English family c. 1900

Patriarchy is the structuring of society on the basis of family units, where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of, hence authority over, their families. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an Entity whether it is a Government, Corporation, Organization The concept of patriarchy is often used, by extension (in anthropology and feminism, for example), to refer to the expectation that men take primary responsibility for the welfare of the community as a whole, acting as representatives via public office. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy.

The feminine form of patriarchy is matriarchy, but there are no known examples of matriarchies from any point in history. Matriarchy is a term which is applied to gynocentric form of Society, in which the leading role is by the Female and especially by the Mothers ^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} Encyclopædia Britannica says it is a "hypothetical social system". Hypotheticals are situations statements or questions about something imaginary rather than something real. ^[7] The Britannica article goes on to note, "The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development is now generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed. "^[8]

The anthropologist Margaret Mead said, "All the claims so glibly made about societies ruled by women are nonsense. Margaret Mead ( December 16, 1901, Philadelphia &ndash November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American We have no reason to believe that they ever existed. . . . men everywhere have been in charge of running the show. . . . men have been the leaders in public affairs and the final authorities at home. "^[9] For moral comment on this see feminist criticism below; for a scientific explanation of why, see biology of gender below. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over

Etymology

The word patriarchy comes from two Greek words —patēr (πατήρ, father) and archē (αρχή, rule). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In Greek, the genitive form of patēr is patr-os,^[10] which shows the root form patr, explaining why the word is spelled patr-iarchy. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents ^[11] The basic meaning of the Greek word archē is actually "beginning" (hence arche-ology or men-arche)^[12] — the first words of Genesis in Greek (see Septuagint) are En archē ("In the beginning"). Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Menarche (American English məˈnɑrki British English mɛˈnɑːki is the first menstrual period, or first menstrual bleeding in the females of Human beings The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the ^[13] However, archē is also used metaphorically to refer to ruling, because rulers are perceived to "start" things,^[14] for example hier-archy and an-archy. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness

Related words

Abraham & son

A patriarch is a man who has great influence on his family or society. Many historical societies claimed descent from one great man. For example, the Romans believed they were descended from Romulus who founded Rome. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Romulus (c 771 BC– c 717 BC and Remus (c 771 BC–c 753 BC are the traditional founders of Rome, appearing in Roman mythology Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The traditional founder of Athens is Erectheus, and of Sparta Lacedæmon. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Similarly, the Jewish tradition in the Torah says Jews are descended from Abraham through Isaac. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: According to the Hebrew Bible, Isaac ( Hebrew: Yitzchak יִצְחָק, Standard Yiẓḥaq Both the Torah and Qur'an say Arabs are descended from Abraham through Ishmael,^[15] [16] Abraham's first son, Isaac's half-brother. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل Traditional founders are often called patriarchs. The feminine form of patriarch is matriarch, for example see Matriarchs (Bible). The Matriarchs ( are four important women mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible, the wives of the Biblical Patriarchs. Patriarch is also a name for the most senior leaders of Eastern Christianity, roughly comparable to the western arch-bishop (archē as above). Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead

The adjective for patriarchy is patriarchal; and patriarchalism, or more commonly paternalism, refer to the practice or defence of patriarchy. Paternalism refers usually to an attitude or a policy stemming from the hierarchic pattern of a Family based on Patriarchy, that is there is a figurehead Patron is a related word used generically (that is, it is not gender or sex specific). Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Women and men who provide financial support to activities within a community can be termed patrons. The verb form patronize can be used positively, to describe the activity of patrons, or negatively, to describe adopting a superior attitude. If the superior attitude is adopted by a man, he can be called paternalistic.

Related customs

Patrimonalism uses the Greek word monos (μόνος, sole) to describe the view of a state as the extended household of a mon-arch (sole ruler, archē as above) or deity. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always There are records of patrimonalism almost as far back as the earliest writing itself (about 5000 years ago). This is probably because patrimonalism directly facilitated the invention of writing — the first hereditary monarchs gained so much wealth as to need to keep accounts, and enough to pay those accountants. Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, An accountant is a practitioner of Accountancy, which is the measurement disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers investors The earliest records of patrimonalism come from Ancient Near Eastern legal documents, the best known being the Code of Hammurabi and the Torah. The Ancient Near East refers to early Civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca Some aspects of patrimonalism can still be found in the few remaining monarchies in the world today, for example, British law concerning real estate (see Crown lands), especially in Australia. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The United Kingdom has three Legal systems. English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law, which applies in Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Crown land is a designated area belonging to The Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the Monarchy and could not be For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For more detail regarding patrimonalism see Traditional authority. Traditional authority (also known as traditional domination is a form of Leadership in which the authority of an Organization or a Ruling regime is largely

Passing of X-linked conditions

Some social customs reflect what is termed patrilineality or patrilocality. Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles In Social anthropology, patrilocal residence or patrilocality (also virilocal residence or virilocality) is a term referring to the social

Patrilineal describes customs where family responsibilities and assets pass from father to son. By contrast, contemporary Judaism considers people to be Jewish if their mothers were Jewish, which makes this aspect of contemporary Judaism matrilineal. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Matrilineality is a system in which lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors Biblical Judaism is, however, a classical example of a patrilineal society. Matrilineal is a particularly useful term in genetics, where some genetic features are more or less passed via the maternal line, notably mitochondrial DNA and severe X-linked genetic conditions. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual An X chromosome from the mother is always passed to offspring, male and female. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. However, daughters do not receive a Y chromosome, and sons do not receive an X chromosome from their fathers (see sex-determination system, heredity and genetic genealogy). The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining Chromosomes in many animal species including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome) A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. Genetic genealogy is the application of Genetics to traditional genealogy.

Patrilocal describes the custom of brides relocating to the geographic community of the husband and his father's family. Participants in wedding ceremonies, also known as the wedding party, include the bride and groom (or bridegroom) the maid of honor In a matrilocal society, a husband will relocate to the home community of his wife and her mother (see also marriage). In Social anthropology, matrilocal residence or matrilocality (also uxorilocal residence or uxorilocality) is a term referring to the societal NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Matrilocality can substantially increase the social influence of women in a culture, however, given that tribal and family leaders are still men in all known matrilocal societies, matrilocality is not equivalent to matriarchy, see main entry patriarchy (anthropology). See also Patriarchy Patriarchy (from Greek: patria meaning father and arché meaning rule is the anthropological term used to define

By contrast with these other customs, patriarchy can be seen to be distinctly about gender and the nuclear family, gender and public office, and about female-male relationships in general. The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother

Benefits of patriarchy

Patriarchy is advanced as being advantageous for human evolution and social organization on many grounds, crossing several disciplines. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Although biology may explain its existence (see below), arguments for its social utility have been made since ancient times. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness The main lines of argument are either pragmatic—namely, the reproductive advantages of male-as-provider—or ethical—that any perceived male authority is contingent upon underlying perceptions of duty of care. Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. The Evolution of sexual reproduction is a major puzzle The first Fossilized evidence of sexually reproducing Organisms is from Eukaryotes of the Stenian Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a reasonable Standard of care while performing any acts

Feminist criticism

Simone de Beauvoir

John Stuart Mill

Main article: Patriarchy in feminism

Most forms of feminism have challenged patriarchy as a social system that is adopted uncritically, due to millennia of human experience where male physical strength was the ultimate way of settling social conflicts – from war to disciplining children. See also Patriarchy Patriarchy is an important Concept in Feminism. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units See also Parenting Child discipline is a topic that draws from a wide range of interested fields such as the Professional practice of behavior analysis, John Stuart Mill wrote, "In early times, the great majority of the male sex were slaves, as well as the whole of the female. And many ages elapsed . . . before any thinker was bold enough to question the rightfulness, and the absolute necessity, either of the one slavery or of the other. "^[17]

In feminist theory, the opposite of feminism is not masculism but patriarchy. Feminist theory is the extension of Feminism into theoretical or philosophical, ground Masculism (or Masculinism) has two contrasting meanings When used by self-identified masculists the term refers to social theories, Political movements It is not surprising, therefore, that the word patriarchy has a range of additional, negative associations when used in the context of feminist theory, where it is sometimes capitalized and used with the definite article (the Patriarchy), likely best understood as a form of collective personification (compare "blame it on the Government" to "blame it on the Patriarchy"). Personification is an ontological metaphor in which a thing or abstraction is represented as a person The use of the word patriarchy in feminist literature has become so loaded with emotive associations that some writers prefer to use an approximate synonym, the more objective and technical androcentric (also from Greek – anēr, genitive andros, meaning man). This is a list of important contributions to the literature of Feminism, listed by year of first publication This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Androcentrism ( Greek, andro-, "man male" is the practice conscious or otherwise of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at

Fredrika Scarth (a feminist) reads Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex to be saying, "Neither men nor women live their bodies authentically under patriarchy. "^[18] Mary Daly wrote, "Males and males only are the originators, planners, controllers, and legitimators of patriarchy. Mary Daly (born October 16, 1928 in Schenectady, New York) is a radical feminist "^[19] Carole Pateman, another feminist, writes, "The patriarchal construction of the difference between masculinity and femininity is the political difference between freedom and subjection. "^[20]

Most feminists do not propose to replace patriarchy with matriarchy, rather they argue for equality (though some have argued for separation). Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Separatist feminism is a form of Feminism that does not support Heterosexual relationships due to a belief that sexual disparities between Men However, Ronald Dworkin has argued that equality is a difficult idea. Ronald Dworkin, QC, FBA (born December 11, 1931) is an American Legal philosopher, currently professor of Jurisprudence ^[21] It is particularly hard to work out what equality means when it comes to gender, because there are real differences between men and women (see Sexual dimorphism and Gender differences). Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. A Gender difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general Recent feminist writers speak of "feminisms of diversity", that seek to reconcile older debates between equality feminisms and difference feminisms. Equality feminism is a submovement of Feminism. It is fundamentally at odds with Difference feminism and expresses the crucial similarities between the male Difference feminism is a philosophy that stresses that Men and Women are ontologically different versions of the human being For instance, Judith Squires writes, "The whole conceptual force of 'equality' rests on the assumption of differences, which should in some respect be valued equally. "^[22]

For a leading feminist who writes against patriarchy see Marilyn French; and for one who is more sympathetic see Christina Hoff Sommers. Marilyn French (born November 21, 1929) is an American Author known for her Feminist Novels and Non-fiction. Christina Hoff

Average Income USA (2005 Census Data)

In summary, recent feminist writers have shown a tendency to admit misandry among some members of the movement^[23], and acknowledge real differences in men and women that make diversity a more meaningful aim than reductionistic equality (for example Judith Squires above). Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women Reductionism can either mean (a an approach to understanding the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts or to simpler or more fundamental things

Decades of legislation and affirmative action have not yet changed the fact that western culture is male dominated, and that it remains patriarchal, although women can vote in most countries of the world, and they outnumber men in higher education in many countries ^[24]. Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges

However, heads of state, cabinet ministers and the top executives of major companies are still mostly men (see glass ceiling). Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. Corporate titles are titles conferred on individuals as a means of identifying their function in the Organization. Generally a company is a form of Business organization. The precise definition varies The term glass ceiling' refers to situations where the advancement of a qualified person within the hierarchy of an organization is stopped at a lower level because of some form of Also, women's average income is still significantly lower than men's average income. Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally expressed in monetary terms Sally Haslanger claims women are still marginalized within academic philosophy departments. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language ^[25]

Steven Goldberg

First Book

Main article: Why Men Rule

To date, feminists have failed to achieve many of their goals (for example, those related to executive positions and average income, see above). Why Men Rule is a book by Steven Goldberg, published by the Open Court Publishing Company in 1993. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over This was predicted in 1973 (the early days of second wave feminist activism) by Steven Goldberg (born 1941). Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s Steven Goldberg (born 1941 is a native of New York City and was president of the sociology department at City College of New York (CCNY

Goldberg was chairman of the department of sociology at City College of New York, and has written two books on patriarchy. The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as the City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as In the second he wrote:

Second Book

In Goldberg's first book, he seeks an explanation for three specific aspects of male dominance behaviour in human societies. Patriarchy is the first of these. He also considers the phenomenon of male status seeking, which he calls "male attainment". In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position) He is influenced by Margaret Mead in identifying this phenomenon. She says, "Men may cook, or weave or dress dolls or hunt hummingbirds, but if such activities are appropriate behavior for men, then the whole society, men and women alike, votes them as important. When the same occupations are performed by women, they are regarded as less important. "^[28] Finally, he considers the way men seem to dominate in one-to-one relationships with women. Marriage is just one example of such relationships. Goldberg comments, "A woman’s feeling that she must get around a man is the hallmark of male dominance. "^[29]

Goldberg proposes the hypothesis that the statistical averages of all these forms of behaviour are partly explained by the necessary (but not sufficient) condition of neuroendocrinological effects – namely, testosterone. A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the Nervous system and the Endocrine system. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries The title of his first book makes his hypothesis very clear, it was called The Inevitability of Patriarchy: Why the Biological Difference between Men and Women always Produces Male Domination. The Inevitability of Patriarchy is a book by Steven Goldberg, published by William Morrow and Company in 1973. At the time he wrote (1973), there were only very limited results from biological researchers to support his hypothesis. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. The situation has changed a lot since then.

For other writers who make similar points to Goldberg see Steven Pinker and Donald Brown in the literature below. Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18 1954 is a prominent Canadian - American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author Donald E Brown is an American professor of Anthropology ( Emeritus) Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over

For current feminists and writers with considerably more biological knowledge than Goldberg, who accept his hypothesis, but consider issues beyond the biological, see Helena Cronin and Louann Brizendine. Dr Helena Cronin is a noted Darwinian Philosopher and Rationalist. Louann Brizendine MD is a Neuropsychiatrist and the author of The Female Brain which was published by Morgan Road Books in 2006

Biology of gender

Female-male differences — Peacock courting peahen

Main article: Biology of gender

The biology of gender is scientific analysis of the physical basis for behavioural differences between men and women. The term peafowl refers to Gallinaceous Birds classified within the genera Rheinardia Argusianus Afropavoand Pavo The biology of gender is scientific analysis of the physical basis for behavioural differences between men and women It is more specific than sexual dimorphism, which covers physical and behavioural differences between males and females of any sexually reproducing species, or sexual differentiation, where physical and behavioural differences between men and women are described. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. See Sex differences in humans for permanent sex differences Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the differences between Biological research of gender has explored such areas as: intersex physicalities, gender identity, gender roles and sexual orientation. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes

Research in this area is generally motivated by the search for causes of diseases in human beings, and ways of treating or preventing those diseases; it is thought that men and women might require different kinds of treatment for certain diseases. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly The results are relevant to gender issues, but that is not their direct concern.

It has long been known that there are correlations between the biological sex of animals and their behaviour. In Probability theory and Statistics, correlation, (often measured as a correlation coefficient) indicates the strength and direction of a linear Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal ^{[32] [33] [34]}

The late twentieth century saw an explosion in technology capable of aiding sex research. John Money and Milton Diamond made great progress towards understanding the formation of gender identity in humans. John William Money ( 8 July 1921 &ndash 7 July, 2006) was a psychologist and sexologist well-known for his research into Milton Diamond (born 6 March 1934 in New York New York) is a professor of Anatomy and Reproductive biology at the University Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Extensive advances were also made in understanding sexual dimorphism in other animals. For example, there were studies on the effects of sex hormones on rats. Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are Steroid hormones that interact with Vertebrate Androgen or Estrogen receptors In the early twenty first century, discoveries were made concerning genetically programmed sexual dimorphism in rat brains, prior even to the influence of hormones on development. In Artificial intelligence, genetic programming (GP is an Evolutionary algorithm based methodology inspired by Biological evolution to find Developmental Biology is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology.

Human Brain

Skuse, David H (2006). "Sexual dimorphism in cognition and behaviour: the role of X-linked genes". European Journal of Endocrinology 155: 99-106. Endocrinology (from Greek grc ἔνδον endon, "within" grc κρῑνω krīnō, "to separate" and grc -λογία  

Some specific relevant results are as follows. A result is the final consequence of a Sequence of actions or events (broadly incidents and accidents expressed qualitatively or quantitatively being a loss injury disadvantage The brains of many animals are significantly different for females and males of the species. In Statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by Chance. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. ^[35] Both genes and hormones affect the formation of many animal brains before "birth" (or hatching), and also behaviour of adult individuals. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. Hatching ( hachure in French) and cross-hatching are artistic techniques used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing (or painting or scribing closely Hormones significantly affect human brain formation, and also brain development at puberty. Both kinds of brain difference affect male and female behaviour.

The red bell curve here has a lower standard deviation than the green or blue curves, but the same average. In Probability and Statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a collection of values This reflects the differences in logical and geometric reasoning between women and men. The purple curve has a lower average as well. This reflects the differences in sensory processing abilities between men and women. ^[36]

Brain differences also have a statistically measurable effect on an array of abilities. In particular, on average, women are more capable in nearly everything to do with sensory processing. Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields On the other hand, male brains seem to be "pushed" towards extremes of low ability or high ability in various forms of mental abstraction, especially those related to space and logic. This means the average scores of young women and men in mathematics, for example, will be close, but there will be more men than women in the very low scores and in the very high scores (see the diagram at the right for an illustration). ^[36] There is evidence to suggest that forms of autism may be essentially extreme expressions of certain typically male characteristics. Language development. The terminology ^[37] [38] Hormones have also been linked with male aggression. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm ^[39] Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (confirming Goldberg above) notes observed male aggression would predict a tendency towards the patriarchy that has also been observed. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (note Hrdy is Czech for "proud" (born July 11, 1946) is a U ^[40]. For an illustrated description of clear differences between female and male brain response to pain see Laura Stanton and Brenna Maloney, 'The Perception of Pain', Washington Post (19 December 2006).

Chimpanzee

Alexandra M. Lopes and others recently published that:

Appendix

Patriarchies in dispute

The table shows most societies that have been claimed at one time or another to be matriarchal. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over In every case the ethnographers report that the societies were patriarchal not matriarchal, even before changes brought by contact with western culture. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive However, some of the societies are matrilineal or matrilocal.

Note: separate in the marriage column, refers to the practice of husbands and wives living in separate locations, often informally called walking marriages. See the articles for the specific cultures that practice this for further description.

Table

List

Patriarchy in ethnographies

Autonym	Comments	Image
Alorese	"Marriage means for women far greater economic responsibility in a social system that does not grant them status recognition equal to that of men while at the same time it places on them greater and more monotonous burdens of labor. An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local Alor may refer to Alor Archipelago, Indonesia Alor Island, Indonesia Alor Strait, Indonesia The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Bamenda, also known as Abakwa and Mankon Town, is a city in northwestern Cameroon and capital of the North West Province. The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. Phyllis Mary Kaberry ( September 17 1910 - October 31 1977) was a Social anthropologist who dedicated her work to the study of women The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Batek (or Bateq) are an indigenous people (currently numbering about 750 who live in the Rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania For the Olympic champion athlete see Bronisław Malinowski (athlete. The Bribri are a small indigenous tribe around 10000 members living in the Talamanca canton inside of the Limón Province in Costa Rica Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Çatalhöyük (ʧɑtɑl højyk in Turkish also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without Diacritics çatal is Turkish Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches James Mellaart (b November 14, 1925, London) is a British Archaeologist and author who is noted for his work at the Neolithic Chambri (previously spelled Tchambuli) are an ethnic group in the Chambri Lakes region in the East Sepik province of Papua New Guinea. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania Margaret Mead ( December 16, 1901, Philadelphia &ndash November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Fore live in the Okapa District of the Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The Hopi are Native American people who primarily live on the 12635 km² (2531 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Iban History See also Iban history The origin of the name Iban is a mystery although many theories exist Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest For the first mayor of Calgary Alberta see George Murdoch. For the American actor see George Murdock (actor. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Lewis Henry Morgan ( November 21, 1818 &ndash December 17, 1881) was an American Ethnologist, Anthropologist and South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Nubians (Arabic نوبي Nuubi are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, now inhabiting East Africa and some parts of Northeast Africa in southern Egypt Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Marjorie Shostak ( May 11, 1945 - October 6 1996) was an American anthropologist. Minicoy Island or Maliku is the only inhabited island of the Maliku Atoll and is located at. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Mosuo ( also spelled Moso or Musuo) are a small Ethnic group living in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in China, close China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Joseph Francis Charles Rock (1884 – 1962 was an Austrian American explorer, Geographer, linguist and Botanist. The Nakhi ( endonym ¹na²khi) are an ethnic group inhabiting the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Joseph Francis Charles Rock (1884 – 1962 was an Austrian American explorer, Geographer, linguist and Botanist. Nāyar (Malayalam നായര്‍ naːjar most commonly spelt Nair) is the name of a Hindu upper caste from the southern Indian state of Kerala India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Not to be confused with the Turkic Telengit people The Tlingit (ˈklɪŋkɪt in English also /-gɪt/ or Tlinkit /ˈtlɪŋkɪt/ which The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Aurel Krause was a German geographer known today for his early ethnography of the Tlingit Indians of southeast Alaska, published in 1885 Vanatinai is the name given to the Island 225 miles south-east of New Guinea by its indigenous inhabitants Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Alor may refer to Alor Archipelago, Indonesia Alor Island, Indonesia Alor Strait, Indonesia " Bois, Cora du (1944). The People of Alor: A Social-Psychological Study of an East Indian Island. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.	Indonesia
Bamenda	"They are under the political authority of a Village Head, who is usually the descendant of the first settler or of the most senior man of a small band of first settlers in the locality. Bamenda, also known as Abakwa and Mankon Town, is a city in northwestern Cameroon and capital of the North West Province. Where the village is the largest autonomous political unit, he may exercise a titular claim to all land within the village boundaries, but the implications of this are political rather than economic. The right to reside in a village and cultivate its land is contingent on obedience to the Village Head and conformity to custom. " [Page 29. ] "I stress this point since the European observer, confronted by the spectacle of women bending over their hoes through the day while a number of men may be seen lounging in the compounds, are apt to regard the division of labour as not only inequitable but as an exploitation of the female sex. Such an attitude, however, fails to take into account the contribution made by the men in the heavier tasks, more especially in the dry season; and, secondly, the onus on them to earn money for household necessaries. " [Page 27. ] "Women are not eligible for the headship of kin or political groups. " [Page 148. ] Kaberry, Phyllis M (1952). Women of the Grassfields. London: Colonial Research Publications 14.	Cameroon
Bantoc	"As is typical of the Bantoc . . . the Tanowong are organized into different dap-ay groups . . . . The dap-ay . . . is the men's house. The dap-ay are the religeous, social, and political centers of village life, where major decisions are made . . . . While each dap-ay theoretically has a council of old men who make the decisions, in actual fact, especially at present, every mature man participates in the deliberations of the council. " Bacadayan, Albert S (1974). "Securing water for drying rice terraces: irrigation, community organization, and expanding social relationships in a Western Bontoc group, Philippines". Ethnology 13: 247–260.	Philippines
Batek	"Wives usually go where their husbands want to go and the men seem to prefer their own home areas. The Batek (or Bateq) are an indigenous people (currently numbering about 750 who live in the Rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. . . . The Batek have a system of headmanship which appears to go back some time. There are at least seven men in the Aring and Lebir Valleys today who are commonly regarded as penghulu ('headmen') and they have in their genealogy several generations of penghulu, menteri ('ministers' or 'chiefs'), panglima ('war captains'), and even a raja ('king'). . . . The position of the penghulu descends to the sons of previous penghulu, ideally in order of birth. If the penghulu has no sons, it goes to his next oldest brother and then to his sons in order. " Endicott, Kirk Michael (1974). Batek Negrito Economy and Social Organization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Unpublished PhD thesis, 239–246.	Malaysia
Boyowan Kiriwina Trobriand Islands	Malinowski on Kiriwina These are matrilinear, patrilocal and patriarchal tribes. Maternal uncles are family heads, and the tribal chiefs are dynastic male monarchs, paid a tribute. "A district is formed by a number of villages, which are tributary to a particular headman of high rank, a chief. " "A chief has a wife from each subject village. " "The headman of a village is the oldest male of the dominant subclan. " "Next to the chief and sorcerer, the garden magician is the most important person in the village. He may even be the chief. He is a hereditary specialist in a complex system of magic handed down in the female line. " "Fishermen are organized into detachments, each of which is led by a headman who owns the canoe, performs the magic, and reaps the main share of the catch. " "Although descent is matrilineal, postmarital residence is patrilocal. " Quotes from an article sourced on Malinowski (see below) by Martin J Malone. Malinowski, Bronisław (1916). "Baloma: Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 46: 354-430.   Malinowski, Bronisław (1918). "Fishing in the Trobriand Islands". Man 18: 87-92.   Malinowski, Bronisław (1920). "Kula: The Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagoes of Eastern New Guinea". Man 20: 87-105.   Malinowski, Bronisław (1920). "The Economic Pursuits of the Trobriand Islanders". Nature 105: 564-565.   Malinowski, Bronisław (1921). "The Primitive Economics of the Trobriand Islanders". The Economic Journal 21: 1-16.   Malinowski, Bronisław (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Seattle: Washington University Press.   Malinowski, Bronisław (1936). "The Trobriand Islands of Papua". Australian Geographer 3: 10-12.   There is an amusing anecdote of cross-cultural contact on Kiriwina. The local yam is part of the staple diet and has something of a contraceptive effect. The Kiriwina tribes were initially reluctant to believe western stories of sex causing pregnancy.	PNG
Bribri	"(The brother) . The Bribri are a small indigenous tribe around 10000 members living in the Talamanca canton inside of the Limón Province in Costa Rica . . or in the default of a brother, a cousin or uncle, [has a ruling voice in any family council or discussion]. " Gabb, William Moore (1875). "On the Indian tribes and languages of Costa Rica". American Philosophical Society Proceedings 14: 483–602.	Costa Rica
Çatalhöyük	"The archaeological evidence of female oriented ritual at Catal Hüyük is no more a substatial demonstration of matriarchy than some future excavations of a contemporary shrine of La Virgin de Guadalupe (or some other cult of the Madonna) might uncover. Çatalhöyük (ʧɑtɑl højyk in Turkish also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without Diacritics çatal is Turkish Our Lady of Guadalupe, also called the Virgin of Guadalupe (Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe or Virgen de Guadalupe is a 16th century Roman Catholic Mexican Images of the Madonna and Madonna and Child are one of the central Icons of Christianity, representing the Madonna or Mary mother of Jesus " Webster, Steven (1973). "Was it Matriarchy?". New York Review of Books: 37–38.	Turkey
Chambri (Tchambuli)	"Nowhere [in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies] do I suggest that I have found any material which disproves the existence of sex differences [in Tchambuli Society]. Chambri (previously spelled Tchambuli) are an ethnic group in the Chambri Lakes region in the East Sepik province of Papua New Guinea. . . . This study was not concerned with whether there are or are not actual and universal differences between the sexes, either quantitive or qualitative. " Mead, Margaret (1937). "Letter". The American Anthropologist 39: 558-561.   "All the claims so glibly made about societies ruled by women are nonsense. We have no reason to believe that they ever existed. . . . men everywhere have been in charge of running the show. . . . men have been the leaders in public affairs and the final authorities at home. " Mead, Margaret (1973). "Review of Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies". Redbook October: 48.	PNG
Filipinos (and Filipinas)	"This combination of patterns has brought the Filipino woman to a point where, although denied some of the adventurous freedom of the male, she may be even better prepared for economic competition. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The acceptance of the boredom of routine work may be seen as part of 'patient suffering' which is said to characterize the Filipino female to a greater extent than the male. Her responsibile role in the household means that the wife is charged with practical affairs while the husband is concerned to a greater extent with ritualistic activity which maintains prestige. " Hunt, CL (1965). "Female Occupational Roles and Urban Sex Ratios in the United States, Japan, and the Philippines". Social Forces 43: 144.	Philippines
Gahuku-Gama (Fore)	"At marriage a Fore woman . The Fore live in the Okapa District of the Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. . . is expected to be . . . an obedient spouse, a prolific childbearer, and generous with gifts of food to her affines and her husband's friends. " Glasse (Lindenbaum), Shirley (1963). The Social Life of Women in the South Fore. Port Moresby: Department of Public Health, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, 1.   What is tastefully left out of this description is that food sometimes consisted of recently deceased members of the tribe. A disease called kuru, probably spread by this canibalism, affected more women, children and elderly than men. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος [Note again that anthropologists provide scientific observations not moral judgements. ]	PNG
Hopi	"It seems that brothers are assumed to be senior to sisters, and entitled to respect as such, in the absence of evidence to the contrary. The Hopi are Native American people who primarily live on the 12635 km² (2531 " Freire-Marreco, Barbara (1914). "Tewa Kinship Terms from the Pueblo of Hano, Arizona". American Anthropologist new series 16: 269–287.   "Within the family, the mother's brother, or, in his absence, any adult male of the household or clan, is responsible for the mainenance of order and the discipline of younger members. " Dozier, Edward P (1954). "The Hopi-Tewa of Arizona". American-Archaeology and Ethnology 44: 339.	USA
Iban	"Typically, every bilek family has as its head a man who is responsible for the general management of the farm. Iban could be The Iban people (or Sea Dayak) an ethnic group in Kalimantan ( Indonesian Borneo) and Sarawak " (page 81) The original ethnography is cited in Whyte, William King (1978). The Status of Women in Pre-Industrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.   "The tuah rumah is the administrator and custodian of adat, Iban customary law, and the arbiter in community conflicts. He has no political, economic, or ritual power. Usually a man of great personal prestige, it is through his knowledge of custom and his powers of persuasion that others are induced to go along with his decisions. Influence and prestige are not inherited. The Iban emphasize achievement, not descent. " Quote from Martin J Malone's cultural summary drawn from sources including: Gomes, Edwin H (1911). Seventeen years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo: a record of intimate association with the natives of the Bornean jungles. London: Seeley.   The main Wikipedia entry above includes a short recent history of colonial politics and wars involving the Iban, up to the co-operation between Iban and Australians against Japanese in World War II. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The film, The Sleeping Dictionary, is set among the Iban. The Sleeping Dictionary is a 2003 film by Guy Jenkin. It was filmed in Sarawak and is set during the British colonial rule in the 1930s	Malaysia Indonesia
Imazighen (Berbers)	Imazighen "Nuclear families are reported to be independent social groups only among the Mzab. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Elsewhere they are aggregated into patrilocal extended families, each with a patriarchal head. " Murdock, George Peter (1959). Africa: Its people and Their Cultural History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 117.	Libya Algeria
Iroquois	"The Indian regarded woman as the inferior, the dependent, and the servant of man, and from nurturance and habit, she actually considered herself to be so. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse " Morgan, Lewis Henry (1901). League of the Ho-Dêé-No-Sau-Nee or Iroquois. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 315.   "Ruling over the League was a council of 50 chiefs known as sachem[s] or lord[s]. " From Marlene M Martin's cultural summary, which draws upon the text quoted above. Two interesting thing about this society are that the chiefs were elected, not hereditary, and that the voters were exclusively female. The council itself had a ruler, but he was elected by the council. See also: Richards, Cara B (1957), “Matriarchy or Mistake: The Role of Iroqois Women Through Time”, Cultural Stability and Cultural Change, New York: American Ethnological Society, p. 36–45 . Randle, Martha C (undated). "Iroqois Women, Then and Now". Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 149.   The main Wikipedia entry also provides enough circumstatial evidence to suggest what the anthropologists reported – the Iroqois were traditionally a matrilineal but patriarchal people.	Canada USA
Jivaro	"On relations between husband and wife it may be proper to say that it is regulated according to the principle 'the man governs, but the woman holds sway'. " Karstan, R (1935). The Headhunters of Western Amazonia:The Life and Culture of the Jibaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador and Peru. Helsingfors: Finska Vetenskaps-societeten Helsingfors, 254.	Ecuador Peru
Kenuzi	"The subservient position of women was determined by the Islamic religion. " (page 133) "Women influence their husbands, but [their husband's] decisions are decisive. " (page 89) The original ethnographies are cited in: Whyte, William King (1978). The Status of Women in Pre-Industrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.   It is also worth noting that in this society, girls are married before puberty (Godard, 1867), by adult men who inspect them manually for virginity (Kenedy, 1970). Female circumcision is later performed at puberty to ensure chastity (Barclay, 1964). Female genital cutting (FGC also known as female genital mutilation (FGM female circumcision or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C refers to Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. [Once more we note that niether the anthropologists who report such practices, nor those who cite them, nor this article endorse these things in any way. These practices are mentioned only to explain why most scholars do not consider this society matriarchal. ]	Sudan
Kibbutzim	"Some women serve as secretaries of kibbutzim, very few as treasurers; women as economic directors are still a rarity. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Experience in the internal positions of power is the stepping stone to external positions of power. There has been one woman national secretary of a kibbutz federation. The kibbutz federations usually send into national politics one token woman at a time. " Agassi, Judith Buber (1989). "Gender Equality: Theoretical Lessons from the Israeli Kibbutz". Gender and Society 3: 160-186.	Israel
!Kung	"N≠issa's descriptions . . . of her relationship with her husband, Tashay, suggest that relations between the sexes are not egalitarian, and that men, because of their greater strength, have power and can exercise their will in relation to women. This confirms Marshall's (1959) finding that men's status is higher than women's. " Shostak, Marjorie (1976), “A !Kung Woman's Memories of Childhood”, in Lee and De Vore, Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 277  "The dominant impression one gets from accounts of patrilocal bands is one of semi-isolated, male-centered groups, encapsulated within territories. " Lee, Richard B (1976), “!Kung Spacial Organization”, in Lee and De Vore, Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 75  "There are inherited positions, such as the 'headman'. " Marshall, Lorna (1976). The !Kung of Nyae Nyae, 125.   "Raising 2 or 3 children to competent maturity—the life's work of a successful woman—has typically required hard decisions about priorities, attentive management of social relations, ingenuity, luck, and decades of hard labor. " Fielder, Christine; Chris King (2004). Sexual Paradox Complementarity, Reproductive Conflict, and Human Emergence. ISBN 1-4116-5532-X.	Angola Namibia Botswana
Maliku Minicoy	Maldives Royal Family 1888 "Maliku seamen then had small colonies in Burma, near Rangoon, and on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the island of the same name see Minicoy Island. Nowadays, the men prefer to work on cargo ships owned by national and international shipping companies. Their 'Minicoy Seamen's Association' shifted from Calcutta to Bombay, where they teach the young men and supply employment. " "Until 1960, all the villages selected an additional authority, the rahubodukaka (lit. the country's big brother), who was in charge of the rahuge (lit. house of the country). He and the rahuweriñ (lit. ruler of the country), a boduñ selected by the boduñ and niamiñ [high status groups], were responsible for all the affairs concerning the whole island and the access to the southern part for collecting firewood and coconuts. " Kattner, Ellen (1996). "Union Territory of Lakshadweep: The Social Structure of Maliku". Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter 10.	India
Minangkabau	"In spite of the nominal 'matriarchate', Van Hasselt claims that the women are really the servants of the men. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. They not only prepare the meals of the men in their family, but they also serve them first, later eating with the children. " Paraphrase of: Hasselt, AL van (1882), “Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra”, in PJ Veth, Midden-Sumatra, Leiden, p. Third Part  "The women have not the legal right to make a contract, not even to dispose of themselves in marriage. " Both quotes from: Loeb, EM (1934). "Patrilineal and Matrilineal Organization in Sumatra: The Minangkabau". The American Anthropologist 36: 49.   More recently, Peggy Reeves Sanday observed the following: "The Minangkabau are guided by a hegemonic idealogy called adat, which legitimizes and structures traditional political and ceremonial life. " [Page 146] "Thus, the Minangkabau make a distinction between female/weak and male/strong . . . " [Page 149] "In the specifics of male and female role definition, adat [sic] ideology is decidedly androcentric. " [Page 150] "First there are the ninik mamak, the men who have the authority to decide in accordance with adat law. The ninik mamak have authority over their nephews and nieces. [The ninik mamak] are the heads of the clan in the villages. " [Page 151] Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1990), “Gender in Minangkabau Ideology”, in PR Sanday and Ruth Gallagher Goodenough, Beyond the Second Sex, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press  Mohammad Hatta, the first vice president of Indonesia, was a Minangkabau. Mohammad Hatta ( August 12, 1902 - March 14, 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States.	Indonesia
Naxi Mosuo	"The Naxi Kingdom flourished from the eighth century until 1724 when it came under direct Chinese rule. The Mosuo ( also spelled Moso or Musuo) are a small Ethnic group living in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in China, close . . . Their predominant tribe is the Moso, the name by which the Naxi were originally known. The Moso of today carry on the matrilineal family structure in the Naxi tradition. . . . Naxi is the only living pictographic language. . . . Although a large percentage of Naxi ceremonies deal with exorcism, the Library's collection also includes a pictographic creation story, a sacrifice to the Serpent King, accounts of Naxi warriors and other people of high social standing ascending to the realm of deities, and love-suicide stories. " From Library of Congress website. This secondary source describes the primary literature available regarding the Naxi. Unlike most of the other socieities in this list, the Naxi were literate and have left records of their beliefs and practices. The mention of "warriors" and "high social standing" and even "matrilineal" rather than "matriarchal", suggest an historically patriarchal society.	China
Nayar	"The Karanavan [mother's brother] was traditionally unequivocal head of the group. Nāyar (Malayalam നായര്‍ naːjar most commonly spelt Nair) is the name of a Hindu upper caste from the southern Indian state of Kerala . . . He could command all other members, male and female, and children were trained to obey him with reverence. " Gough, E Kathleen (1954). The Traditional Kinship System of the Nayars of Malabar (manuscript). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Kinship, Harvard University.   Quoted in: Stephens, William N (1963). The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 317.	India
Tlingit	"The rank of chief . Not to be confused with the Turkic Telengit people The Tlingit (ˈklɪŋkɪt in English also /-gɪt/ or Tlinkit /ˈtlɪŋkɪt/ which . . passes from uncle to nephew. " Krause, Aurel (1956). The Tlingit Indians: Results of a Trip to the Northwest Coast of America and the Bering Straits. Seattle: Washington University Press, 77.   The excellent Wikipedia main entry provides a clear and detailed report of the matrilineality, matrilocality and patriarchy of this society.	USA
Vanatinai	"About twelve women, dressed in the usual petticoat of grass-like stuff, followed at a distance, and kept close to the point for some time; but at length the natural curiosity of the sex (I suppose) overcame their fear, and although repeatedly ordered back by the men, they drew up closer and closer to have a peek at the strangers. Vanatinai is the name given to the Island 225 miles south-east of New Guinea by its indigenous inhabitants " MacGillivray, John (1852). Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake: During the years 1846-1850, Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago. The Louisiade Archipelago is a string of ten larger volcanic islands frequently fringed by coral reefs and 90 smaller coral islands located 200 km southeast of New Guinea, stretching London: T. & W. Boone.   "Almost all sorcerers on Vanatinai, who often exercise political and economic control over their neighbours, are male. . . . No Vanatinai women have ever been elected as a Local Government Councillor. " Lepowsky, Maria (1981). Fruit of the Motherland: Gender and Exchange on Vanatina, Papua New Guinea. University of California: unpublished PhD dissertation, 469-470.   "Knowledge of sorcery is one of the primary means by which certain men gain political ascendancy over other men and women. " (p. 205) "Sorcerers are often, but not always, big men and/or ritual experts, protectors, and healers of their own kin and neighbors. Although there are big women, female witches and sorcerers, and female ritual experts and healers, men who are widely known as sorcerers often have more influence than anyone else. " (p. 176) "Sorcery on Vanatinai is almost entirely the province of males, but even so they do not have a monopoly on sorcery. . . for a few women have been adepts. " (p. 203) "Sorcerers on both Vanatinai and neighboring Rossel Island are almost always male. " (p. 172. ) "The Vanatinai men who are known as sorcerers are often the most influential members of their hamlet. " (p. 173. ) "The activities that are exclusively male. . . are high in prestige, while one that is exclusively female is very low in prestige. " (p. 123f. ) Lipowsky, Maria (1981). Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York City: Columbia University Press.	PNG
Wemale	Traditional origin of headhunting: "Then Latulisa [war chief and leader of the baileo -- men's house] himself went to his sister who, at the time, was weaving a kanune [skirt], and he cut off her head. He hung up the head in the baileo which now was nicely decorated. From that time on people practiced headhunting. " Traditional story of war starting as game of "tag", eventually the losers took revenge by killing: "From that time on war was waged with weapons, and there was headhunting. It was agreed that women should never again fight. " Translated from German original: Jensen, Adolf E (1939). Hainuwele: Volkserzählungen von der Molukken-Insel Ceram. Leipzig: Frobenius Institute.   Later commentary: "[The Wemale men] filled-in their deficit as providers with ceremonial authority and with the terror of headhunting and cannibalism. " "Wemale men were obsolescent hunters who annually sacrificed a female Hainuwele [coconut girl] victim. Surely, they did not do so only because the mythical origin of tubers involved the death of a female dema deity, but also because the obsolescent hunters competed with their women for status. " Luckert, Karl W (1990). "Hainuwele and Headhunting Reconsidered". East and West: 261-279.	Indonesia
Woorani	"Kaempaede [a male] was, in short, the patriarch. " Man, John (1982). Jungle Nomads of Ecuador: The Woorani. Amsterdam: Time Life Books, 65.   "It is true that leadership does exist, but it is situational by nature. A man becomes a leader for a specific event, and when that event has passed, his cloak of leadership disappears. " Yost, James A (1981). "People of the Forest: The Woorani". Ecuador Ediciones Libri Mundi: 109.	Ecuador
Yegali	This Madagascan tribe was mentioned in the textbook cited below. Hodges told Goldberg he'd heard about them from Donald Blender, but Goldberg and Hodges could find no evidence of them in any other academic literature. Hodge, Harold (1971). Conflict and Consensus. New York: Harper and Row, 77.	Madagascar

See also

• Anti-feminism
• Chinese patriarchy
• Domitius
• Gender role
• Homemaker
• Masculinity
• Men's movement
• Nature versus nurture
• Pater familias
• Patriarch magazines
• Patriarchs (Bible)
• Sociology of fatherhood

References

External links

• 'Matriarchy'. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2007.
• 'Cattle ownership makes it a man's world'. New Scientist (2003).
• Bible. Various translations.
• Qur'an. Translated by M.H. Shakir. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an Incorporated, 1983.
• Mary Wollstonecraft. A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Boston: Peter Edes for Thomas and Andrews, 1792.
• Simone de Beauvoir. The Second Sex. Translated by H M Parshley. London: Penguin, 1972.
• 'Equality'. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, 2001.
• Times Literary Supplement review (by Mark Ridley) of The Inevitability of Patriarchy and reply by the author (Steven Goldberg).
• Same text as above, without formatting, at archive.org.
• Phyllis M Kaberry. A Study of the Economic Position of Women in Bamenda, British Cameroons. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1952.
• Steven Webster. 'Was it Matriarchy?' New York Review of Books (1972): 37-38.
• Phillip Longman. Phillip Longman (born April 21, 1956, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a renowned demographer. 'The Return of Patriarchy'. Foreign Policy (2006).
• Francesca Lunzer Kritz. 'Not Feeling Each Other's Pain: Men and Women Hurt Differently – and Some of The Difference May Really Be in Their Heads'. The Washington Post. 19 December 2006. Page HE01.
• International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society
• Council for Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
• Regional Masculinities Bibliography Project

Literature

• Adeline, Helen B. Fascinating Womanhood. New York: Random House, 2007.
• Baron-Cohen, Simon. Simon Baron-Cohen is a professor of Developmental psychopathology in the departments of Psychiatry and Experimental psychology, a Fellow of Trinity The Essential Difference: The Truth about the Male and Female Brain. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2003.
• Beauvoir, Simone de. "La Beauvoir" redirects here also see Beauvoir (disambiguation Le Deuxième Sexe. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1949. Éditions Gallimard is one of the leading French Publishers of books (original French edition)
• Beauvoir, Simone de. "La Beauvoir" redirects here also see Beauvoir (disambiguation The Second Sex. London: Jonathan Cape, 1953. Jonathan Cape was a British Publisher founded in 1919 as Jonathan Page and Company; the name was changed in 1921 and it took over the back list of (first UK edition, in translation)
• Beauvoir, Simone de. "La Beauvoir" redirects here also see Beauvoir (disambiguation The Second Sex. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953. Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A (first USA edition, in translation)
• Bourdieu, Pierre. Pierre Bourdieu ( August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French Sociologist and writer known for his Masculine Domination. Translated by Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. The Stanford University Press is the Publishing house of Stanford University.
• Brizendine, Louann. Louann Brizendine MD is a Neuropsychiatrist and the author of The Female Brain which was published by Morgan Road Books in 2006 The Female Brain. New York: Morgan Road Books, 2006.
• Brown, Donald E. Donald E Brown is an American professor of Anthropology ( Emeritus) Human Universals. Human Universals is a book by Donald Brown, an American professor of Anthropology ( Emeritus) who worked at the University of California New York: McGraw Hill, 1991. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, ( is a Publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City.
• Jay, Jennifer W. 'Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China'. Journal of the American Oriental Society 116 (1996): 220-229. The Journal of the American Oriental Society is a quarterly journal published by the American Oriental Society, the first volume being released in 1843 -49
• Konner, Melvin. Melvin Konner is Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Anthropology and Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology at Emory University. The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit. 2nd edition, revised and updated. (Owl Books, 2003). Henry Holt may refer to Henry Holt (North Dakota politician (d 560p. ISBN 0805072799 [first published 1982, Endnotes
• Lepowsky, Maria. Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
• Mead, Margaret. Margaret Mead ( December 16, 1901, Philadelphia &ndash November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American 'Do We Undervalue Full-Time Wives'. Redbook 122 (1963). For other uses see Red Book. Redbook is an American women's magazine published by the Hearst Corporation.
• Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. Palgrave MacMillan, 1999. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck
• Moir, Anne and David Jessel. Brain Sex: The Real Difference Between Men and Women. Brain Sex (ISBN 978-0385311830 is a popular book about the Biology of gender, the biological differences between men and women,
• Ortner, Sherry Beth. Sherry Beth Ortner (born September 19, 1941) is an American Cultural anthropologist and has been Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at UCLA 'Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?'. In MZ Rosaldo and L Lamphere (eds). Woman, Culture and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 67-87.
• Ortner, Sherry Beth. Sherry Beth Ortner (born September 19, 1941) is an American Cultural anthropologist and has been Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at UCLA 'So, Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?'. In S Ortner. Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996, pp. 173-180.
• Pilcher, Jane and Imelda Wheelan. 50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies. London: Sage Publications, 2004.
• Pinker, Steven. Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18 1954 is a prominent Canadian - American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author The Blank Slate: A Modern Denial of Human Nature. London: Penguin Books, 2002. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane.