?Patna Bihar • India
Patna
Coordinates: 25°36′40″N 85°08′38″E / 25.611, 85.144
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	3,202 km² (1,236 sq mi) • 53 m (174 ft)
District(s)	Patna
Population • Density	1,230,000 (2001) • 375 /km² (971 /sq mi)
Mayor	GhanShyam Kumar
Codes • Pincode • Telephone • UN/LOCODE • Vehicle	• 800 0xx • +0612 • INPAT • BR-01-?

Coordinates: 25°36′40″N 85°08′38″E / 25.611, 85.144 Paṭnā pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: पटना) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. Patna district is one of the Districts of Bihar state, India with Patna as the district headquarters In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is the post office numbering or Post code system used by India Post the Indian Postal For the past decade or so telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India UN/LOCODE, the United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations, is a geographic coding scheme developed and maintained by United Nations Economic Commission KA-19-P-8488jpg|thumb|270px|Close up of a licence plate used in Mangalore, Karnataka. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India.

The modern city of Patna lies on the southern bank of the Ganges, as it flows past with the combined waters of the rivers Ghagra, Son and Gandak. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent At the point where the city is located, the sacred Ganges looks more sea than river: mighty, wide and never-ending. This is the only urban area in Bihar which looks like any other modern city of India with good roads and civic system.

A city of 1,800,000 people, the city is approximately 25 km long and 9 km to 10 km wide. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand

The Hindu and Jain pilgrim centres of Vaishali, Rajgir or Rajgriha, Nalanda, Bodhgaya, and Pawapuri are all nearby. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Rajgir is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya (Hindi बोधगया is a city in Gaya district in the Pawapuri in the state of Bihar is a holy site for Jains, located 38 kilometers from Rajgir in Nalanda district and 90 kilometers from Patna is a sacred city for Sikhs also. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The tenth and last "human" guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here. Guru Gobind Singh (ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ gʊɾu gobɪn̪d̪ sɪ́ŋg ( December 22, 1666 &ndash 7 October, 1708) was It is the ideal gateway for all the places on this circuit. The monuments in and around the city take one down the history to its glorious past.

Apart from being the administrative centre of the state and its historic importance, the city is also a major educational centre and medical centre. It's the epicentre for all the students from Bihar preparing for various competitive examinations. Various educational instituitions are coming up here.

The walled old area, called Patna City by the locals, is also a major trading centre.

Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 4 Economy 5 Climate 6 Demographics 7 People and culture 7.1 Family orientation 7.2 Marriage 8 Cuisine 9 Places of interest 9.1 Around Patna 10 Education 11 References 12 External links

Name

The appellation Patna is etymologically derived from Patan, the name of the Hindu goddess, Patan Devi ^[1]. An appellation is a Geographical indication used to identify where the Grapes for a Wine were grown Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Another theory says the name comes from Pattan, or a port in Sanskrit since the city, located near the confluence of four rivers, has been a thriving river port.

Another theory suggests that the name Patna may be a short form of Patliputra, one of the most popular ancient names of this city, which is the name that finds mention in the recorded History, dating back to 4th century BD, when Megasthenes (350 BCE-290 BCE), Greek historian, mentions it variously as 'Palibothra' and 'Palimbotra' ^[2], later around 4th century, this name also finds mention in the records of Chinese traveller, Fa Hien. Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης ca 350 BC - 290 BC was a Greek traveller and Geographer. Faxian ( Traditional Chinese:法顯 Simplified Chinese:法显 Pinyin ：Fǎxiǎn also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca

The city has been known by various names during its more than two millennia long existence —Pataligram, Pataliputra, Kusumpur, Pushpapura, and the present day Patna. It received its name of Patna during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, a Bihari ruler who has the distinction of making the only interruption to the long rule of Mughals. Sher Shah Suri (1486 Sasaram &ndash May 22, 1545 Kalinjar) ( - Šīr Šāh Sūrī) also known as Farid Khan or His tomb is at Sasaram, a place near to Patna. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sasaram (sometimes also spelled as Sahsaram is the administrative headquarters of Rohtas district in the

History

Main article: History of Patna

Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to a mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally Trumpet flower, which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama. Patna (पटना the capital of Bihar state, India, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world and the History It is said that in honour of the first born to the queen, the city was named Pataliputra. Gram is the Sanskrit for village and Putra means son.

From a scientific history perspective, it would be appropriate to surmise that the history of Patna started around the year 490 BC when Ajatashatru, the king of Magadh, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagriha to a more strategically located place to combat the Licchavis of Vaishali. Events By place Greece Darius I sends an expedition under Artaphernes and Datis the Mede across Ajātashatru ( Sanskrit अजातशत्रु ruled 491- 461 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire that ruled north India Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient Republic which existed in what is now Bihar state of India, since the before the He chose the site on the bank of Ganges and fortified the area. From that time, the city has had a continuous history, a record claimed by few cities in the world. Gautam Buddha passed through this place in the last year of his life, and he had prophesized a great future for this place, but at the same time, he predicted its ruin from flood, fire, and feud. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder

With the rise of the Mauryan empire, the place became the seat of power and nerve centre of the sub-continent. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military From Pataliputra, the famed emperor Chandragupta Maurya (a contemporary of Alexander) ruled a vast empire, stretching from the Bay of Bengal to Afghanistan. Paṭnā ( Hindi: पटना is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited Chandragupta may refer to Chandragupta Maurya, Indian king Mauryan Empire 322–293 BCE Chandragupta I, Indian king Gupta Empire 320-335 Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

Early Mauryan Patliputra was mostly built with wooden structures. Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, transformed the wooden capital into a stone construction around 273 BC. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi Events By place Egypt Impressed by Rome's defeat of Pyrrhus, Ptolemy II sends a friendly embassy Chinese scholar Fa Hein, who visited India sometime around A. Faxian ( Traditional Chinese:法顯 Simplified Chinese:法显 Pinyin ：Fǎxiǎn also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca D. 399-414, has given a vivid description of the stone structures in his travelogue.

Megasthenes (350 BCE-290 BCE), Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gives the first written account of Patliputra. Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης ca 350 BC - 290 BC was a Greek traveller and Geographer. Chandragupta Maurya (चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c In his book Indika, he mentions that the city of Palibothra (Pataliputra, modern day Patna) was situated on the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra - Hiranyawah) and was 9 miles long and 1. 75 miles wide ^[2][3],

Much later, a number of Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observation about Pataliputra in their travelogues, including those of a Chinese Buddhist Fa Hien, who visited India, between A. Faxian ( Traditional Chinese:法顯 Simplified Chinese:法显 Pinyin ：Fǎxiǎn also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca D. 399 and 414, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts ^[4].

In the years that followed, the city saw many dynasties ruling the Indian subcontinent from here. It saw the rules of the Gupta empire and the Pala kings. The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C However, it never reached the glory that it had under the Mauryas.

With the disintegration of the Gupta empire, Patna passed through uncertain times. Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century AD and destroyed many ancient seats of learning, Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural center of India. Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ( Bengali ইখতিয়ার উদ্দিন মুহম্মদ বখতিয়ার খলজী Persian

Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ) (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708,the tenth Guru of the Sikhs was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Teg Bahadur, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, and his wife Gujri. Guru Gobind Singh (ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ gʊɾu gobɪn̪d̪ sɪ́ŋg ( December 22, 1666 &ndash 7 October, 1708) was Guru Tegh Bahadur ( 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675) became the 9th Guru of Sikhism on Mata Gujari (1624 -1705 was daughter of Bhai lal Chand Subulikka(gujjar of Kartarpur, in Kapurthala district of the Punjab. His birth place Harmandir saheb is a one of most sacred pilgrimage for Sikhs.

The Mughal period was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi. The most remarkable period during these times was under Sher Shah Suri who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century. Sher Shah Suri (1486 Sasaram &ndash May 22, 1545 Kalinjar) ( - Šīr Šāh Sūrī) also known as Farid Khan or He visualised a fort and a town on the banks of Ganga. Sher Shah's fort in Patna does not survive, but the mosque built in Afghan architectural style survives.

Mughal emperor Akbar came to Patna in 1574 to crush the Afghan Chief Daud Khan. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Akbar's navratna and state's official historian and author of Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper, stone and glass industries. He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna famous as Patna rice in Europe. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Patna rice, a variety of the species Oryza sativa, and one of the varieties of long-grain white Rice, is extensively cultivated in the Indo-gangetic plains

Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson Prince Muhammad Azim to rename Patna as Azimabad, in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Paṭnā ( Hindi: पटना is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited Subedar, a historical rank in Indian Army which ranked below British commissioned officers and above non-commissioned officers However, very little changed during this period other than the name.

With the decline of the Mughal empire, Patna moved into the hands of the Nawabs of Bengal, who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre. The Nawabs of Bengal were the hereditary nazim s or Subadars (provincial governors of the Subah (province of Bengal during During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade. The British started with a factory in Patna in 1620 for trading in calico and silk. Soon it became a trading centre for saltpetre, urging other Europeans—French, Danes, Dutch and Portuguese—to compete in the lucrative business. Peter Mundy, writing in 1632, calls this place, "the greatest mart of the eastern region".

After the decisive Battle of Buxar (1765), Patna fell in the hands of the East India Company which installed a puppet government. The Battle of Buxar was fought in October 1764 between the forces under the command The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or Ruled during the raj by a series of ineffectual Viceroys, the most well known was Rahul Gunderjaharagand. Raj may refer to Jaskinia Raj, cave in Poland Ráj, village in the Czech Republic administratively part of Karviná Rahul Gunderjaharagand (1813-1883 was the 23rd Viceroy of Patna, India, reigning from 1854-1866 During this period it continued as a trading centre.

In 1912, Patna became the capital of Orissa Province and Bihâr when Bengal Presidency was partitioned. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. The Bengal Presidency originally comprising east and west Bengal was a colonial region of British India, which comprised undivided Bengal which is present day Bangladesh It soon emerged as an important and strategic centre. A number of imposing structures were constructed by the British. Credit for designing the massive and majestic buildings of colonial Patna goes to the architect, I. F. Munnings. Most of these buildings reflect either Indo-Saracenic influence (like Patna Museum and the state Assembly), or overt Renaissance influence like the Raj Bhawan and the High Court. Indo-Saracenic (from Saracen, an archaic name for Muslims used by the British also known as Indo-Gothic, was a style of Architecture used by British The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Some buildings, like the General Post Office (GPO) and the Old Secretariat bear pseudo-Renaissance influence. Some say, the experience gained in building the new capital area of Patna proved very useful in building the imperial capital of New Delhi.

Patna is an important seat of business in the eastern part of India, major trading centre of cotton, tusser, readymade garments. Now it is emerging as a big centre of higher education. The govt has started Chankya Law University (functioning at the prestigious A. N. Sinha Institute of Social Sciences), BIT Mesra Extension Centre etc. There are several prestigious educational institutions in Patna like Patna College,Patna Science College, Bihar National College, Anugrah Narayan College, Bihar College of Engineering, now National Institute of Technology, Patna, Patna Medical College (formerly, Prince of Wales Medical College), Patna Women's College, Nalanda Medical College, Patna Dental College, Bihar Veterinary College and the Lalit Narayan Mishra Institute. Patna College is a college in Patna, Bihar, India. It was founded in 1863 Science College is an institution of higher science education located near the Ganges River in Bihar, India. The National Institute of Technology Patna is the 18th National Institute of Technology created by the Ministry of Human Resources Development Government of India on January Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom A new IIT is coming up at Bihta, near Patna. Also, an IIM-like institute called Chandragupt Institute of Management Patna. Also the prestigious IGIMS is starting medical education in the near future. Also there are plans for a world-class university to be setup here & the prestigious Patna University is being converted into a central university. A few private medical & engineering colleges are also coming up in the near future.

Orissa was created as a separate province in 1935. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Patna continued as the capital of Bihar province under the British Raj. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British

Patna played a major role in the Indian independence struggle. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Most notable are the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and the 1942 Quit India Movement. Champaran is a historic region around, which now forms the East Champaran district, and the West Champaran district in Bihar. The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in Patna's contribution in the freedom struggle has been immense with outstanding national leaders like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India Dr. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati (1889-1950 was born in a Jijhoutia Bhumihar Brahmin family of Gazipur of Uttar Pradesh state of India Sachidanand Sinha, Basawon Singh (Sinha), Bihar Bibhuti^[5]Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan, Sri Krishna Sinha , Sheel Bhadra Yajee, Sarangdhar Sinha(Singh) , Yogendra Shukla, and many others who worked for India's freedom relentlessly. Basawon Singh (Sinha was born in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in Jamalpur (Subhai Hajipur on March 23, 1909. Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Singh ( June 18 1887 &ndash 1957 known as Bihar Bibhuti, was thefirst Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister Jayaprakash Narayan ( Devanāgarī: जयप्रकाश नारायण October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979) widely known Sri Krishna Sinha (Singh (1887&ndash1961 known as Bihar Kesari, was the first Chief Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946&ndash1961 Pandit Sheel Bhadra Yagee (Yajee (1906-1996 was a freedom fighter from Bihar who was associated with the non-violent and the violent form of freedom struggle Yogendra Shukla (1896-1966 was an Indian nationalist born in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in Bihar India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Patna continued to be the capital of the state of Bihar after independence in 1947, though Bihar itself was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand was carved out as a separate state of the Indian union. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India.

Geography

Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganges River, called Ganga locally. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent Patna has a very long riverline, and it is surrounded on three sides by rivers—the Ganga, Sone, and Poonpun (also spelt Punpun). Just to the north of Patna across the river Ganga flows the river Gandak making it a unique place having four largish rivers in its vicinity. The Gandaki River also known as the Kali Gandaki, Narayani (after confluence with Trisuli in Nepal and the Gandak in India is a tributary of the Ganga or It is the largest riverine city in the world. a historical city on the banks of Ganges was nomenclated by princess Sarika, daughter of king Patliputra.

The bridge over the river Ganga, named after Mahatama Gandhi, is 5850m long is said to be the longest single river bridge in the world. Mahatma Gandhi Setu is a Bridge over the river Ganges connecting Patna in the south to Hajipur in north in Bihar,

Economy

From the very ancient time patna has rich socio economic background. Patna has long been a major agricultural center of trade, its most active exports being grain, sugarcane, sesame, and medium-grained Patna rice. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Sesame ( Sesamum indicum) is a Flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. Patna rice, a variety of the species Oryza sativa, and one of the varieties of long-grain white Rice, is extensively cultivated in the Indo-gangetic plains It is also an important business centre of eastern India.

The hinterland of Patna is endowed with excellent agro-climatic resources and the gains of the green revolution have enabled the older eastern part of Patna (locally called as Patna City) to develop as a leading grain market of the state of Bihar, and one of the biggest in eastern India. The hinterland is the land or district behind the borders of a coast or river The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to Patna, being the state capital, with a growing middle income group households, has also emerged as a big and rapidly expanding consumer market, both for Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), as also for other consumer durable items. A large and growing population, and expanding boundaries of the city, is also spurring growth of service sector. The old and established educational institutions of the city have always been contributing to the national pool of excellent human resources.

Financial Express reported on 7th April 2008 that even as Bihar has the lowest per capita income in the country at Rs 5,772 against the national average of Rs 22,946, some of its southern districts are much better off compared with those in the north. This disparity within the state is clearly reflected in Bihar’s latest Economic Survey for 2007-08. The survey shows that Patna, Munger and Begusarai in south Bihar were the three best-off districts out of a total of 38 districts, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of Rs 31,441, Rs 10,087 and Rs 9,312, respectively in 2004-05. See Munger (disambiguation WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Munger town is the headquarters WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Begusarai ( Hindi बेगूसराय) is a city and a Municipality in Begusarai In contrast, right at the bottom of the rung, with the lowest per capita GDP, were the northern districts of Araria at Rs 4,578, Sitamarhi at Rs 4,352 and Sheohar at Rs 3,636. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Araria is a city and a Municipality in Araria district in the state of Bihar WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sitamarhi is a town and the district headquarters of Sitamarhi district, Bihar, India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sheohar is a city and a notified area in and headquarters of Sheohar district in the Indian

Climate

Climate chart for Patna
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
10   22 10	0   25 13	10   31 17	0   36 23	40   36 26	120   35 27	220   31 26	260   32 27	170   31 26	70   30 22	10   27 16	0   23 11
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: Weather Underground
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0. 4   72 50     0   77 55     0. 4   88 63     0   97 73     1. 6   97 79     4. 7   95 81     8. 7   88 79     10. 2   90 81     6. 7   88 79     2. 8   86 72     0. 4   81 61     0   73 52 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Patna, as most of Bihar, has a subtropical climate with hot summers from late March to early June, the monsoon season from late June to late September and a mild winter from November to February. The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables. Highest ever recorded is 47°C,lowest ever is 0°C and annual rainfall is 1000mm.

Demographics

The population of Patna is over 1,885,470 , The population density is 1132 persons per square kilometre. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of There are 839 females to every 1,000 males. Overall Literacy rate is 62. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, 9%, and female Literacy rate is 50. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, 8%. Source – District Elementary Education Report Card 2004 of National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi

Many languages are spoken in Patna. Hindi is the official language. you can see official board and all official adds and works in Hindi and in Urdu too. Thanks to the British influence since early days, English is also spoken extensively.

The native dialect is Magahi named after Magadha the ancient name of Bihar . The Magadhi language (also known as मगही Magahi is a language spoken by 17449446 people in India. Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Other dialects from other regions of Bihar spoken widely in Patna are Angika, Bhojpuri, and Maithili. Angika (Dev अङ्गिका or अंगिका is a language of the Anga region of India, a 58000 km² area that falls within the states of Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. Maithili (मैथिली Maithilī) is a language spoken in the eastern part of India, mainly in the Indian state of Bihar Other languages spoken in Patna include Bengali, and Oriya. Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is one of the Indian Languages mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa.

People and culture

Though geographically located in the Magadh region of Bihar, there are ample people who are natives from the Bhojpur, Mithila, Vajj and Ang regions. Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. Bhojpur is the name of several places India Bhojpur District Bihar Bhojpur Madhya Pradesh Nepal Mithila ( Sanskrit: मिथिला mithilā) was a city in Ancient India, the capital of the Videha Kingdom These are the five regions of Bihar, which differ from each other slightly. Intermarriages and cultural intemixing between the people from these five regions have always been there. Hence it may be difficult for an outsider to even discern the differences between them. Intermixing of people are wide-speard from different locations in Bihar, in many cases it goes up to village-level e. g. Gulni constitutes people from Gaya, Ganga-par etc. Gulni is a village in the heart of the State of Bihar, India.

Family orientation

People are religious and family oriented, and their lives are deeply rooted in tradition. The interests of the family take precedence over that of an individual. Families are generally large, though the government is actively encouraging family planning to curb rapid population growth. Extended families often live together in one home because of economic necessity. Although the culture is same but the language varies among all these regions. Also the dialect of the people is quite different. Many talented people of Bihar migrated for better opportunity. Bihari people dominate Hindi media.

Marriage

Most marriages are arranged; the degree to which the children are consulted depends on the family. Marriage is sacred and is considered to endure beyond death. Weddings are times of great celebration, expense, and feasting. Ceremonies are often elaborate. In many ceremonies, the guys exchange garlands and promises before they circle around a fire seven times to solemnize the marriage. Bright clothing, jewellery, and flowers are part of almost every type of ceremony. The Brides parents may still give a dowry, such as money or land, to the Groom, even though the practice is illegal. This practice is often called Tilak. Mostly marriages (arranged ones) are caste based.

But things are changing rapidly. People are getting progressive and have started understanding that modernization is the order of the day. People are marrying people from different cultures and castes.

Cuisine

Staple food "Khichdi", the broth of rice and lentils, seasoned with spices, and served with several accompanying items like curd, chutney, pickles, papads, ghee (clarified butter) and chokha (boiled mashed potatoes, seasoned with finely cut onions, green chilies) constitutes the lunch for most Patnaites on Saturdays. A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive

Patna is also known for the sweet delicacies of central Bihar including Khaja, Motichoor ka Ladoo, Kala Jamun, Kesaria Peda, Parwal ki Mithai, Khubi ka Lai and Chena Murki. Khaja is a sweet delicacy of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal states in eastern India Laddu or Laddoo ( Hindi: लड्डू Urdu: لڈو is an Indian sweet that is often prepared to celebrate festivals or household events such Indian sweets or Mithai, are known throughout the entire World These owe their origin to towns in the vicinity of Patna: Khaja from Silao, Ladoo from Maner, Kala Jamun from Vikram, Khubi ka Lai from Barh, Kesaria Peda from Gaya and Chena Murki from Koelwar, Poori from Behea. Silao (official name Silao de la Victoria) is a city in the west-central part of the state of Guanajuato in Mexico. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Maner is a city and a Notified area in Patna district in the Indian state Vikram may mean brave or victorious in Sanskrit. Vikram may refer to Vikram (name is a male name in the Hindu community WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Barh is a city and a Municipality in Patna district in the state of Bihar, Gaya[[http //gayabihnicin/]] is a city in Bihar, India, and it is also the headquarters of Gaya District. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Behea is a small town and a Notified area in Bhojpur district in the state of Bihar Descendants of the original family members of the cooks, called halwais in the local language, have migrated to urban Patna and authentic sweet delicacies are now available in the city itself. Unlike the Bengali sweets which are soaked in syrup of sugar and are therefore wet, sweets of Patna and Bihar are mostly dry. The mangoes of Digha, Patna are very delicious & famous.

There are several other traditional snacks and savouries:

• Pua', prepared from a mixture of refined wheat flour(maida), milk, ghee (clarified butter), sugar, dry fruits and honey
• Pittha, steam cooked, made by powdered rice with sttufed ground gram(chana)OR khoya etc. A snack food (commonly called a snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main Meal of the day – Breakfast
• Tilkut, referred to as 'Palala' in Buddhist literature, is made of pounded 'tila' or sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) and jaggery or sugar
• Chiwra, beaten rice, served with a coat of creamy curd and sugar or jaggery
• Makhana (a kind of water fruit) is prepared from lotus seeds and is taken puffed or as kheer, prepared with milk and sugar
• Sattu, powdered baked gram, is a high energy giving food. It is taken mixed with water or with milk. Sometimes, sattu mixed with spices are used to prepare stuffed 'chapattis', locally called as 'makuni roti'.
• Litti Chokha, A baked round shape, made by wheat flour with stuffed sattu(litti), the combination of smashed boiled potatoes, bringals & tomatoes(chokha).
• Makuni,a stuffed paratha with sattu (ingredients:sattu, onion,chilli, pickles,mustard oil, salt)
• Paan, a dessert made out of betel nuts, spices, tobacco, and certain other ingredients, wrapped in a betel leaf and had after a meal. Paan, from the word pan in Hindi پان and some other related languages हिन्दी: पान) is a South and South East Asian tradition which consists

A variety of non-vegetarian items are also prepared by a section of the population. Fish curries are widely used by a cross section of non-vegetarian population of all social groups. Mughal cuisine are well known and widely relished in Patna. Of late, Continental dishes are also catching up fancy. Various types of rolls which are also available in New York owe their origin to Patna. Some Muslim families moved from here to Karachi in Pakistan during partition, and then to the U.S., taking with them their culture and cuisine. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the They sell various vegetarian and non vegetarian rolls and are rather popular by the generic name Roll Bihari in and around Lexington Avenue (South) in New York. Lexington Avenue, often abbreviated by New Yorkers as "Lex" is an avenue on the East Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that carries New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

Places of interest

Some of the places of interest in the city are :

• Agam Kuan, literally the unfathomable well which is said to date back to the Ashokan period. Agam Kuan, which means "unfathomable well", is said to date back to the period of Maurya emperor, Ashoka.

• Hanuman Mandir The favourite Deity of the Patnaite. It is situated right in front of the Patna Junction, the central railway station of the City. Long winding queues can be seen at the temple on Saturdays and Tuesdays, the traditional worshipping days of the deity.

• Kumhrar, the site of the ruins of the Ashokan Patliputra.

• Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb, constructed by Punjab ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh, consecrates the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh Jee also known as 'Takht Shri Patna Sahib'

• State Secretariat Building and its Clock Tower, including the Martyrs Memorial commemorating the seven school and college students who were brutally killed by the armed forces under the command of the British Raj in front of the Patna Secretariat during the Quit India movement of 1942. Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Patna Sahib, one of the Five Takhts of the Sikhs the Supreme Temporal Authorities of Sikhism Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Patna Sahib, one of the Five Takhts of the Sikhs the Supreme Temporal Authorities of Sikhism For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• Phulwari Shareef is a place of great Religious & Historical importance for Muslims.

• Imarat-E-Shariya or the "Shariyat" of Patna looks after whole of Bihar, Jharkhand,Orrisa, WestBengal and all North-Eastern states.

• High Court Building and a famous Dargah beside it.

• Patna Planetorium on Dak Bungalow Road. One of the largest Planetarium in Asia, the Patna Planetarium attracts large number of domestic as well as foreign tourists. The planetarium has regular film shows on subjects related to astronomy. It also holds exhibitions which attracts lots of visitors.

• Moin-Ul-Haque Stadium boasts of its Cricket Ground which is 2nd largest in India, next only to "The Eden Gardens". It holds 25,000 spectators. The first ODI was played here between Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka on 15 November 1993(Hero Cup,1993/94). Another ODI was between Kenya and Zimbabwe on 27 February 1996(Wills World Cup 1996)

• Golghar ( a beehive shaped granary) - One of the oldest British buildings in Patna. The Golghar or Gol Ghar (गोलघर ("Round house" located to the west of the Gandhi Maidan in Patna, capital of Bihar

• Patna Museum called the Jadu Ghar: The well-known museum has a fine collection of stone and bronze sculptures and terracotta figures of Hindu and Buddhist artists. Patna Museum is the state museum of Bihar. It was built by the British during the British Raj in the year 1917 to house the historical artefacts Didarganj Yakshi is the most prized collection of this museum.

• Begu Hajjam's mosque, built in 1489 by the Bengal ruler Alauddin Hussani Shah

• Pathar ki Masjid built by Pervez, the elder brother of Shah Jahan and the first Mughal prince who made Bihar his residence

• Qila House (Jalan House) houses an interesting museum famous for its jade collection, Chinese paintings and other far eastern work of art, Collected by Diwan Bahadur Radhakrishan Jalan. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi

• Sadaqat Ashram on the banks of the river Ganga [The land was donated by Mulana Mazharul Haque to the then congress party] which later became the retreat of Dr. Rajendra Prasad

• Zoological and Botanical garden called Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan. Mulana Mazharul Haque was born to a rich landlord Sheikh Ahmedullah in Bihar in December 1866 Dr Rajendra Prasad (डा॰ राजेन्द्र प्रसाद ( December 3, 1884 &ndash February 28, 1963) was the

• Bissleboron, birthplace of Rahul Gunderjaharagand. Rahul Gunderjaharagand (1813-1883 was the 23rd Viceroy of Patna, India, reigning from 1854-1866

• Padri Ki Haveli, deemed to be the oldest church in Bihar dating back to 1772.

• Bankipore Club on the banks of the river Ganges. The dance hall of this club is said to be one of the original buildings built by the Dutch in the 17th century.

• Congress Maidan A historic ground that symbolises the Indian independence movement in Bihar. It was used to hold meetings by great illumanaries like Rajendra Prasad,Nehru,Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Sri Babu, Jayaprakash Narayan and others.

• Darbhanga House, also called Nav Lakha building. This was built by Maharaja Sir Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga. This beautiful building on the banks of Ganges now houses the post graduate departments of Patna University. The Patna University, Hindi: पटना विश्वविद्यालय the first University in Bihar, was established in 1917 during the It houses the Kali Mandir, which has been a place of worship of the goddess, the Maharaja himself was a great devotee and the students of the Patna University rarely take an exam without offering a prayer. The Patna University, Hindi: पटना विश्वविद्यालय the first University in Bihar, was established in 1917 during the

• Patna College administrative block building was initially part of a Dutch Opium factory established on the banks of the Ganga as a part of the flourishing Opium Trade from the northern China and Nepal region.

• Gandhi Maidan called the Patna Lawns during the British Raj. Gandhi Maidan, previously known as the Patna Lawns, is a historic ground at Patna near the banks of Ganges.

• Anugrah Seva Sadan It was established by Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan to serve the underprivileged masses and to serve as a care home for the poor. Jayaprakash Narayan ( Devanāgarī: जयप्रकाश नारायण October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979) widely known It bears the pious name of reverend leader Bihar Bibhuti Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha.
• Very old Church Known as Christ Church which also has a school with same name near Gandhi Maidan.

• Kargil Chowraha near gandhi maidan built in the memory of our brave soldier who get shaheed in kargil war "SALUTE TO THEM"

• Saheed smarak, situated near Bihar Vidhan Sabha. is a memory of seven extra ordinary students who attempted to hoist the Indian flag on the top of Bihar Vidhan Sabha in 1942 during English rule. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The six were shot dead by the forces under the command of the-then colonial government of India, while the last and the seventh one was able to hoist the flag.

• Nagholkothi Located in Old city of Patna. Naghol kothi is a palace (Kothi located in Patna City India. This building was built in the British Raj, by a mughal architect and is splendid example Built by Nawabs of Patna, it is an example of unique architecture of midlive time with beautiful garden of Mughal style.

Around Patna

• Bodh Gaya
• Vaishali
• Pawapuri
• Nalanda
• Rajgir
• Maner
• Viksramshila University, Bhagalpur
• Muzaffarpur

Education

Most of the government-run schools in Patna are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board, whereas most of the private schools are affiliated to ICSE and CBSE boards. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya (Hindi बोधगया is a city in Gaya district in the Pawapuri in the state of Bihar is a holy site for Jains, located 38 kilometers from Rajgir in Nalanda district and 90 kilometers from Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Rajgir is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Maner is a city and a Notified area in Patna district in the Indian state University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India along with University during the Pala dynasty. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhagalpur is a city and Municipal corporation in the Bihar state of Eastern WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Muzaffarpur is a town in Muzaffarpur district in the Indian state of Bihar Some of the prominent old schools in the city were established by the missionaries during the British Raj. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British

Patna's high school "eco-system" has produced meritorious students who are contributing in the present nation building drive. Many of the students are contributing in organizations like NASA, UN, & other coveted organizations. Hats off to all the contributors to the high school "eco-system" in Patna, namely school, colleges, tuition classes, profs, hostels, and role models from Patna.

Patna emerged as a center of learning in modern India during the later part of British Raj. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Patna University, the first university in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the 7th oldest University of the Indian subcontinent. The Patna University, Hindi: पटना विश्वविद्यालय the first University in Bihar, was established in 1917 during the Most of the prominent colleges in Patna are affiliated to the Patna University, while the rest many are affiliated to Magadh University, Bodh Gaya. Magadh University is a University in the state of Bihar, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya (Hindi बोधगया is a city in Gaya district in the

• National Institute of Technology, Patna (estd. The National Institute of Technology Patna is the 18th National Institute of Technology created by the Ministry of Human Resources Development Government of India on January 1900) is 6th oldest engineering college of the country. It was upgraded to NIT by Govt. of India in 2004.
• Patna Science College (estd. Science College is an institution of higher science education located near the Ganges River in Bihar, India. 1927) boasts of its numerous great Alumnus and very good research facilities, as said by Sir C V Raman when he first visited the varsity ". . . it has its mark at the international platform. "
• Patna College (estd. Patna College is a college in Patna, Bihar, India. It was founded in 1863 1863) one of oldest graduate college in India. Patna College has been hailed as the Oxford of Bihar with no Cambridge to compete with the students of Patna College have earned fame and respect not only in India but even abroad.

• Patna Medical College and Hospital (estd. Patna Medical College, established in 1925 and originally known as Prince of Wales Medical College, is a Medical college located in Patna, the 1925) earlier known as Prince of Wales Medical College,

• A. N. College, Patna(established in the year 1956) is one of the premier co-educational institutions of the state of Bihar imparting teachings to almost nine thousand students and is a constituent unit of Magadh University Bodh Gaya. It is situated on 13 acres of land in the posh locality of Patna on the main Boring-Patliputra road. There are 13 separate blocks for housing 19 post graduate and 22 under graduate departments. The college is registered under 2(f) and 12 (b) of the UGC Act and is receiving grants from the UGC Since fifth plan period. It has been accredited Grade 'A' by NAAC and also accorded "CPE"(Colleges with Potential for Excellence) by UGC.
• Patna Women's College is one of the prestigious institutions of Bihar. Patna Women's College is one of the prestigious institutions of Bihar State India. It was founded in 1940 by Bishop B. J. Sulivan.
• Lalit Narayan Mishra Institute of Economic Development and Social Change, A Bihar Govt. Autonomous Institute is one of the prominent educational centre for Management studies and Computer Sciences in Bihar.
• A. N. Sinha Institute of Social Sciences is a prominent social research institute with has vast literary collection and rare historical documentation.

• BIT Mesra Extension Centre

• Patna Institute of Technology

• Dr. Zakir Hussain Institute of Non Formal & Continuous Education

Besides, Patna also houses one of India's world renowned libraries, the Khuda Baksh Oriental Library. Sinha Library is also one of the largest in the region.

References

1. ^ Patan Devi
2. ^ ^{a b} Of the city Pataliputra Indika, Book II, Frag. XXV, Strab. XV. i. 35-36,--p. 702. Frag XXVI. Arr. Ind. 10. Of Pataliputra. . . " the greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians, where the streams of the Erannoboas and the Ganges unite,--the Ganges being the greatest of all rivers, and the Erannoboas being perhaps the third largest of Indian rivers, though greater than the greatest rivers elsewhere; but it is smaller than the Ganges where it falls into it. Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates. . . . "
3. ^ Ancient Library
4. ^ Pataliputra Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by Fa Hein, tr. by James Legge, Chapter XXVII, Pataliputtra or Patna, in Magadha. King Asoka's spirit-built palace and halls. The Buddhist Brahman, Radha-Sami. Dispensaries and hospitals…… n. 1 Pataliputra, The Sanskrit name means "The city of flowers. " It is the Indian Florence.
5. ^ Kamat. [www. kamat. com/kalranga/freedom/congress/c127. htm Great freedom Fighters]. Kamat's archive. Retrieved on 2006-02-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor

External links

• Register for Bihar Science Conference,2008 at Patna
• Bihar Brains Scholastic Center , Patna
• BiharBrains: Most active international society for NRIs and educated people of Bihar Website
• Daily Local Patna News Website
• Scientific Foresight 2007 Registration at Patna
• Chronology-1945 Mahatama Gandhi Had Discussion With Anugrah Narayan Sinha
• Section concerning the establishment of Patna in the Maha-parinibbana Sutta (Last Days of the Buddha)
• Description of Pataliputra by the Chinese pilgrim monk Faxian (399-414 AC)
• Patna University
• A N College Patna
• Official Patna District Guide
• A Cyber Joint for Patna University Alumni
• Satellite Image of Patna
• Guide to Patna
• Patna Medical College Alumni

Faxian ( Traditional Chinese:法顯 Simplified Chinese:法显 Pinyin ：Fǎxiǎn also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca

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