaction, Education Each of the chemical elements is a pattern integrity. Each individual is a pattern integrity. The pattern integrity of the human individual is evolutionary and not static. "

R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), U. S. American philosopher and inventor. Critical Path, 1981.

"Art is the imposing of a pattern on experience, and our aesthetic enjoyment is recognition of the pattern. "

Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947), English philosopher and mathematician. Alfred North Whitehead, OM ( February 15 1861, Ramsgate, Kent, England &ndash December 30 1947, Dialogues, June 10, 1943.

Mathematics is commonly described as the "Science of Pattern. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and "

See also

• Pattern recognition
• DNA motifs
• Pattern (sewing)
• Form constant
• A Pattern Language
• Fibonacci Number

External links

• Mathematics as a Science of Patterns at Convergence
• Geometric Arts
• Wiki patterns and anti-patterns
• Pumpkin Carving Patterns