A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the name of one's father. A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. A component of a name based on the name of one's mother is a matronymic, or matronym. A matronymic is a Personal name based on the name of one's mother Each is a means of conveying lineage. Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent

In many areas patronymics predate the use of family names. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs They, along with the less common matronymics, are still used in Iceland, where few people have surnames. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( For example, the son and daughter of Pétur Marteinsson would have different last names - Pétursson (for his son) and Pétursdóttir (for his daughter).

Many Celtic, Iberian, Slavic, English, and Scandinavian surnames originate from patronymics, e. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages g. Wilson (son of William), Powell (ap Hywel), Fernández (of Fernando), Carlsson (son of Carl, e. g. , Erik Carlsson), Stefanović (son of Stefan, e. Erik Carlsson, aka "Carlsson på taket" ("Carlsson on the roof" was born March 5, 1929 in Trollhättan, Sweden and was g. , Vuk Stefanović Karadžić). Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 Similarly, other cultures which formerly used patronyms have since switched to the more widespread style of passing the father's last name to the children (and wife) as their own.

Patronymics can simplify or complicate genealogical research. Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of A father's first name is easily determinable when his children bear a patronymic; however, migration has frequently resulted in a switch from a patronymic to a family name due to different local customs. Most immigrants adapt as soon as birth, marriage, and death certificates must be written. Depending on the countries concerned, family research in the nineteenth century or earlier needs to take this into account.

In biological taxonomy, a patronym is a specific epithet which is a Latinized surname. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos In zoological nomenclature a specific name or specific epithet is the second part (second name in the name of a Species (a Binomen) These often honor associates of the biologist who named the organism rather than the biologist himself. Examples include Gopherus agassizii, named by James Graham Cooper after Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, and Acacia greggii, named by botanist Asa Gray after explorer Josiah Gregg. The desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii) is a Species of Tortoise native to the Mojave desert and Sonoran desert of the southwestern James Graham Cooper ( June 19, 1830 &ndash July 19, 1902) was an American surgeon and naturalist. Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( May 28 1807 — December 14 1873) was a Swiss - American Zoologist, Glaciologist Acacia greggii is a species of Acacia native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, from the extreme south of Asa Gray ( November 18, 1810 - January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century Josiah Gregg (19 July 1806 - 25 February 1850 was a merchant explorer naturalist and author of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico.

Contents 1 Worldwide 1.1 Western Europe 1.2 Eastern Europe 1.3 Caucasus 1.3.1 Armenian 1.3.2 Azeri 1.3.3 Georgian 1.4 Middle East 1.4.1 Arabic 1.4.2 Aramaic 1.4.3 Jewish usage 1.5 Indian subcontinent 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Worldwide

Western Europe

In Western Europe, the patronymic was formerly widespread, but latterly confined to the Nordic and Scandinavian peoples in the north west.

In Nordic languages, the patronymic was formed by using the ending -son (later -sen in Danish and Norwegian) to indicate "son of", and -dotter (Icelandic -dóttir, Danish -datter) for "daughter of". The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. In Iceland, patronymics are in fact compulsory by law, with a handful of exceptions^[1] ("Halldór Laxness" for example was the pen name of "Halldór Guðjónsson"). Halldór Kiljan Laxness ( (born Halldór Guðjónsson) ( April 23, 1902 — February 8, 1998) was a 20th century Icelandic A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity This name was generally used as a last name although a third name, a so-called byname based on location or personal characteristic was often added to differentiate people. The use of Scandinavian-style patronymics, particularly in its Danish variation with the ending -sen, was also widespread in northern Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This reflects the strong influence of Scandinavia in this part of Germany during the centuries. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well

In the Finnish language, the use of patronymics instead of family names was very common well into the 19th century. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Patronymics were composed similarly as in Swedish language or other Scandinavian languages: the father's name and the suffix -n for genitive plus the word poika for sons, tytär for daughters. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the For example Tuomas Abrahaminpoika ("Tuomas Abraham's son") and Martta Heikintytär ("Martta Heikki's dother").

In Dutch, patronymics were often used in place of family names or as middle names. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs Patronymics were composed of the father's name plus an ending -zoon for sons, -dochter for daughters. For instance, Abel Janszoon Tasman is "Abel son of Jan Tasman", and Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer: "Kenau, daughter of Simon Hasselaer". Abel Janszoon Tasman ( 1603 - October 10 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and Merchant. Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer (1526–1588 was a wood merchant of Haarlem, Netherlands She was the daughter of Simon Hasselaer and Grietje Koen In written form, these endings were often abbreviated as -sz and -dr respectively eg. Jeroen Cornelisz "Jeroen son of Cornelis", or Volkert Evertsz. Volkert Evertsz ( Patronymic of Evertszoon) was a Dutch mariner who was Shipwrecked on the island of Mauritius and was supposedly The endings -s, -se and -sen were also commonly used for sons and often for daughters too. In the northern provinces, -s, as genitive case, was almost universally used for both sons and daughters. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Patronymics were common in the Dutch United Provinces until the French invasion in 1795 and subsequent annexation in 1810. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. As the Netherlands were now a province of France, a registry of births, deaths and marriages was established in 1811, whereupon emperor Napoleon forced the Dutch to register and adopt a distinct surname. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Often, they simply made the patronymics the new family names, and modern Dutch patronymic-based surnames such as Jansen, Pietersen and Willemsen abound. Others chose their profession as family names: Bakker (baker), Slagter (butcher) etc.

The use of "Mac" in some form, was prevalent in Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Manx ( Gaelg or Gailck, ɡilk or) also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic language once spoken on the Isle "Mc" is also a frequent anglicisation in both Scotland and Ireland. In Ireland, the forms "Mag" and "M'" are encountered. The prefix "Mac" is used to form a patronym, such as "MacCoinnich" - or the anglicized 'Mackenzie' - son of Coinneach/Kenneth. Less well known in the Anglosphere is the female equivalent of Mac, Nic, condensed from nighean mhic (in Scottish Gaelic) or iníon mhic (in Irish). The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of Anglophone ( English -speaking nations which share historical political and cultural characteristics rooted For example, the Scottish Gaelic surname, Nic Dhòmhnaill meaning 'daughter of a son of Dòmhnall' (in English, Donald), as in Mairi Nic Dhòmhnaill, or Mary MacDonald. In Ireland, the use of Ó (and its feminine equivalent Ní, from iníon uí), anglicised "O'" and meaning 'grandson' predominated over "Mac". Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world At the north end of the Irish Sea, in Ulster, the Isle of Man and Galloway (indeed as far north as Argyll), "Mac" was frequently truncated in speech, leading to such anglicisations as "Qualtrough" (Son of Walter) & "Quayle" (son of Paul, cf. The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, Ulster ( Ulaidh ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern Argyll, Archaically Argyle ( Earra-Ghàidheal in modern Gaelic) is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part MacPhail) - usually beginning with "C", "K" or "Q". In Ireland, this truncation resulted in surnames such as "Guinness" (son of Aonghus, cf. MacAonghusa) beginning usually in "C" or "G" for patronymics prefixed with Mac, and in "H" (e. g "Hurley" (descendant of Jarlath, cf. Ua hIarfhlatha/O'Hurley) for surnames prefixed with "O". Colloquial Scottish Gaelic also has other patronymics of a slightly different form for individuals, still in use (for more information please see: Scottish Gaelic personal naming system). Traditional Scottish Gaelic Surnames in the English sense are not generally in use in colloquial Gaelic except when speaking of strangers An interesting crossover variation in the use of "O'" for grandson in Irish and "Ap" for son in Welsh, was that the West Waleian name Ho-well was derived from Ui'Well of old Irish, which then became O'Well. . . then Howell in their Welsh relatives. As for Ap Howell, that does mean, 'the son of the grandson of. . . Well'

In Wales, before the 1536 Act of Union all Welsh people used patronyms and matronym as the sole way of naming people. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 (Y Deddfau Uno 1535 a 1542 were a series of parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and Welsh, as a p-Celtic language, used "Map" (Modern Welsh "Mab") in contrast to the q-Celtic Scottish "Mac". Rhydderch ap Watcyn was Rhydderch son of Watcyn. Daughters were indicated by verch (from merch, meaning 'girl, daughter'), as in Angharad Verch Owain or 'Angharad, daughter of Owain'. This gave rise to names such as ap Hywel being - after the Acts of Union - used as Anglicised surnames; in this case the name ap Hywel became the surnames Howell/Powell. There are many such Anglicised surnames, such as Bowen from ap Owen, Protheroe from ap Rhydderch, and Pulliam from ap William. Up until the Industrial Revolution the use of patronyms was still widespread, especially in the South West, Mid West and North of Wales. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the There was a revival of patronyms during the 20th century, which continues today. Myrddin ap Dafydd is a contemporary Welsh poet.

The archaic French, more specifically, Norman, prefix fitz, which is cognate with the modern French fils, meaning son, appears in England's aristocratic family lines dating from the Norman Conquest, and also among the Anglo-Irish. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and " Anglo-Irish " was a term used historically to describe a privileged Social class in Ireland, whose members were the descendants and successors of the Thus there are names like Fitzpatrick and Fitzhugh. Of particular interest is the name Fitzroy, meaning "King's son", which was used by Royal bastards who were acknowledged as such by their fathers.

In Portugal, there are some common surnames which had a patronymic genesis, but are no longer used in such way. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For instance, Álvares was the son of Álvaro and Gonçalves was the son of Gonçalo (it was the case of Nuno Álvares Pereira, son of Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira, son of Gonçalo Pereira). Dom Nuno Álvares Pereira, O Carm ( pron 'nunu 'aɫvɐɾɨʃ pɨ'ɾɐjɾɐ ( July 24 Other cases include Rodrigues (Rodrigo) and Nunes (Nuno). In the same way the surname Soares means son of Soeiro (in Latin Suarius). It comes from Latin Suarici (son of Suarius); the Latin genitive suffix -icius/a was used to indicate a patronymic. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another After it became Suariz, Suarez and eventually Soares.

Spanish patronyms follow a similar pattern to the Portuguese (e. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. g. , López -- of Lope, Hernández -- of Hernando, Álvarez -- of Álvaro). Common endings include -ez, -az, -is, and -oz. (Note: Not all names with similar endings are necessarily patronymic. For example: Ramas, Vargas, and Morales. )

Eastern Europe

In East Slavic languages, endings such as pronounced as "vich" are used to form patronymics for men. The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slavic languages, currently spoken in Eastern Europe. For example, in Russian a man named Ivan whose father's name is Nikolay would be known as Ivan Nikolayevich or "Ivan, son of Nikolay" (with Nikolayevich as a patronymic). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages For women, the ending is -yevna, -ovna or -ichna. For masculine names ending in a vowel, such as Ilya or Foma, the corresponding endings are -ich and -inichna. The patronymic is the official part of the name, which stands in all documents. It is used when addressing somebody both formally as well as among friends. A Russian will almost never formally address a person named Mikhail as just 'Mikhail', but rather as 'Mikhail' plus his patronymic (for instance, 'Mikhail Nikolayevich' or 'Mikhail Sergeyevich' etc). However, on informal occasions when a person is using the diminutive of a name, such as Misha for Mikhail, the patronymic is hardly ever used. A diminutive is a formation of a Word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning smallness of the object or quality named encapsulation intimacy or endearment Alternatively, on informal occasions the ending of a patronomic may be colloquially contracted: Nikolayevich -> Nikolaich, Stepan Ivanovich -> Stepan Ivanych -> Ivanych (the given name may be omitted altogether). A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. In the case of this omission of the first name the contraction, if possible, is obligatory: Ivan Sergeyevich Sidorov may be called "Sergeich" or, more rarely, "Sergeyevich". Such contractions are not used by all as they tend to bring a shade of muzhik-style familiarity. Mujik or muzhik ( Russian Мужик, Finnish musikka, Hungarian muzsik) is a Russian word with several possible And they are as common with women's patronymics as men's. A very famous example is "Mar' Ivanna" (Марьванна), short for "Maria Ivanovna" (Мария Ивановна), a young female teacher who is a constant character in Vovochka jokes. See also Russian humour Russian Jokes (анекдо́ты ( transcribed anekdoty literally Anecdotes the most popular form of On the contrast to male names, if a female given name is omitted and a woman is called by her patronymic name only, it's never contracted: "Ivanovna", not "Ivanna". Male and female patronymic names derived from names which end on "-slav" (Vladislav, Yaroslav) have two possible forms: long with -vovich/-vovna (Yaroslavovich, Yaroslavovna) and short with -vich, -vna (Yaroslavich, Yaroslavna). A curious use of a patronymic occurs in some Tom Clancy novels; John Patrick Ryan, whose father was Emmet Ryan, is called Ivan Emmetovich by a Russian colleague, Sergei Nikolaich (Nikolaievich) Golovko. Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Similarly, the name of the Arabic genie from the Russian book "Old Khottabych" ("Starik Khottabych") by Lazar Lagin was constructed from genie's name "Hassan Abdul-rahman ibn Khattab". GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange was an online service Lazar Lagin (Лазарь Иосифович Лагин Lazar Yosifovych Lagin (pen-name of Lazar Ginzburg December 4, 1903 in Vitebsk &ndash June

In Ukraine the female Patronymic ends with -ivna. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The male version is the same as in Russian. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

In Bulgarian, the patronymics are -ov/-ev and -ova/-eva for men and women, respectively. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group These are identical to the common endings of Bulgarian and some other Slavic family names (Russian and Czech, for example. )

Some South Slavic surnames look morphologically identical to Slavic patronymics, but they do not change form between masculine and feminine: Milla Jovovich stays "Jovovic", not "Jovovna"; and these surnames cannot be contracted using the pattern mentioned above; also they generally have different syllables stressed. Milla Jovovich (ˈjɔvɔvitɕ Serbian: Milica Jovović / Милица Јововић; Милла Йовович; Ukrainian: Мiлла Examples of them are Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich and Vladislav Khodasevich. Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (Михаи́л Андре́евич Милора́дович ( &ndash) was a Russian general prominent during the Napoleonic wars Vladislav Felitsianovich Khodasevich (Владислав Фелицианович Ходасевич ( May 16, 1886 - June 14, 1939) was

In Hungarian, patronyms were once formed with the ending -fi (sometimes spelled as -fy or -ffy). Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. This system is no longer in common use, though it was common centuries ago and can still be found in some frequent present-day surnames such as Pálfi (son of Paul), Győrfi, Bánfi or in the name of the famous poet Sándor Petőfi. Sándor Petőfi (born January 1 1823, Kiskőrös, (slov Malý Kereš) Hungary – died most likely July 31 1849 In the Old Hungarian period (10th−16th century, see History of Hungarian) when surnames were not in common use the full genitive was represented such in Péter fia András (Peter's son Andrew); these forms are in frequent use in charters and legal documents dated back to that time. Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language with some 14 million speakers predominantly in Europe, and it is also present in North America as an immigrant

In Romanian, the endings -escu and -eanu were used, like Petrescu - son of Petre (Peter); many of the current Romanian family names were formed like this. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance

Caucasus

Armenian

Use of patronymics was introduced in Armenia by Russians during the times of Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Previously to that use of patronymics was very limited. Patronymics are usually formed by addition of "i" (pronounced as ee) to the father's name, e. g. if father's name is "Armen", the corresponding patronymic would be "Armeni". Russified version of the same patronymic would be "Armenovich" for males and "Armenovna" for females. After Armenia re-gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 a massive decline in use of Russified patronymics occurred; nowadays few Armenians use patronymics.

Azeri

In Azeri, patronymics are formed through oğlu (sometimes transliterated as ogly) for males and qızı (often transliterated as gizi or kizi) for females. Prior to the late 19th–early 20th century, patronymics were used as an essential part of a person's full name, i. e. Sardar Ilyas oğlu ("Sardar, son of Ilyas") and Mina Nabi qızı ("Mina, daughter of Nabi"), since surnames were mostly non-existent before Sovietization (with the exception of the upper and some middle class families). Sovietization is term that may be used with two distinct (but related meanings the adoption of a political system based on the model of soviets (workers' councils After surnames were commonly adopted in Azerbaijan in the 1920s, patronymics still remained parts of full names, i. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South e. Sardar Ilyas oğlu Aliyev ("Sardar Aliyev, son of Ilyas"). Nowadays in Azerbaijan, patronymics sometimes replace surnames in unofficial use. Normally in such case, they are spelled as one word (i. e. Eldar Mammadoğlu, Sabina Yusifqızı). Many Azeri surnames are also derived from Persian-style patronymics ending in -zadeh (Kazimzadeh, Mehdizadeh, etc. ). They are found among both Caucasian and Iranian Azeris. However unlike the former, Azeris in Iran do not generally use patronymics in oglu / qizi. Azeri patronymics are not to be confused with Turkish surnames in -oğlu and Greek surnames in -ογλού (-oglou), which do not have specific female versions and do not reflect names of fathers. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Georgian

Main article: Georgian surnames

In Georgian, patronymics, when used, come with the addition of s to the end of the father's name, followed by dze. Most Georgian Surnames are derived either from Patronymics or less frequently from Toponyms with addition of various suffixes For example, Joseph Stalin's actual name was Iossif Vissarionis Dze Jugashvili. s in Georgian is a possessive, and dze means son. Georgian last names are in fact mostly patronymic in nature. Two common elements in Georgian last names, dze and shvili mean son of, and child, respectively.

Middle East

Arabic

Main article: Arabic name

In Arabic, the word "ibn" (ابن) (or بن: "bin", "ben" and sometimes "ibni" and "ibnu" to show the final declension of the noun) is the equivalent of the "son" prefix discussed above (The prefix ben- is used similarly in Hebrew). Old Arabic names are based on a long naming system most Arabs do not simply have given / middle / Family names but a full chain of names Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating In addition, "bint" means "daughter of". Thus, for example, "Ali ibn Amr" means "Ali son of Amr". The word "Abu" means "father of", so "Abu Ali" is another name for "Amr". In medieval times, a bastard of unknown parentage would sometimes be termed "ibn Abihi", "son of his father" (notably Ziyad ibn Abihi. In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan (زياد بن أبي سفيان (d 673 AD was a Muslim general and administrator and a member of the clan of the Umayyads ) In the Qur'an, Jesus (Isa in Arabic) is consistently termed "Isa ibn Maryam" - a matronymic (in the Qur'an, Jesus has no father; see Islamic view of Jesus). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs A matronymic is a Personal name based on the name of one's mother Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs An Arabic patronymic can be extended as far back as family tree records will allow: thus, for example, Ibn Khaldun gives his own full name as "Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khaldun". Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 Patronymics are still standard in parts of the Arab world, notably Saudi Arabia; however, most of the Arab world has switched to a family name system. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi As in English, the new family names are sometimes based on what was formerly a patronymic.

In Iraq, full names are formed by combining the given name of an individual with the given name of their father (sometimes the father is skipped and the grandfather's given name is used instead, sometimes both father and grandfather are used), along with the town, village, or clan name. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For instance, Hayder Muhammed al-Tikriti is the son of Muhammed named Hayder, and he is from the town of Tikrit.

Aramaic

In Aramaic, the prefix bar- means "son" and is used as a prefix meaning "son of. Aramaic is a Semitic language with " In the Bible, Peter is called Bar-jonah in Matthew 16:17 and Nathanael is possibly called Bartholomew because he is the son of Tolmai. The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel The titles can also be figurative, for example in Acts 4:36-37 a man named Joseph is called Barnabas meaning son of consolation.

Jewish usage

For more details on this topic, see Jewish name. For the article on Hebrew given names see Hebrew name. The Jewish name has historically varied encompassing throughout the centuries several different

Jews have historically used Hebrew patronymic names. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In the Jewish patronymic system the first name is followed by either ben- or bat- ("son of" and "daughter of," respectively), and then the father's name. (Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is also seen). Aramaic is a Semitic language with Permanent family surnames exist today but only gained popularity among Sephardic Jews in Iberia and elsewhere as early as the 10th or 11th century and did not spread widely to the Ashkenazic Jews of Germany or Eastern Europe until much later. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. While Jews now have permanent surnames for everyday life, the patronymic form is still used in religious life. It is used in synagogue and in documents in Jewish law such as the ketubah (marriage contract). A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law A ketubah ( pl ketubot) is a Jewish Prenuptial agreement. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage. Many Sephardic Jews used the Arabic ibn instead of bat or ben when it was the norm. The Spanish family Ibn Ezra is one example.

Many immigrants to modern Israel change their names to Hebrew names, to erase remnants of galuti (exiled) life still surviving in family names from other languages. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. It was especially among in Ashkenazic Jews, because most of their names were taken later and some were imposed by the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires.

A popular form to create a new family name using Jewish patronymics sometimes related to poetic Zionist themes, such as ben Ami ("son of my people"), or ben Artzi ("son of my country"), and sometimes related to the Israeli landscape, such as bar Ilan ("son of the trees"). Others have create Hebrew names based on phonetic similarity with their original family name: Golda Meyersohn became Golda Meir. Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956 Another famous person who used a false patronymic was the first Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, whose original family name was Grün but adopted the name "Ben-Gurion" ("son of the lion cub"), not "Ben-Avigdor" (his father's name). The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera.

Indian subcontinent

Patronymy is common in parts of India and Pakistan. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and If a father is named Khurram Suleman (Muslim masculine name), he will name his son, for example, Taha Khurram, who would name his son, for example, Ismail Taha. Surnames are therefore not preserved across generations.

In Ancient India during the Vedic Age, when Sanskrit was the lingua franca, patronymics were common and used as the surname. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being Sanskrit patronymic was formed by making adjectival form of the father's (or clan's forefather's) given name. To make adjective, Indo-European ablaut (a phonological process) takes place and the first vowel in the patronymic gets an additional, initial /a/. In Linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of Vowel gradation (i This changes (in the vowel of the first syllable) short /a/ to ā, short and long /i/ and /ē/ to ai, short and long /u/ and /ō/ to /au/. There can also be a suffix, like -ya. E. g. :

• The very first mantra of the Rigveda has its seer named Madhuchchhandā Vaishvāmitra, meaning Madhuchchhandā, son of (or of lineage of) sage Vishvāmitra
• Buddha Shākyamuni had patronymic Gautama due to his lineage from sage Gotama
• The clan descended from Sage Agasti is called Āgastya. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge"
• The full name of Draupadi was Krishnā Draupadī, meaning Krishnā, daughter of Drupada. In the Ancient Indian epic Mahābhārata, Krsnā Draupadī (Devanagari कृष्णा द्रौपदी; approx
• As Krishna (Vishnu's avatar) was the son of Vasudeva, his name was Krishna Vāsudeva. Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism

In southern India, in Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala and Karnataka, patronymy is almost the norm. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India This is a significant departure from the rest of the country where caste or family names are mostly employed as surnames.

However, rather than using the father's full name, only the first letter—known as initials—is prefixed to the given name. For example, if a person's personal name is Saravanan and his father's Muthukumaran, then the full name is M. Saravanan and is seldom expanded, even in official records. Some families follow the tradition of retaining the name of the hometown, the grandfather's name, or both, as initials. The celebrated Indian English novelist R. K. Narayan's name at birth was Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Narayanaswami, which was shortened at the behest of his writer friend Graham Greene. For other users see Narayan (disambiguation R K Narayan ( October 10, 1906 - May 13 2001) born Rasipuram Krishnaswami Rasipuram, the first name, is a toponym and Krishnaswami Ayyar, the second name, is a patronym. Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology.

Outsiders and fellow compatriots are frequently baffled by this unusual naming convention, as are these individuals themselves by the concept of surnames. Both are often mistaken. That a personal name in south India can comprise several parts only helps add to the confusion. A Tamil name like P. Valarmathi Josephine Cynthia often ends up being broken down, by mistake, into three parts—first name, middle name, and last name—in northern India. A person named M. Saravanan is often thought to be using his surname with the given name initialized, where in fact, it is only the given name he goes by.

Nonetheless, the growing trend in cities in southern India and among expatriates is to expand the father’s name and suffix it to one’s given name, thus creating an illusory surname and preventing any possible confusion. The name stated in the earlier example, M. Saravanan can be rewritten as Saravanan Muthukumaran, bringing it in line with the western naming convention.

See also

• Arabic name
• Bulgarian name
• Dutch name
• Georgian name
• German name
• Icelandic name
• Jewish name
• Mongolian name
• Pakistani name
• Polish name
• Russian name
• Scots Gaelic name
• Somali name

References

External links

• Danish Naming Traditions
• What's the story with Dutch surnames?
• 17th Century Dutch Surnames
• Welsh Patronymic Surnames
• Data Wales Surnames

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