Defence of the fatherland is a commonplace of patriotism: The statue in the courtyard of École polytechnique, Paris, commemorating the students' involvement in defending France against the 1814 invasion of the Coalition. For other Écoles Polytechniques see École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814 a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and a number

Patriotism denotes positive and supportive attitudes to a 'fatherland' (Latin patria < Greek patris, πατρίς), by individuals and groups. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The 'fatherland' (or 'motherland') can be a region or a city, but patriotism usually applies to a nation and/or a nation-state. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Patriotism covers such attitudes as: pride in its achievements and culture, the desire to preserve its character and the basis of the culture, and identification with other members of the nation. Patriotism is closely associated with nationalism, and the terms are often used synonymously. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Strictly speaking, nationalism is an ideology - but it often promotes patriotic attitudes as desirable and appropriate. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics (Both nationalist political movements, and patriotic expression, may, yet need not, be negative towards other people's 'fatherland'). Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

Patriotism has ethical connotations: it implies that the 'fatherland' (however defined) is a moral standard or moral value in itself. The expression my country right or wrong—perhaps a misquotation of the American naval officer Stephen Decatur, but also attributed to Carl Schurz—is the extreme form of this belief. Commodore Stephen Decatur Jr ( 5 January 1779 – 22 March 1820) was an American naval officer notable for his heroism Carl Schurz (March 2 1829 &ndash May 14 1906 was a German revolutionary American statesman and reformer and Union Army General in the Patriotism also implies that the individual should place the interests of the nation above their personal and group interests. In wartime, the sacrifice may extend to their own life. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Death in battle for the fatherland is the archetype of extreme patriotism. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer

Types of patriotism

Magnets on automobiles became a popular way to display patriotism in the United States during the 2004 elections. A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field.

Personal patriotism is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such as respect for a flag. A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated

Governments promote an official patriotism which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content. It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the common good of the political community. National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples. Veterans Day is an American holiday honoring military Veterans. Remembrance Day also known as Poppy Day, Armistice Day (the event it commemorates or Veterans Day is a day to commemorate the Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance. In International politics, protocol is the Etiquette of Diplomacy and affairs of state

Patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the national anthem, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one's vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's A bumper sticker is an adhesive Label or sticker with a message intended to be attached to the bumper of an Automobile and to be read by the occupants Symbolic patriotism in wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort. Peacetime patriotism can not be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot does not see it as inferior.

Some critics have maintained that (unlike modern nationalism, which is a creation of the 19th-century nation state) authentic patriotism (as the Latin 'pater' would suggest) must be based in some form of genophilia and the sharing of ancestors.

Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. Typically, patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under external threat.

Conversely, high levels of patriotism tends to be coupled with belligerency according to the Correlates of War. The Correlates of War project is an academic study of the History of warfare. As examples, patriotism was highly rated by Correlates of War in pre-WWI Germany, as is the US today in World Values Survey. The Correlates of War project is an academic study of the History of warfare. The World Values Survey is an ongoing academic project by Social scientists to assess the state of sociocultural moral religious and political values of different Cultures

The ethics of patriotism

The United States consistently ranks as one of the most patriotic nations, and Americans often hold strong opinions about other nations. ^[1]

The primary implication of patriotism in ethical theory is that a person has more moral duties to fellow members of the national community, than to non-members. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Patriotism is selective in its altruism. Altruism is selfless concern for the welfare of others It is a traditional Virtue in many cultures and central to many religious traditions Criticism of patriotism in ethics is mainly directed at this moral preference: Paul Gomberg compared it to racism. ^[2] The view (in ethics) that moral duties apply equally to all humans is known as cosmopolitanism. Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single Moral community. (In practice, many patriots would see treason rather than cosmopolitanism as the "opposite of patriotism". In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. )

Patriotism implies a value preference for a specific civic or political community. Universalist beliefs reject such specific preferences, in favor of an alternative, wider, community. Moral universalism (or universal morality) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics or a universal ethic applies universally, that In the European Union, thinkers such as Habermas, however, have advocated a European-wide patriotism, but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the nation-state and often coincides with Euroscepticism. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process

As this modern patriotic poster suggests patriotism is often closely associated with other perceived national mores, in this case freedom. Mores (ˈmɔːreɪz are norms or customs Mores derive from the established practices of a society rather than its written Laws.

Some religious believers place their religion above their 'fatherland', often resulting in suspicion and hostility from patriots. Two examples of groups that have experienced this suspicion in the United States are Roman Catholics and Muslims. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion In the United States and the United Kingdom, Roman Catholics were seen as owing loyalty to the Pope rather than the nation. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and As a result, the Knights of Columbus (referred to as "the strong right arm of the church" by several Popes) established the virtue of patriotism as one of their four principle virtues. The Knights of Columbus is the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Muslims are sometimes seen as owing loyalty to the Islamic community (ummah) rather than to the nation. Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the Other groups find a conflict between certain patriotic acts and religious beliefs. Jehovah's Witnesses and Mennonites may choose to refuse to engage in certain patriotic acts or to display certain symbols. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively

Supporters of patriotism in ethics regard it as a virtue. Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual In his influential article "Is patriotism a virtue?" (1984), the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre notes that most contemporary conceptions of morality insist on a blindness to accidental traits like local origin and therefore reject patriotic selectivity. Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born January 12, 1929 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral MacIntyre constructs an alternative conception of morality, that he claims would be compatible with patriotism. Charles Blattberg, in his book From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics (2000), has developed a similar conception of patriotism. Charles Blattberg is a professor of political philosophy at the Université de Montréal.

A problem with treating patriotism as an objective virtue is that patriotisms often conflict. Soldiers of both sides in a war may feel equally patriotic, creating an ethical paradox. A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely (If patriotism is a virtue, then the enemy is virtuous, so why try to kill them?)

Within nations, politicians may appeal to patriotic emotions in attacking their opponents, implicitly or explicitly accusing them of betraying the country. Minorities may reject a patriotic loyalty and pride, which the majority finds unproblematic. They may feel excluded from the political community, and see no reason to be proud of it. The Australian political conflict about the Black armband view of history is an example. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The History wars are an ongoing public debate in Australia over the interpretation of the history of the European colonisation of Australia and its impact on Conservative Prime Minister John Howard, who would undoubtedly describe himself as an Australian patriot, said of it in 1996:

The 'black armband' view of our history reflects a belief that most Australian history since 1788 has been little more than a disgraceful story of imperialism, exploitation, racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March

In the United States, patriotic history has been criticised for de-emphasising the post-Colombian depopulation, the Atlantic slave trade, the population expulsions and the wars of conquest against Native Americans. It is thought that up to 100 million indigenous people may have lived in The Americas when the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus began a historical period of large-scale The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

Patriotism is often portrayed as a more positive alternative to nationalism, which sometimes carries negative connotations. Some authors such as Morris Janowitz, Daniel Bar-Tal, or L. Morris Janowitz, ( 22 October 1919 - 7 November 1988) was an American Sociologist and political scientist who Snyder argue that patriotism is distinguished from nationalism by its lack of aggression or hatred for others, its defensiveness, and positive community building. Others, such as Michael Billig or Jean Bethke Elshtain argue that the difference is difficult to discern, and relies largely on the attitude of the labeller. Michael Billig is Professor of Social Sciences at Loughborough University. Jean Bethke Elshtain (born 1941 is an American political philosopher. ^[3]

Patriotism for other countries?

There are historical examples of individuals who fought for other countries, sometimes for their independence - for example the Marquis de Lafayette, Tadeusz Kościuszko and Kazimierz Pułaski in the American Revolutionary War, and the "Philhellenes," western Europeans who fought in the Greek War of Independence, notably Lord Byron. Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (; 1746 &ndash 1817 was a Polish and American national hero and general For things named to honor Kazimierz Pułaski see Pulaski. Kazimierz Pułaski of Clan Ślepowron ( often written Casimir Pulaski In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Was Lafayette an American patriot, or the Philhellenes Greek patriots? Alasdair MacIntyre would claim that they were not; that these and similar cases are instances of idealism, but not of patriotism. In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called Under this view, Lafayette was only devoted to the ideals of political liberty that underlay the American Revolution, but was not specifically patriotic for America. For MacIntyre, patriotism by definition can only be a preference for one's own country, not a preference for the ideals that a country is believed to stand for. Charles Blattberg's conception of patriotism, however, is more nuanced: to him, a patriot can be critical of his or her country for failing to live up to its ideals.

Patriotism by country

Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism for various reasons. The Correlates of War project found some correlation between War propensity and patriotism. The Correlates of War project is an academic study of the History of warfare.

The results from different studies are time dependent. Patriotism in Germany before WWI ranks at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of surveys.

The Patriotism Score table below is from the World Values Survey and refers to the average answer for high income residents of a country to the question: "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?" It ranges from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud). The World Values Survey is an ongoing academic project by Social scientists to assess the state of sociocultural moral religious and political values of different Cultures ^[4]

First Survey: 1990-1992

Second Survey: 1995-1997

See also

This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of its sub-series. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.

• Nationalism and Nation
• National symbol and national flag
• Jingoism and Chauvinism
• Politics
• Communitarianism
• Cultural identity
• Identity politics
• Anti-patriotism

References

Sources and further reading

• Alasdair MacIntyre, 'Is Patriotism a Virtue?', in: R. Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born January 12, 1929 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral Beiner (ed. ), Theorizing Citizenship, 1995, State University of New York Press, pp. 209 - 228.
• Joshua Cohen and Martha C. Nussbaum, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Beacon Press, 1996. Martha Nussbaum (born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and ISBN 0-8070-4313-3.
• Jürgen Habermas, “Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity,” in Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of William Rehg, MIT Press, 1996.
• Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-829358-5.
• Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub, Patriotism, Wadsworth Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-8304-1410-X.
• Charles Blattberg, From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First, Oxford University Press, 2000. Charles Blattberg is a professor of political philosophy at the Université de Montréal. ISBN 0-19-829688-6.
• Igor Primoratz, ed. , Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
• Paul Gomberg, “Patriotism is Like Racism,” in Igor Primoratz, ed. , Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002, pp. 105-112. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
• Craig Calhoun, Is it Time to Be Postnational?, in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights, (eds. ) Stephen May, Tariq Modood and Judith Squires. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. pp 231-256. Online at www.ssrc.org.
• George Orwell, “Notes on Nationalism,” in England Your England and Other Essays, Secker and Warburg, 1953. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer