Patani

Patani (in Malay, Patani, also sometimes Patani Raya, or "Greater Patani") is a term that has been used to describe a region in South Thailand consisting of the province of Pattani proper along with the neighbouring Yala Province (Jala), Narathiwat Province (Menara), parts of Songkhla (Singgora), and Satun (Setul), and much of the northern part of modern Malaysia. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Pattani ( Thai ปัตตานี is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Yala (ยะลา is the southernmost province ( changwat) of Thailand. Narathiwat (นราธิวาส is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Historically similar to many smaller Malay kingdoms such as Singgora (Songkhla) and Ligor (Nakhon Si Thammarat) and Lingga (near Surat Thani), they were first required to pay tribute then conquered by the the Ayutthaya, as were non-Malay kingdoms like Lanna and Sukhothai. Songkhla (สงขลา is a city ( Thesaban nakhon) in the Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, near the border with Malaysia The kingdom of Ayutthaya (อาณาจักรอยุธยา was a Thai kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767 Pattani was not the last of these kingdoms to be subjugated and absorbed. A separatist movement has sought the establishment of a Malay and Islamic state, Patani Darussalam, encompassing these three provinces. Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This campaign has taken a violent turn in recent years, prompting a state of insurgency across South Thailand and the imposition of martial law. The South Thailand insurgency is a Separatist campaign by Islamist terrorists which is taking place in the predominantly Malay Pattani region, made up of the Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice

Early history

The ancient Hindu Buddhists Malay Kingdom of Nakhon Pathom influenced in the area before the arrival of the first Thai nation-state, Sukothai founded in the early 13 century. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the Nakhon Pathom (นครปฐม is one of the central provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. The ancient cultures in this region had influenced and had been influenced each other that included the ancient Hindu Malay, the Khmer empire, ancient Siam and the entire Kra peninsula. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj

The Thai historian found that Sandal wood flower coins of Sri Vijaya which overwhelmingly Hindu and Buddhists were used from the 8th to 13th centuries. ^[1] while typical Malayo-Polynesian style cowrie shells were used until the reign of Rama IV. Cowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural always cowries, is the Common name for a group of small to large sea Snails marine ^[1]

Main article: Patani kingdom

Some believe that Pattani is the post 15th century rendition of Langkasuka, the oldest Malay Kingdom of the Malay Peninsula. Patani (Pattani is known to have been part of the ancient Srivijayan kingdom Langkasuka (- langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - sukkha of "bliss" was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located Pattani was already a bustling entrepôt with diplomatic ties to China, Japan and Srivijaya at a time when Malacca was still an uninhabited jungle-clad estuary. An entrepôt (from the French " Warehouse " is a Trading post where merchandise can be imported and Exported without China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Ironically, Pattani today lies under the jurisdiction of northern Malysia and 3 south end province of Thailand, a sober reflection of the Kingdom of Siam and present-day Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj

According to many historical sources, the ancient Hindu-Malay empire of Langkasuka was centred in Pattani, today's southern Thailand, which encompasses of modern Malaysia states Kelantan, Terengganu and northern Kedah, as well as modern Thai provinces of Pattani (Patani in Malay), Yala (Jala), Narathiwat (Menara), Songkhla (Singora) and Satun (Setul). A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Pattani ( Thai ปัตตานี is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. Terengganu ( Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Pattani ( Thai ปัตตานี is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Yala (ยะลา is the southernmost province ( changwat) of Thailand. Narathiwat (นราธิวาส is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Songkhla (สงขลา is the one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Satun (สตูล is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand.

While when exactly Pattani was Islamised is in debate; it was believe to be one of the earlier Malay kingdoms to adopt the Middle Eastern religion around mid-13th century. The kingdom adopted the name "Patani" under the rule of Sultan Ismail Shah. According to local folklore, he was finding a spot for the kingdom's new capital, and when he arrived to the place he liked best, he shouted “Pantai Ini!” which means in Malay, "This beach!"^[2] According to most accounts, this capital is thought to be today's modern Kru Se (Kampung Grisek). The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the

It the idea from the muslims separatist movement that try to say that Pattani was one of the oldest kingdoms on the Malay peninsula without any real historical study back up but only book worte by one of their people wich favor the ideas from the separatist movement group. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Pattani was known to the Western world, in 1516 when Portuguese explorer Manuel Godinho de Erédia landed on its port. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The fall of Malacca five years before that increased Pattani's popularity with Indian-Muslim traders; competing viciously with northern Sumatra kingdom of Aceh. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia

During the massive Burmese attack from the north against the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, Pattani's Sultan Muzaffar Shah took his dirty advantage, by launched an attack on Ayutthaya in 1563. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The kingdom of Ayutthaya (อาณาจักรอยุธยา was a Thai kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767 Ayutthaya (full name Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, พระนครศรีอยุธยา aˡjutʰajaː also spelled "Ayudhya" city is the capital of He however died mysteriously during battle.

Pattani's golden age was during the reign of its four successive queens from 1584, known as Raja Hijau (The Green Queen), Raja Biru (The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu (The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning (The Yellow Queen), where the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased to the point that it was able to fight off four major Siamese invasions with the help of the eastern Malay kingdom of Pahang and the southern Malay Sultanate of Johore. Pahang ( Jawi: ڨهڠ is the third largest state on Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, occupying the huge Pahang River River This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor.

Thai Annexation

During the period of Siam's tributary state of Pattani's last queens in the 17th Century, the kingdom fell into disarray and went into gradual decline. After the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, the Siamese king Taksin succeeded in driving the Burmese invaders from Siam. The kingdom of Ayutthaya (อาณาจักรอยุธยา was a Thai kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767 Taksin the Great (สมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช;; Teochew: Dênchao was born in April 17, 1734 His successor, Rama I, established the Chakri Dynasty, which still rules Thailand today. Posthumously Poramin Mahachakri Boromanat, Phra Buddha Yotfa Chulaloke (1736 - 1809 conventionally as Rama I. The Chakri dynasty has ruled Thailand since the founding of the Ratthanakosin era in 1782 following the end of Taksin of Thonburi 's reign when the

the Siamese still remember when Pattani's Sultan Muzaffar Shah took his advantage on Ayutthaya, by launched an attack on in 1563 and to prevent any more hitting from behind type of war, the siamness sent the Prince Surasi, Rama I's younger brother and vice-king, invaded Pattani. Boworn Maha Surasinghanat (1743 - 1803 สมเด็จกรมพระราชวังบวร มหาสุรสิงหนาท was the first Vice-King of the Sultan Muhammad was killed in battle and his capital razed to the ground. the broken Seri Patani and Seri Negara cannon - were brought to Bangkok as a sign of unconditional surender. Phraya Tani ( Thai พญาตานี or Seri Patani ( Malay) is a historical siege Cannon (The Phaya Thani is on display today in front of the Ministry of Defence. )

In 1791 and 1808, there were rebellions within Pattani against Siamese rule, following which Pattani was divided into 7 largely autonomous states (Mueang) – Pattani, Nongchik, Saiburi (Teluban), Yala (Jala), Yaring (Jambu), Ra-ngae (Legeh) and Reman. Mueang (เมือง Muang ( Lao ເມືອງ Mường () or Mong (Shan were semi-independent city-states or principalities in present-day All were ruled by the King of Ligor. Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (or Kingdom of Ligor) was one of the major constituent city states ( Mueang) of the Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai

After the British had taken a big part of southern thailand in 1909, the Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was signed between Great Britain and Siam. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a Treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 10[[ The British recognised Siam sovereignty over Pattani, and in return Siam gave up her territory callKelantan to the British. Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. All seven mueang were reunited into a monthon and incorporated into the kingdom. A monthon (English circle, มณฑล was a Country subdivision of Thailand in the beginning of the 20th century Later, the central government in Bangkok renamed certain localities with Thai versions of their names and merged some of the mueang. When the monthon system was dissolved in 1933, three provinces remained - Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat.

Greater Malay Patani State

On 8 December 1941, during the Second World War, the Japanese tried to invade Thailand and crossed Pattani to invade British Malaya. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Thai government later became a reluctant ally of Japan by the promisted of helping Thailand take more than 50% of her territory back from British and Frence. Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, a prominent Pattani leader and the son of the last Raja of Pattani, allied himself with the British in the hopes that Pattani would be granted independence after an Allied victory. His main support came from ethnic Malays displeased by the nationalistic policies of the Phibun regime, which forced for them to give up their own language and culture. Field Marshal Luang Plaek Pibulsonggram ( Thai: แปลก พิบูลสงคราม or ป

Mahyuddin assisted the British by launching a later fell guerrilla attacks against the Japanese. In 1945, a petition by Malay leaders led by Tengku Abdul Jalal demanded that Britain guarantee independence for the southernmost provinces of Thailand. At the war's end, the Greater Malay Pattani State (Negara Melayu Patani Raya) flag did fly briefly in Pattani. However, since the British had no power over Thailand, but some thing that they broke the promises and allowed continued Thai rule over Pattani, determined to keep Thailand stable as a counterweight to the communist insurgency then being fought in Malaya. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj This caused the formation of several insurgent groups seeking the independence of Pattani.

Resistance movements in Patani

During World War II, along with the Greater Patani Malay Movement led by Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, another resistance force under the leadership of Islamic scholar Haji Sulong Tokmina also fought against the Japanese. Their stated goal was to create an Islamic republic in Patani, which frequently put it at odds with Tengku Mahmud who wanted to reestablish the Pattanese Sultanate (being a prince himself).

Today, the goals and ideas of Haji Sulong Tokmina is still carried on by minor resistance groups interested in creating an Islamic republic. After the war though, hopes of any independent republic in Pattani was quickly dashed by the British and the Thais. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

Current insurgency

Main article: South Thailand insurgency

Patani separatist groups, most notably the Patani United Liberation Organization (PULO), began to use violent tactics in 2001. The South Thailand insurgency is a Separatist campaign by Islamist terrorists which is taking place in the predominantly Malay Pattani region, made up of the The Patani United Liberation Organization (also spelled Pattani United Liberation Organisation or PULO is one of the active Terrorist There have been suggestions of links between PULO and foreign Islamist groups such as al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The History The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups A number of Pattani Muslims are reported to have received training at al-Qaida centres in Pakistan, and the Pattani insurgents have forged links with groups such as the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in the Philippines and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) in Indonesia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF) is a Muslim Separatist rebel group located in Southern Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Free Aceh Movement ( Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM) also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front ( ASNLF The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Estimates of rebel strength vary widely from only 500 to more than 15,000.

See also

• Thailand
• Siam
• Thai people
• Ayutthaya
• South Thailand insurgency
• Pattani Province
• Pattani Kingdom

References

External links

Patani-Malay teaching initiative brings hope to children of deep South [1]

IHH (TR) Foundation's Patani Page [2] IHH (TR) Foundation's Qurban Page [3]

Coordinates: 6°45′N 100°25′E / 6.75, 100.417