Patañjali (Devanāgarī पतञ्जलि) is the compiler of the Yoga Sutras, a major work containing aphorisms on the philosophical aspects of mind and consciousness, and also the author of a major commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi, although many scholars do not consider these two texts to have been written by the same individual. This is an article about the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali For general information on sutras see Sutra. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient In recent decades the Yoga Sutra has become quite popular worldwide for the precepts regarding practice of Raja Yoga and its philosophical basis. Rāja Yoga ("royal Yoga " "royal union" also known as Classical Yoga or simply Yoga) is one of the six orthodox ( Astika) "Yoga" in traditional Hinduism involves inner contemplation, a rigorous system of meditation practice, ethics, metaphysics, and devotion to the one common soul, God, or Brahman. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Brahman ( bráhman-, Nominative bráhma sa ब्रह्म is a concept of Hinduism.
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His name
Desiring to teach yoga to the world, he is said to have fallen (pat-) from heaven into the open palms (-añjali) of a woman, hence the name Patañjali. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is an umbrella term for a wide variety of related religious traditions native to India. Within Hinduism a large number of personalities or 'forms' are worshiped as Murtis. Hinduism comprises numerous Sects or denominations The main divisions in current Hinduism are Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism Hindu mythology is the large body of Mythology related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious Artha ( Devanagari: अर्थ is a Sanskrit term meaning "purpose cause motive meaning notion" In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" Karma is a concept in Hinduism which explains Causality through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. Maya ( Sanskrit sa माया māyā) in Indian religions, has multiple meanings This article is about Hinduism. Puja or "pooja" may also refer to certain devotional practices performed by Balmikis Buddhists (see A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. The percentage of Hindu population of each country was taken from the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006. These are some of the most noteworthy Gurus and Saints of Hinduism (in alphabetical order A Hinduism is going through a phase of regeneration and reform through the vehicle of several contemporary movements collectively termed as Hindu reform movements. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as This article deals with social and cultural criticism of Hinduism The following is a glossary of terms and concepts in Hinduism. Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English
Patañjali as an incarnation
It is claimed that Patañjali is known to be an incarnation of Ādi S'esha who is the first ego-expansion of Vishnu, Sankarshana. In Hindu ( Vedic) tradition Shesha (Śeṣa in IAST transliteration Devanagari: शेष is the king of all nagas, one of the primal For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Balarama (बलराम Balarāma) also named Baladeva, Baldau, Balabhadra and Halayudha, is the elder brother of the divine Sankarshana, the manifestation of Vishnu His primeval energies and opulences, is part of the so-called catur vyūha, the fourfold manifestation of Vishnu. Thus may Patañjali be considered as the one incarnation of God defending the ego of yoga.
His life
There are very many disputes about the background of Patanjali Maharishi but the works of his contemporary Thirumoolar are ample proof of the following detail. Maharshi ( Sanskrit महर्षि maharṣi, from महा mahā "great" + ऋषि {{IAST|ṛṣi}} The ancient Kali Kautuvam describes how Patanjali and Vyagrapada gathered along with the gods in Thillai near Chidambaram to watch Shiva and Kali dance and perform the 108 mystic Karanas, which formed the foundation for the system of Natya Yoga. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Chidambaram is a Municipality and taluk ( Tehsil) headquarters in the Cuddalore district Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva Kali redirects here See Kali (disambiguation for other uses Not to be confused with Kali (demon, the personification of Kali Yuga Karana s are the 108 key transitions in the Classical Indian dance described in Natya Shastra. Natya Yoga, popularly known as Dance Yoga, the all-inclusive spiritual path of action is a combination of mainly Bhakti Yoga and Karma Yoga with many
Patanjali was born to Atri (First of the Saptha Rishis) and his wife Anusuya in South Kailash, now called as Thirumoorthy hills which is located 100km away from Coimbatore, India. This article is about the sage named Atri See also the Gotra named Atri. Anusuya ( IAST:Anusūyā Sanskrit: अनुसूया or Sati Anusuya, in Hindu mythology, was wife of the sage Atri and mother He was one of the very important of the 18 siddhas.
Their very essence was they were masters of Ashtanga Yoga which is in ways related to Raja Yoga or Kundalini Yoga or Tantra yoga. Rāja Yoga ("royal Yoga " "royal union" also known as Classical Yoga or simply Yoga) is one of the six orthodox ( Astika) Kundalini yoga is a physical and meditative discipline, comprising a set of techniques that use the mind senses and body to create a communication Tantra ( Sanskrit: तन्त्र; " Weave " denoting continuity) tantricism or tantrism is any of several esoteric
Anasuya had to go through a stern test of her chastity when the Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva) themselves came as Bhikshuks and asked her for a Nirvana Bhiksha. Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. The Trimurti ( English: ‘three forms’ Sanskrit: trimūrti) is a concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation Brahma is the Hindu god ( deva) of creation and one of the Trimurti, the others being Vishnu and Shiva. For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva In sramanic philosophy Nirvana (निर्वाण| Nirvāṇa; निब्बान Nibbāna; Prakrit: णिव्वाण Bhiksha is food obtained by asking for Alms. Bhiksha signifies a Hindu tradition of begging for alms with the purpose of self-effacement or ego-conquering She passed their test by accepting themselves as her children and fed them in naked. She got the boon where all the 3 Murtis will be born to them. In Hinduism, a murti ( Devanagari: मूर्ति typically refers to an image a deity in which the Divine Spirit is expressed ( murta) They were:
- SomaSkandan or Patanjali
- Dattatreya
- Durvasa
They also had a daughter called Arundhati. Dattatreya (दत्तात्रेय is considered by Hindus to be god who is an incarnation of the Divine Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. In Hinduism, Durvasa (दुर्वास is an ancient sage, son of Atri and Anasuya. She was married to Vasistha, one of the saptarishis. Vasistha ( Sanskrit: वसिष्ठ in Hindu mythology was one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the seventh i The Saptarshi (sa सप्तर्षि saptarṣi a Sanskrit Dvigu meaning "seven sages" are the seven Rishis who are extolled
Yogic tradition
It was here that Patanjali and his 7 other Yogic friends learnt the great Yoga from their Guru Nandhi Deva as written in the Thirumathiram by The great sage Thirumoolar in Tantra 1. A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others
Nandhi arulPetra Nadharai Naadinom
Nandhigal Nalvar Siva Yoga MaaMuni
Mandru thozhuda Patanjali Vyakramar
Endrivar Ennodu(Thirumoolar) Enmarumaame
English translation
By receiving Nandhi's grace we sought the feet of the Lord
The Four Nandhis (Sanagar, Santhanar, Sanath Sujatar, Sanath Kumarar), Siva Yoga Maamuni, Patanjali, Vyakramapadar and along with me (Thirumoolar)
Thus we were the Eight disciples.
Patanjali as Siddha is also mentioned in Bogar MahaRishi's "Bhogar 7000"
It was my Grandfather who said, "Climb and see. for the towns in Nepal see Siddha Nepal A siddha சித்தா in Tamil means "one who is accomplished" and refers to Bogar Siddhar (a mystic Yogi) belonging to the caste of goldsmiths who became a siddhapurusha under the guidance of Kalangi Nathar. "
But it was Kalangi Nathar who gave me birth.
Patanjali,Viyagiramar,and Sivayogi Muni all so rightly said,
"Look! This is the path!"
They explained how to mount and go beyond.
And it was the Great Mother supreme who said,
"This is it!"
Having become calm. . . I perceived the accompanying experience.
Having experienced. . . I have composed 7000.
Bogar refers Thirumoolar as his Grandfather (Grand Guru) and Kalangi as his father (Guru). Siddhars are masters of kundalini yoga. Kundalini yoga is a physical and meditative discipline, comprising a set of techniques that use the mind senses and body to create a communication
Patanjali wrote the Great treatise of Yoga in Sanskrit whereas Thirumoolar wrote them as Thirumanthiram in Tamil. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Thirumaloor attained jnana in South Kailash now called as thirumoorthy hills and died in Rameshwaram. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Rameswaram (Tamil ராமேஸ்வரம் is a Town in Ramanathapuram district
His repute
He was a great Natya dancer and is revered by the exponents of classical Indian dance as their patron saint. The Nātya Shastra ( Sanskrit: Nātyaśāstra नाट्य शास्त्र is an ancient Indian treatise on the Performing arts Indian classical dance is a relatively new umbrella term for various codified art forms rooted in Natya, the sacred Hindu Musical theatre styles whose theory Doubt exists whether he as a dancer would be the same Patañjali as the one known as the author of the famous sūtras. This is an article about the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali For general information on sutras see Sutra. Next to the famous works of the Yoga-sūtras and the commentary on Pāṇini's Sanskrit grammar a dispute as to identity lingers. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical His name is also associated with the Aṣṭādhyāyī in a treatise called the Mahābhāṣya, and also with many texts on ayurvedic medicine; but this claim is also not accepted as an established fact among scholars. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient The Mahābhāṣya ("great commentary" attributed to Patañjali, is a commentary on selected rules of Sanskrit grammar from Pāṇini 's treatise Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other Similarly disputed is whether the Sanskrit commentary of the Mahābhāṣya is of the same Patañjali that established the Yoga Sutras, or perhaps another. There are contradictions in the philosophy of the sūtras and the Sanskrit commentary. So in all there might be three or four different Patañjalis adding to the fame of his name, a compilation of efforts all claiming the same identity.
The Yoga Sūtras
The Yoga Sūtras date from around 200 BC. This is an article about the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali For general information on sutras see Sutra. Events By Place World Human population reaches about 257 million Patañjali has often been called the founder of Yoga because of this work, although in reality he is a more minor figure. The Yoga Sūtras, as a treatise on Yoga, build on the Samkhya school and the Hindu scripture of the Bhagavad Gita (see also: Vyasa). Sankhya, also Samkhya, ( सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya - 'enumeration' is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy. Vyāsa ( Devanāgarī: व्यास is a central and revered figure in the majority of Hindu traditions Yoga, the science of uniting one's consciousness, is also found in the Puranas, the Vedas and the Upanishads. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings Still, this work is certainly a major work among the great Hindu scriptures and serves as the basis of the yoga-system known as Raja Yoga. Rāja Yoga ("royal Yoga " "royal union" also known as Classical Yoga or simply Yoga) is one of the six orthodox ( Astika) Patañjali's Yoga is one of the six schools or darshanas of Hindu Philosophy. Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The sūtras give us the earliest reference to the popular term Ashtanga Yoga which translates literally as the eight limbs of yoga. They are yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi. A yama ( Sanskrit) यम literally "death" is a rule or code of conduct for living which will help bring a compassionate death to the ego or "the lower self" Niyama ( Sanskrit: नियम is a set of behaviors codified as "the observances" in numerous scriptures including the Shandilya and Varuha Upanishads Hatha Yoga Pradipika Asana ( Sanskrit आसन sitting down < आस to sit down) is a body position typically associated with the practice of Yoga, intended Pranayama (Sanskrit prāṇāyāma) is a Sanskrit word meaning "lengthening of the prana or breath" Pratyahara is the fifth element among the Eight stages of Patanjali 's Ashtanga Yoga. See also Samyama Beginner's mind Dhyāna in Hinduism See also Dhyana in Hinduism In Hinduism dhyana is considered to be an instrument to gain self knowledge separating maya from Samadhi ( Sanskrit: sa समाधि is a Hindu and Buddhist technical term that usually denotes higher levels of concentrated meditation or
The commentary on Sanskrit grammar: Mahābhāshya
The Mahābhāṣya ("great commentary") of Patañjali on the celebrated Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini is one of the three most famous works in Sanskrit grammar. The Mahābhāṣya ("great commentary" attributed to Patañjali, is a commentary on selected rules of Sanskrit grammar from Pāṇini 's treatise Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Patañjali's writings were extremely detailed especially regarding prakriyā or generative morphology, and the precise sequence, function and interpretation of Pāṇini's rules (sūtras). He also discussed the comments (vārttikas) of Kātyāyana, a scholar who lived between Pāṇini and Patañjali, sometimes supporting them and sometimes rejecting them. Kātyāyana (c 3rd century BC was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India. Kātyāyana's vārttikas are themselves often sūtra-like, and are only transmitted to us as embedded in Patañjali's discussion. It was the nineteenth-century scholar Franz Kielhorn who produced the first critical edition of the Mahābhāṣya, and who developed sound philological criteria for distinguishing Kātyāyana's "voice" from Patañjali's. The main contribution of Patañjali lies in the fact that he revealed for later students a whole world of detailed, sophisticated discourse and debate surrounding Pāṇini's laconic sūtras.
Most historians of vyākaraṇa do not consider the Patañjali who wrote the Mahābhāṣya to be the same person as the author of the Yoga Sūtras. There are no parallel passages in the two works, no cross-references, and no common discussions. The two works show no awareness of each other, which is almost unknown in the writings of Sanskrit authors of multiple works. The traditions that a single Patañjali wrote on grammar, yoga, and medicine is first recorded in the comparatively late commentary on the Yoga Sūtras by Bhoja
Relevance of his contribution to the science of yoga
Patañjali defended in his yoga-treatise several ideas that are not mainstream of either Sankhya or Yoga. Sankhya, also Samkhya, ( सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya - 'enumeration' is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy. Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the He, according the Iyengar adept, biographer and scholar Kofi Busia, acknowledges the ego not as a separate entity. Iyengar or Ayyangar ( Tamil:அய்யங்கார் Kannada:ಐಯಂಗಾರ್ is the name given to Hindu Brahmins of Tamil Kofi Abrefa Busia ( 11 July 1913 - 28 August 1978) was Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969-72 Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of The subtle body linga sarira he would not regard as permanent and he would deny it a direct control over external matters. This is not in accord with classical Sankhya and Yoga.
Evidently he was an original thinker, not just a compiler of the yoga wisdom known. Nevertheless he reinterpreted and clarified what others had said, undoing contradictions. Certainly, his genius brought together many lines of argument in the yoga philosophy, dating back in some respects to the Vedas and Upanishads. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings What was obscure he clarified and what was abstract he made practical, inspiring thus a long line of teachers and practitioners up to the present day in which his most renown defender is B.K.S. Iyengar. Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja Iyengar ( Kannada:ಬೆಳ್ಳೂರ್ ಕೃಷ್ಣಮಾಚಾರ್ ಸುಂದರರಾಜ ಐಯಂಗಾರ್ (also known as Yogacharya With some translators he seems to be a dry and technical propounder of the philosophy, but with others he is an empathic and humorous witty friend and spiritual guide.
See also
External links
- Works by Patañjali at Project Gutenberg
- Yoga-Sutra text (Sanskrit), PDF, its Gujarati translation and mp3 audio lectures
- Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
- A Patañjali biography by Kofi Busia
- The Thread of Uniting One's Consciousness: the yoga-sutras translated and read in English and Dutch by Anand Aadhar. Abhyasa, in Hinduism, is spiritual practice which is regular and constant practice over a long period of time Bhartṛhari is the name of a 6th or 7th century Sanskrit grammarian, and of a Sanskrit poet of roughly the same period Pranava yoga is a name given to the classical method of Meditation outlined in the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works With an introduction about Patañjali.
- English translation of the Yoga Sutras by T.K.V.Desikachar, with links to 6 additional English translations and word-by-word definitions of included source text
- Asian Union of Yoga: Patanjali
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