Passerines Fossil range: Early Eocene (Wangerripian) to Recent
Male Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (Passeri: Passeroidea: Fringillidae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Infraclass: Neognathae Superorder: Neoaves Order: Passeriformes Linnaeus, 1758
Diversity
Roughly 100 families, around 5,400 species
Type species
Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
Acanthisitti Tyranni Passeri and see text

A passerine is a bird of the gigantic order Passeriformes. The Ypresian is the first stage of the Eocene Epoch and usually corresponds to the Early Eocene subepoch though sometimes the Lutetian The Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs, is a small Passerine Bird in the Finch family Fringillidae also called a spink. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Finches are Passerine Birds often Seed -eating found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Modern birds (subclass Neornithes) are the members of class Aves that have survived into recent times and have coexisted with Humans Modern birds are Neognaths ( Neognathae) are Birds within the Subclass Neornithes of the class Aves. Neognaths ( Neognathae) are Birds within the Subclass Neornithes of the class Aves. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The New Zealand wrens, Acanthisittidae, are a family of tiny Passerines endemic to New Zealand. The Suborder of Passerine Birds Tyranni (the suboscines) includes about 1000 Species, the large majority of which are South SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used More than half of all species of bird are passerines. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with around 5,400 species, it is roughly twice as diverse as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must

The names "passerines" and "Passeriformes" are derived from Passer domesticus, the scientific name of the type species – the House Sparrow – and ultimately from the Latin term passer for true sparrows and similar small birds. In Taxonomy, a type species is the species that originally defined a genus. The House Sparrow ( Passer domesticus) is a member of the Old World Sparrow family Passeridae, considered by some to be a relative of the Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Passer is a genus of Old World Sparrows Most of its members are found naturally in open habitats in the warmer climates of Africa and

Origin and evolution

The evolutionary history of and relationships among the passerine families remained rather mysterious until around the end of the 20th century. Many passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities that, it is now believed, are the result of convergent evolution, not a close genetic relationship. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages For example, the "wrens" of the northern hemisphere, those of Australia, and those of New Zealand look very similar and behave in similar ways, and yet belong to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes. The wrens are Passerine birds in the mainly New World family Troglodytidae. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Much research remains to be done, but advances in molecular biology and improved paleobiogeographical data are gradually revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution. Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. It is now thought that the first passerines evolved in Gondwana at some time in the Paleogene, maybe around the Late Paleocene some 60–55 million years ago (mya). Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 The Thanetian (also known as the Landenian or Heersian) is the last stage of the Paleocene Epoch, corresponding to the Late Paleocene Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning Year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages the accusative singular The initial split was between the Tyranni, the songbirds, the Eurylaimides and the New Zealand "wrens", which must have diverged during a short period of time (some million years at most). The Suborder of Passerine Birds Tyranni (the suboscines) includes about 1000 Species, the large majority of which are South SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink The New Zealand wrens, Acanthisittidae, are a family of tiny Passerines endemic to New Zealand. The Passeriformes apparently evolved out of a fairly close-knit clade of "near passerines" which contains such birds as the Piciformes, Coraciiformes, and Cuculiformes. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Near passerine or higher land-bird assemblage are terms often given to Arboreal Birds or those most often believed to be related to the true Passerines Six families of largely arboreal Birds make up the order Piciformes, the best-known of them being the Picidae which includes the Woodpeckers The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful Near passerine Birds including the Kingfishers the Hoopoe, the Bee-eaters the The Near passerine Bird order Cuculiformes traditionally included three families as below Musophagidae - turacos and allies ^[1]

A little later, a great radiation of forms took place out of Australia-New Guinea: the Passeri or songbirds. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink A major branch of the Passeri, "Parvorder Passerida", emerged either as the sister group to the basal lineages and corvoids ("Parvorder Corvida"), or more likely as a subgroup of it, and expanded deep into Eurasia and Africa, where there was a further explosive radiation of new lineages. Passerida is under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, one of two " Parvorders quot contained within the suborder Passeri (Standard Taxonomic The "Corvida" were one of two " Parvorders quot contained within the suborder Passeri, as proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. This eventually led to three major passeridan lineages comprising about 4,000 species, which in addition to the corvoidan clade and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. There has been extensive biogeographical mixing, with northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time.

Fossil record

Earliest passerines
Perching bird osteology, especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic. Osteology is the scientific study of Bones. A Subdiscipline of Anthropology and Archeology, osteology is a detailed study ^[2] However, the early fossil record is poor because the first Passeriformes were apparently on the small side of the present size range, and their delicate bones did not preserve well. QM specimens F20688 (carpometacarpus) and F24685 (tibiotarsus) from Murgon, Queensland are fossil bone fragments clearly recognizable as passeriform; they represent two species of approximately some 10 and some 20 cm in overall length and prove that some 55 mya, barely into the Early Eocene, early perching birds were recognizably distinct. The Queensland Museum is a museum at South Bank in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The tibiotarsus is the large Bone between the Femur and the Tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird Murgon is a town in Queensland, Australia. It is situated on the Bunya Highway 270 kilometres north-west of the state capital Brisbane. The Ypresian is the first stage of the Eocene Epoch and usually corresponds to the Early Eocene subepoch though sometimes the Lutetian ^[3] A quite similar group, the Zygodactylidae (named for their zygodactylous approach to perching) independently arose at much the same time – and possibly from closely related ancestors – in the landmasses bordering the North Atlantic, which at that time was only some two-thirds of its present width. In Biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits ( Fingers and Toes on the Hands feet, or sometimes Wings of a

Until the discovery of the Australian fossils, it was believed for some time that Palaeospiza bella from the Priabonian Florissant Fossil Beds (Late Eocene, around 35 mya) was the oldest known passeriform. The Priabonian (also known as Jacksonian or Runangan) is the final stage of the Eocene Epoch. Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is located in a mountain valley just west of Pikes The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in However, it is now considered a non-passeriform near passerine. Near passerine or higher land-bird assemblage are terms often given to Arboreal Birds or those most often believed to be related to the true Passerines

From the Bathans Formation at the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand, MNZ S42815 (a distal right tarsometatarsus of a Tui-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of Saddleback-sized bird have recently been described. The Manuherikia River is located in Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is the national Museum of New Zealand. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain Tetrapods namely Birds It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types The Tui ( Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) is an endemic Passerine Bird of New Zealand. The Tieke or Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus is a previously rare and endangered New Zealand Bird of the family Callaeidae These date from the Early to Middle Miocene (Awamoan to Lillburnian, 19-16 million years ago). The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning Year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages the accusative singular ^[4]

Male Superb Lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae). The Superb Lyrebird ( Menura novaehollandiae) is a Pheasant -sized Songbird, approximately 100cm long with brown upper body plumage grayish-brown below This very primitive songbird shows strong sexual dimorphism, with a peculiarly apomorphic display plumage in males. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry

Modern knowledge about the living passerines' interrelationships (see the list of families below) suggests that the last common ancestor of all living Passeriformes was a small forest bird, probably with a stubby tail^[5] and an overall drab coloration, but possibly with marked sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. The latter trait seems to have been lost and re-evolved multiple times in songbird evolution alone, judging from its distribution among the extant lineages: the common ancestor of Passerida for example was almost certainly not markedly dimorphic considering the trait is very rare among the basal lineages of these, but very common among the youngest passerid clade, the Passeroidea; on the other hand among the basalmost Passeri there are a considerable number of strongly dimorphic lineages such as the very ancient Menuridae as well as many Meliphagoidea and Corvoidea. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram A Lyrebird is either of two Species of ground-dwelling Australian Birds most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial Meliphagoidea is a Superfamily of Passerine birds They contain a vast diversity of small to mid-sized Songbirds widespread in the Austropacific region Sexual dimorphism is also not uncommon in the Acanthisittidae and prominent in some suboscines such as the Pipridae and Cotingidae. The New Zealand wrens, Acanthisittidae, are a family of tiny Passerines endemic to New Zealand. The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of some sixty small Passerine bird Species of the American tropics The cotingas are a large family of Passerine Bird Species found in Central America and Tropical South America.

Early European passerines
In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the Oligocene onwards, but most are too fragmentary for a more definite placement:

• Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)
• Passeriformes gen. The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene period and extends from about 33 et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) – suboscine or basal^[6]
• Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) – several suboscine and oscine taxa^[7]
• Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) – basal?^[8]
• Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary) – at least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one probably Oscines^[9]

Wieslochia was possibly not a member of any extant suborder. That not only the Passeri expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by an undetermined broadbill (Eurylaimidae) from the Early Miocene (roughly 20 mya) of Wintershof, Germany, and the indeterminate Late Oligocene suboscine from France listed above. The broadbills are a family of small Passerine Birds The Smithornis and Pseudocalyptomena species occur in tropical Africa the rest extend from The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 Even very basal Passeriformes might have been common in Europe until the Middle Miocene, some 12 mya. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram ^[10] Extant Passeri superfamilies were quite distinct by that time and are known since about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida genera is known mostly from the Late Miocene onwards and into the Pliocene (about 10–2 mya). The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends Pleistocene and early Holocene lagerstätten (<1. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC A Lagerstätte ( German; literally place of storage; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossil 8 mya) yield numerous extant species, and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their chronospecies and paleosubspecies. A chronospecies is a Species which changes physically morphologically, genetically, and/or behaviorally over time on an evolutionary scale such

American fossils
In the Americas, the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing suboscine families are documented. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Apart from the indeterminable MACN-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina),^[11] an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene of California, USA: the Palaeoscinidae with the single genus Paleoscinis. "Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene of Florida) probably belongs to an extant family, most likely passeroidean.

See also Late Quaternary prehistoric birds. Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied

Systematics and taxonomy

The peculiar Bearded Reedling, Panurus biarmicus, may be the most enigmatic passerine. The Bearded Reedling, Panurus biarmicus, is a peculiar small Passerine Bird. No truly close relatives have been identified.

Initially, the Corvida and Passerida were classified as "parvorders" in the suborder Passeri; in accord with the usual taxonomic practice, they would probably be ranked as infraorders. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used As originally envisioned in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, they contained, respectively, the large superfamilies Corvoidea and Meliphagoidea as well as minor lineages, and the superfamilies Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy is a radical bird Taxonomy proposed by Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms

This arrangement has been found to be overly simplified by more recent research. Since the mid 2000s, literally dozens of studies are being published which try rather successfully to resolve the phylogeny of the passeriform radiation. An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace For example, the Corvida in the traditional sense were a rather arbitrary assemblage of early and/or minor lineages of passeriform birds of Old World origin, generally from the region of Australia, New Zealand, and Wallacea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Wallacea is a biogeographical designation for a group of Indonesian islands separated by deep water Straits from the Asian and Australian The Passeri on the other hand can be made monophyletic by moving some families about, but the "clean" three-superfamily-arrangement has turned out to be far more complex and it is uncertain whether future authors will stick to it.

Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct species-poor lineages and consequently new families had to be established, some of them – like the Stitchbird of New Zealand and the Eurasian Bearded Reedling – monotypic with only one living species. The Stitchbird or Hihi ( Notiomystis cincta) is a rare Honeyeater -like Bird endemic to the North Island and adjacent New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Bearded Reedling, Panurus biarmicus, is a peculiar small Passerine Bird. Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: In Botany, "monotypic" means that a Taxon has only ^[12]. It seems likely that in the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For example, the kinglets constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today, but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge as the group spread across Eurasia. The kinglets or crests are a small group of birds sometimes included in the Old World warblers but are frequently given family status because they also resemble the For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. No particularly close relatives of them have been found among comprehensive studies of the living Passeri, though it is suspected that they might be fairly close to some little-studied tropical Asian groups. Major "wastebin" families such as the Old World warblers and Old World babblers have turned out to be paraphyletic and are being rearranged. Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon or dustbin taxon) is a term used in taxonomic circles to refer to a Taxon that has the sole purpose The " Old World Warblers " family Sylviidae are a family of small Passerine Bird species the names sylviid warblers The Old World babblers or timaliids are a large family of mostly Old World Passerine Birds They are rather diverse in size and coloration In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all

This process is still continuing. Therefore, the arrangement as presented here is subject to change. However, it should take precedence over unreferenced conflicting treatments in family, genus and species articles here; see the next section for default sources.

Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families

Female (left) and male Rifleman or tītitipounamu (Acanthisitta chloris), one of the 2 surviving Acanthisittidae species. The Rifleman ( Acanthisitta chloris) ( Māori: Tītipounamu) is a small insectivorous Passerine bird that is endemic to New Zealand The New Zealand wrens, Acanthisittidae, are a family of tiny Passerines endemic to New Zealand.

This list is in taxonomic order, placing related species/groups next to each other. The Passerida subdivisions are updated as needed from the default sequence of the Handbook of the Birds of the World,^[13] based on the most modern and comprehensive studies. HBW_-_Taxonomygif|right|frame|(400 × 258 pixels file size38KBMIME typeimage/gif|HBW-Page on Taxonomy]]HBW-accounts_8-082-083_copia ^[14] Updates are added as necessary.

Regarding arrangement of families

The families are sorted into a somewhat unusual sequence. This is because so many reallocations have taken place since about 2005 that a definite arrangement has not been established yet. The present sequence is an attempt to preserve as much of the traditional sequence while giving priority to adequately addressing the relationships between the families.

Suborder Acanthisitti

• Acanthisittidae: New Zealand "wrens"

Rainbow Pitta (Pitta iris), a fairly dark ground-living bird with brilliant color patches, like most Pittidae. The New Zealand wrens, Acanthisittidae, are a family of tiny Passerines endemic to New Zealand. The New Zealand wrens, Acanthisittidae, are a family of tiny Passerines endemic to New Zealand. The Rainbow Pitta, Pitta iris, is a bird with a velvet black head and underparts green upperparts pale blue shoulder and olive green tail Pittas are a family, Pittidae, of Passerine Birds mainly found in tropical Asia and Australasia, although a couple of species

Suborder Tyranni

Suboscines

• Infraorder Eurylaimides – Old World suboscines (or Broad-billed suboscines). The Suborder of Passerine Birds Tyranni (the suboscines) includes about 1000 Species, the large majority of which are South Probably a separate suborder.
  • Superfamily Eurylaimoidea – broadbills and allies
    • Eurylaimidae: broadbills
    • Philepittidae: asities
    • Sapayoidae: Broad-billed Sapayoa
  • Superfamily Pittoidea
    • Pittidae: pittas

Golden-headed Manakin (Pipra erythrocephala)

• Infraorder Tyrannides - New World suboscines
  • Superfamily N. The broadbills are a family of small Passerine Birds The Smithornis and Pseudocalyptomena species occur in tropical Africa the rest extend from The asities, are a family, the Philepittidae, of small Suboscine Passerine Birds The family consists of four Species The Broad-billed Sapayoa (or simply Sapayoa) Sapayoa aenigma, is a Suboscine Passerine found in lowland Rainforests Pittas are a family, Pittidae, of Passerine Birds mainly found in tropical Asia and Australasia, although a couple of species The Golden-headed Manakin, Pipra erythrocephala, is a small Passerine bird which breeds in tropical South America. N. – "bronchophones"
    • Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers
    • Tityridae: tityras and allies. The tyrant flycatchers ( Tyrannidae) are a family of Passerine Birds which occur throughout North and South America, but are mainly Tityridae is family of Suboscine Passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics.
    • Cotingidae: cotingas
    • Pipridae: manakins
  • Superfamily Furnarioidea - tracheophones
    • Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers
    • Thamnophilidae: antbirds
    • Formicariidae: antpittas, antthrushes and typical tapaculos. The cotingas are a large family of Passerine Bird Species found in Central America and Tropical South America. The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of some sixty small Passerine bird Species of the American tropics Ovenbirds or furnariids comprise a large family of small Suboscine Passerine Bird Species found in Central and The antbirds are a large family, Thamnophilidae, of Passerine Birds found across subtropical and tropical Central and South America The Formicariidae, formicariids or ground antbirds are a family of smallish Passerine Birds of subtropical and tropical Central Possibly polyphyletic. In Phylogenetics, a Taxon is polyphyletic ( Greek for "of many races" if the trait its members have in common evolved separately in different
    • Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
    • N. The gnateaters are a Bird family, Conopophagidae, consisting of ten small Passerine Species in two genera, which occur N. : atypical "tapaculos" (crescent-chests and allies)

Noisy Scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus), one of the most plesiomorphic Passeri. The tapaculos are a group of small Suboscine passeriform Birds with numerous species found mainly in South America and with the highest UserPolbot. --> The Noisy Scrub-bird ( Atrichornis clamosus) is a species of Bird in the Atrichornithidae Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink

Suborder Passeri

Songbirds or oscines

• Basal Passeri – the most ancient true songbirds, endemic to Australia. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Sometimes considered a superfamily "Menuroidea".
  • Menuridae: lyrebirds
  • Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds

• Superfamily Meliphagoidea – mainly insectivores and nectarivores, distribution centered on Australo-Melanesian region extending into surroundings, notably the Pacific. A Lyrebird is either of two Species of ground-dwelling Australian Birds most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial Scrub-birds are shy secretive ground-dwelling birds of the family Atrichornithidae. Meliphagoidea is a Superfamily of Passerine birds They contain a vast diversity of small to mid-sized Songbirds widespread in the Austropacific region
  

  New Holland Honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae)
  • Maluridae: fairy-wrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens
  • Dasyornithidae: bristlebirds. The New Holland Honeyeater ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae) is found throughout southern Australia. The Maluridae are a family of small insectivorous Passerine Birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. The bristlebirds are a family Dasyornithidae, of Passerine Bird. Formerly in Acanthizidae.
  • Acanthizidae: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
  • Meliphagidae: honeyeaters
  • Meliphagoidea incertae sedis
    • Pardalotidae: pardalotes. The Acanthizidae, also known as the Australasian Warblers, are a family of passerine birds which include Gerygones Thornbills and Scrubwrens The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea, The large and diverse Passerine bird family Pardalotidae includes the Pardalotes Scrubwrens Thornbills Gerygones and allies Formerly in Acanthizidae, might be included in Meliphagidae.
    • Acanthorhynchus: spinebills. Spinebill is name given to two members of the Honeyeater family both in the genus Acanthorhynchus, the name of which means literally "spine bill" Usually included in Meliphagidae; might be considered a monotypic family if Pardalotidae are considered valid too. Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: In Botany, "monotypic" means that a Taxon has only

• Superfamily Corvoidea – a highly diverse group of global distribution, but most plentiful in the Australasian region and surroundings. The oldest truly globally successful group of passerines, they include among them what may well be the most intelligent and the most spectacular of the order.
  

  Male Stitchbird or hihi (Notiomystis cincta) showing convergence with honeyeaters. The Stitchbird or Hihi ( Notiomystis cincta) is a rare Honeyeater -like Bird endemic to the North Island and adjacent Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages
  

  Yellow-crowned Gonolek (Laniarius barbarus: Malaconotidae)
  

  The Hawaiian Crow or ʻalala (Corvus hawaiiensis) is nearly extinct; only a few dozen birds survive in captivity. The Yellow-crowned Gonolek ( Laniarius barbarus) also known as the Common Gonolek, is a medium-sized Passerine Bird in the The bushshrikes are smallish Passerine Bird Species. They were formerly classed with the true Shrikes in the family Laniidae but are now The Hawaiian Crow, Corvus hawaiiensis, also known as ´Alala to the Native Hawaiians, is a species of Bird about the size of the Carrion Crow In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa.
  • Melanocharitidae: berrypeckers and longbills. The Melanocharitidae, the berrypeckers and longbills, is a small Bird family restricted to the forests of New Guinea. Tentatively placed here.
  • Callaeidae: New Zealand wattlebirds. The small bird family Callaeidae (also named in some sources as Callaeatidae) is endemic to New Zealand. Tentatively placed here.
  • Family N. N. : Stitchbird. The Stitchbird or Hihi ( Notiomystis cincta) is a rare Honeyeater -like Bird endemic to the North Island and adjacent Tentatively placed here.
  • Cnemophilidae: satinbirds. The Satinbirds or Cnemophilines, Cnemophilidae are a a group of Passerine Birds which consists of three species found in the mountain forests of Tentatively placed here.
  • Neosittidae: sittellas
  • Vireonidae: vireos
  • Campephagidae: cuckoo-shrikes and trillers
  • Pachycephalidae: whistlers and allies. The sittellas are a family Neosittidae, of small Passerine Birds found only in Australasia. For the record label see Vireo Records The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized Passerine Birds restricted to the The cuckoo-shrikes and allies in the Campephagidae family are small to medium-sized Passerine Bird Species found in the subtropical The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers shrike-thrushes shrike-tits Pitohuis and Crested Bellbird and is part of the ancient Australo-Papuan radiation Delimitation with regards to several proposed families and subfamilies requires thorough study.
  • Oriolidae: orioles and Figbird
  • Paramythiidae: Tit Berrypecker and Crested Berrypecker. The orioles are a family of Old World Passerine Birds The family Oriolidae comprises the Figbird Sphecotheres viridis, the only The painted berrypeckers, Paramythiidae, are a very small Bird family restricted to the mountain forests of New Guinea. Formerly in Passerida.
  • Artamidae: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs and Australian Magpie
  • Malaconotidae: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras and boubous
  • Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes. The family Artamidae gathers together 20 Species of mostly crow-like birds native to Australasia and nearby areas The bushshrikes are smallish Passerine Bird Species. They were formerly classed with the true Shrikes in the family Laniidae but are now Platysteiridae is a family of small stout Passerine Birds of the African tropics Formerly in Passerida. Probably paraphyletic.
  • Aegithinidae: ioras
  • Pityriaseidae: Bornean Bristlehead. For the Australian Aboriginal people of the Sydney region see Eora The ioras are a family of small Passerine Bird The Bornean Bristlehead, Pityriasis gymnocephala, also variously known as the Bristled Shrike, Bald-headed Crow or the Bald-headed Wood-Shrike Tentatively placed here.
  • Prionopidae: helmetshrikes and woodshrikes
  • Vangidae: vangas
  • Dicruridae: drongos
  • Monarchidae: monarch flycatchers
  • Rhipiduridae: fantails
  • Paradisaeidae: birds of paradise
  • Corcoracidae: White-winged Chough and Apostlebird
  • Laniidae: shrikes
  • Corvidae: crows, ravens and jays
  • Corvoidea incertae sedis
    • Vireolanius: shrike-vireos. The helmetshrikes are smallish Passerine Bird Species. These birds were included with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, later on split The vangas are a group of little-known small to medium-sized Passerine Birds restricted to Madagascar. The drongos are a family of small Passerine Birds of the Old World tropics The monarch flycatchers, Monarchidae, are a family of Birds Well-known forms included here are boatbills monarch flycatchers paradise-flycatchers and the Magpie-lark Fantails are small Insectivorous Birds of southern Asia and Australasia belonging to the Genus Rhipidura The birds of paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The very small and rather unusual Passerine family Corcoracidae now contains just two superficially dissimilar Species: the White-winged Chough and Shrikes are Passerine Birds of the family Laniidae Most shrike species occur in Eurasia and Africa, but two breed in North America Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of Oscine Passerine Birds that contains the Crows Ravens rooks UserPolbot. --> Vireolanius is a genus of Bird in the Vireonidae family Usually included in Vireonidae, possibly a monotypic family,
    • Erpornis: White-bellied Erpornis. UserPolbot. --> The White-bellied Erpornis ( Erpornis zantholeuca) or simply Erpornis is a species Formerly in Yuhina (Passerida: Timaliidae); possibly a monotypic family, possibly in Vireonidae
    • Colluricinclidae: shrike-thrushes. UserPolbot. --> Yuhina is a genus of Bird in the Timaliidae family The Old World babblers or timaliids are a large family of mostly Old World Passerine Birds They are rather diverse in size and coloration Often included in Pachycephalidae but perhaps recognizable as a subfamily at least.
    • Cinclosomatidae: whipbirds and allies. The family Cinclosomatidae contains 9 Species of Passerine bird including the 3 whipbirds 2 wedgebills and the quail-thrushes Contains Psophodidae but that might make it paraphyletic. At least some species belong in Pachycephalidae if Falcunculinae are not considered a distinct family.
    • Falcunculidae: Shrike-tit and allies. The Crested Shrike-tit, Falcunculus frontatus, is a bird endemic to Australia. Usually included in Pachycephalidae; might be distinct family or merged in Cinclosomatidae or Psophodidae.
    • "Pitohuidae": pitohuis. Pitohui is a genus of birds endemic to New Guinea, belonging to the family Pachycephalidae. Usually included in Pachycephalidae but seem closer to Oriolidae and best considered a distinct family including Oreoica and possibly other Pachycephalidae sensu lato. UserPolbot. -->The Crested Bellbird ( Oreoica gutturalis) is a species of Bird in the Colluricinclidae
    • Melampitta: melampittas. Melampitta is a genus of New Guinean Bird containing two enigmatic species Two very puzzling birds of unclear systematics; the monophyly of the genus was long disputed. Maybe a basal offshoot of the Monarchidae, maybe a family of their own.

Male Regent Bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus, Ptilonorhynchidae)

• Passeri (mainly "Corvida") incertae sedis
  

  The tiny Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) belongs to a minor but highly distinct lineage of Passeri. The Regent Bowerbird, Sericulus chrysocephalus is a medium-sized up to 25cm long sexually dimorphic Bowerbird. This article is about the species of bird called bowerbird For the band see Bowerbirds (band. The "Corvida" were one of two " Parvorders quot contained within the suborder Passeri, as proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Incertae sedis ( Latin for "of uncertain placement" abbreviated "inc The Goldcrest, Regulus regulus, is a very small Passerine bird in the Kinglet family resembling the Firecrest but with a plainer face SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink
  • Possible superfamily "Ptilonorhynchoidea" – bowerbirds and Australian treecreepers
    • Climacteridae: Australian treecreepers
    • Turnagridae: Piopio (extinct)
    • Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds
  • Possible superfamily N. There are 7 Species of Australasian treecreeper in the Passerine bird family Climacteridae. The family Turnagridae consisted of two species of Piopio Passerine Birds endemic to New Zealand, both of which are now considered In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. This article is about the species of bird called bowerbird For the band see Bowerbirds (band. N. - logrunners and pseudo-babblers
    • Orthonychidae: logrunners
    • Pomatostomidae: pseudo-babblers
  • Petroicidae: Australian robins
  • Possible superfamily N. The Orthonychidae is a family of Birds with a single Genus, Orthonyx, which comprises three species of Passerine birds The Pomatostomidae ( Australo-Papuan or Australasian babblers, also known as pseudo-babblers) are small to medium-sized birds endemic to Australia-New The Bird family Petroicidae includes roughly 45 species in about 15 genera N.
    • Picathartidae: rockfowl. The picathartes, rockfowl or bald crows are a small genus of two Passerine Bird Species within the family Picathartidae found
    • Chaetopidae: rock-jumpers. The Rock-jumpers are medium-sized insectivorous or omnivorous Birds in the genus Chaetops, which constitutes the entire family Chaetopidae Recently split from Turdidae.
    • Eupetidae: Malaysian Rail-babbler. The Malaysian Rail-babbler ( Eupetes macrocerus) is a strange rail-like pied inhabitant of the floor of primary forest in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Recently split from Cinclosomatidae.
  • Possible monotypic superfamily Reguloidea – kinglets
    • Regulidae: kinglets
  • Possible monotypic superfamily N. The kinglets or crests are a small group of birds sometimes included in the Old World warblers but are frequently given family status because they also resemble the N.
    • Family N. N. : Hyliotas. UserPolbot. --> Hyliota is a genus of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Irenidae: fairy-bluebirds. The two fairy-bluebirds are small Passerine Bird Species found in forests and plantations in tropical southern Asia and the Philippines Reguloidea? Basal to/in Passeroidea?
  • Chloropseidae: leafbirds. The leafbirds ( Chloropseidae) are a family of small Passerine Bird species found in India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Reguloidea? Basal to/in Passeroidea?

Infraorder Passerida

Lesser Striped Swallow (Cecropis abyssinica), showing some apomorphies of its ancient yet highly advanced lineage. Passerida is under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, one of two " Parvorders quot contained within the suborder Passeri (Standard Taxonomic The Lesser Striped Swallow ( Hirundo abyssinica syn Cecropis abyssinica) is a large Swallow. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry

• Superfamily Sylvioidea – mostly insectivores, distribution centered on the Indo-Pacific region. The " Old World Warblers " family Sylviidae are a family of small Passerine Bird species the names sylviid warblers The Indo-Pacific is a biogeographic region of the earth's seas comprising the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean Few occur in the Australian region and fewer still in the Americas. Usually sleek and drab birds, few have pronounced sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species.
  

  Blyth's Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) is now in the Acrocephalidae. The Blyth's Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum, is an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. Acrocephalidae (the marsh- and tree-warblers or acrocephalid warblers) is a family of Oscine passerine birds in the superfamily Sylvioidea
  • Alaudidae: larks
  • Hirundinidae: swallows and martins
  • Phylloscopidae: leaf-warblers and allies. Larks are Passerine Birds of the family Alaudidae. All species occur in the Old World, including northern and eastern Australia The swallows and martins are a group of Passerine Birds in the family Hirundinidae which are characterised by their adaptation to aerial Phylloscopidae is a newly described family of small Insectivorous Birds formerly placed in the Old World warbler family. Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Aegithalidae: long-tailed tits
  • Cettiidae: ground-warblers and allies. The Long-tailed tits or Bushtits, Aegithalidae, are a family of small passerine birds Most species live in mountainous habitats in and around Cettiidae is a newly validated family of small Insectivorous Songbirds (" Warblers " formerly placed in the Old World warbler Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Megaluridae: grass-warblers and allies. Megaluridae is a newly recognized family of small Insectivorous Songbirds (" Warblers " formerly placed in the Old World warbler Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • "Bernieridae": Malagasy warblers. The Malagasy warblers are a newly validated Clade of Songbirds They have not been formally named although the name "Bernieriidae" (after A newly assembled family.
  • Acrocephalidae: marsh- and tree-warblers. Acrocephalidae (the marsh- and tree-warblers or acrocephalid warblers) is a family of Oscine passerine birds in the superfamily Sylvioidea Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Pycnonotidae: bulbuls
  • Cisticolidae: cisticolas and allies
  • Sylviidae: "true/sylviid warblers" and parrotbills. Bulbuls ( Pycnonotidae) are a family of medium-sized passerine Songbirds Many forest species are known as Greenbuls The family The Cisticolidae family of small Passerine Birds is a group of about 110 warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World The " Old World Warblers " family Sylviidae are a family of small Passerine Bird species the names sylviid warblers Might be merged in Timaliidae. Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Zosteropidae: white-eyes. The white-eyes are small Passerine Birds native to tropical subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia Probably belongs in Timaliidae.
  • Timaliidae: (Old World) babblers. The Old World babblers or timaliids are a large family of mostly Old World Passerine Birds They are rather diverse in size and coloration Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Sylvioidea incertae sedis
    • "African warblers": A proposed clade, but monophyly needs confirmation. Formerly in Sylviidae.
    • Donacobius: Black-capped Donacobius. UserPolbot. -->The Black-capped Donacobius ( Donacobius atricapilla) is a conspicuous vocal South American Monotypic family? Tentatively placed here; possibly closest to Megaluridae. Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: In Botany, "monotypic" means that a Taxon has only Formerly in Troglodytidae and Mimidae.
    • Nicator: Relationships unresolved, monotypic family? Tentatively placed here; formerly in Pycnonotidae. UserPolbot. --> Nicator is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family

Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), like many Muscicapoidea a stout and cryptic bird with complex vocalizations. In Ecology, crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation

• Superfamily Muscicapoidea – mostly insectivores, near-global distribution centered on Old World tropics. One family endemic to Americas. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere Nearly absent (except introductions) from the Australian region. Usually rather stocky for their size, most are quite dark and dull though Sturnidae are commonly iridescent and/or colorful. Starlings are small to medium-sized Passerine Birds in the family Sturnidae. Sexual dimorphism often absent, sometimes pronounced.
  • Cinclidae: dippers
  • Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats. Dippers are members of the genus Cinclus in the Bird family Cinclidae The Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae is a large family of small Passerine Birds restricted to the Old World. Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Turdidae: thrushes and allies. See also other birds with "thrush" in their name Waterthrush, Shrike-thrush, Thrush Nightingale The Thrushes, Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Buphagidae: oxpeckers. The oxpecker consists of two species of Bird which make up the family Buphagidae; some ornithologists regard them as a Subfamily Buphaginae Formerly usually included in Sturnidae.
  • Sturnidae: starlings and possibly Philippine creepers. Starlings are small to medium-sized Passerine Birds in the family Sturnidae. The Philippine creepers or rhabdornises are small passerine Birds The family is endemic to the Philippines. Placement of latter in Muscicapoidea seems good, but inclusion in Sturnidae requires confirmation; possibly distinct family Rhabdornithidae.
  • Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers

• Superfamily Passeroidea – mostly herbivores including many seed-eaters, near-global distribution centered on Palearctic and Americas. The mimids are the New World family of passerine Birds Mimidae, that includes Thrashers Mockingbirds Tremblers The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight Ecozones dividing the Earth surface Includes the Nine-primaried oscines (probably a subclade). The nine-primaried oscines is the name given to a grouping of Oscine Passerine birds which is comprised of the families Fringilldae ( Finches, Drepanididae A very high proportion of colorful and highly sexually dimorphic forms.
  

  Like the Chaffinch above, these male (right) and female Gouldian Finches (Erythrura gouldiae), . The Gouldian Finch, Erythrura gouldiae (or Chloebia gouldiae) also known as the Lady Gouldian Finch, Gould's Finch or Rainbow Finch . .
  

  . . . and this Green-and-gold Tanager (Tangara schrankii), many Passeroidea are very colorful. UserPolbot. -->The Green-and-gold Tanager ( Tangara schrankii) is a species of Bird in the Thraupidae
  • Passeridae: true sparrows
  • Prunellidae: accentors
  • Motacillidae: wagtails and pipits
  • Urocynchramidae: Przewalski's Finch. The "true sparrows" the Old World sparrows in the family Passeridae, are small Passerine Birds Generally sparrows tend to be The accentors are in the only Bird family the Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. The Motacillidae are a family of small Passerine Birds with medium to long tails The Przewalski's Finch, Urocynchramus pylzowi, is an unusual Passerine Bird from the mountains of central-west China. Recently split from Fringillidae; tentatively placed here.
  • Peucedramidae: Olive Warbler
  • Estrildidae: estrildid finches (waxbills, munias, etc)
  • Ploceidae: weavers
  • Viduidae: indigobirds and whydahs
  • Fringillidae: true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. The Olive Warbler, Peucedramus taeniatus, is a small Passerine Bird, the only member of the family Peucedramidae The estrildid finches are small Passerine Birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. See also Whydah Gally for the Pirate ship and Ouidah for the town in Benin. Finches are Passerine Birds often Seed -eating found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. Hawaiian honeycreepers are small Passerine Birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. Possibly polyphyletic.
  • Icteridae: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
  • Parulidae: New World warblers
  • Thraupidae: tanagers and allies
  • Cardinalidae: cardinals
  • Emberizidae: buntings and American sparrows
  • Passeroidea incertae sedis
    • Coerebidae: Bananaquit. The Icterids are a group of small to medium often colourful Passerine Birds restricted to the New World. This article refers to the New World wood warbler family of birds the Parulidae The tanagers are a family, Thraupidae, of birds in the order Passeriformes. The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of Passerine Birds found in North and South America. The Emberizidae are a large family of Passerine Birds They are seed-eating Birds with a distinctively shaped bill The Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, is a Passerine Bird first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Certhia Family invalid or not monotypic; reallocation pending. Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: In Botany, "monotypic" means that a Taxon has only

• Passerida incertae sedis - Rather basal Passerida, most of which seem to constitute several small but distinct lineages that could be considered superfamilies. Most occur in Asia, Africa and North America.
  • Panurus: Bearded Reedling (Bearded "Tit"). The Bearded Reedling, Panurus biarmicus, is a peculiar small Passerine Bird. Relationships enigmatic. Formerly in "Paradoxornithidae", might be included in Sylvioidea as monotypic family Panuridae or even constitute the smallest passerine superfamily. The parrotbills are a group of peculiar Birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though Feral populations are known from elsewhere
  • Possible superfamily Paroidea – titmice and allies. Might be included in Sylvioidea.
    

    The Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and its relatives stand well apart from rest of the Sylvioidea sensu lato. The Blue Tit, Cyanistes caeruleus, is a 105 to 12 cm (42 to 4 The " Old World Warblers " family Sylviidae are a family of small Passerine Bird species the names sylviid warblers
    • Paridae: tits, chickadees and titmice
    • Remizidae: penduline tits. The tits, chickadees, and titmice comprise Paridae, a large family of small Passerine Birds which occur in the Northern hemisphere The penduline tits are a family of small passerine Birds related to the true tits. Sometimes included in Paridae.
    • Stenostiridae: stenostirids ("flycatcher-tits"). Stenostiridae is a family of small Passerine Birds proposed as a result of recent discoveries in molecular systematics (Beresford et al A newly assembled family; sometimes included in Paridae.
  • Possible superfamily Sittoidea or Certhioidea - wrens and allies. Might be included in Muscicapoidea.
    

    The Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) and its relatives seem closer to the Muscicapoidea sensu stricto than to most other passerines. The Bohemian Waxwing ( Bombycilla garrulus) is a member of the Waxwing family of Passerines A sleek bird 8-21 cm long with a pointed crest it travels in
    • Sittidae: nuthatches
    • Tichodromadidae: Wallcreeper. The nuthatches are a Genus, Sitta, of small Passerine Birds belonging to the Wallcreeper, constitute the The Wallcreeper ( Tichodroma muraria) is a small Passerine Bird found throughout the high mountains of Eurasia. Tentatively placed here.
    • Certhiidae: treecreepers
    • Salpornithidae: Spotted Creeper. The treecreepers (Certhiidae are a family of small Passerine birds widespread in wooded regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Sub-Saharan Africa The Spotted Creeper, Salpornis spilonotus, is a small Passerine Bird, which is the only member of the subfamily Salpornithinae of the Treecreeper Tentatively placed here; might belong in Certhidae.
    • Troglodytidae: wrens
    • Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers
  • Possible superfamily Bombycilloidea – waxwings and allies. The wrens are Passerine birds in the mainly New World family Troglodytidae. The 15-20 species of small Passerine Birds in the gnatcatcher family occur in North and South America (except far south and high Andean Included in Muscicapoidea if Sittoidea/Certhioidea are not considered a distinct superfamily.
    • Bombycillidae: waxwings
    • Dulidae: Palmchat. For the Seattle band featuring Rocky Votolato, see Waxwing (band. The Palmchat, Dulus dominicus, is a small long-tailed Passerine Bird, the only species in the genus Dulus and the family Dulidae Tentatively placed here.
    • Ptilogonatidae: silky flycatchers. The silky-flycatchers are a small family of Passerine Birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one Species, the Tentatively placed here.
    • Hypocoliidae: Hypocolius. The Grey Hypocolius ( Hypocolius ampelinus; alternative name Hypocolius) is a small Passerine Bird Species. Tentatively placed here.
  • Possible superfamily "Dicaeoidea" – sunbirds and flowerpeckers. Might be included in Passeroidea.
    • Nectariniidae: sunbirds
    • Dicaeidae: flowerpeckers
  • Possible monotypic superfamily N. The sunbirds and '''spiderhunters''' are very small Passerine Birds which feed largely on Nectar, although they will also take insects especially The flowerpeckers are a family of Passerine Birds found in tropical southern Asia and Australasia from India east to the Philippines N.
    • Promeropidae: sugarbirds. The sugarbirds are a small family of Passerine Birds which are restricted to Africa. Might be included in Passeroidea.

Footnotes

References

• Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G. P. ; Olsson, Urban & Sundberg, Per (2006): Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38(2): 381–397. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a prominent Scientific journal, popular mostly among Evolutionary biologists Its goal is to make a forum to doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015
• Barker, F. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Keith; Barrowclough, George F. & Groth, Jeff G. (2002): A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. Proc. R. Soc. B 269(1488): 295-308. Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two Scientific journals published by the Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 PDF fulltext
• Barker, F. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A. ; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel (2004): Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. PNAS 101(30): 11040-11045. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United doi:10.1073/pnas.0401892101 PDF fulltext Supporting information
• Beresford, P. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ; Barker, F. K. ; Ryan, P. G. & Crowe, T. M. (2005): African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 272(1565): 849–858. Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two Scientific journals published by the Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 PDF fulltext Electronic appendix
• Boles, Walter E. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (1997): Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. Emu 97(1): 43-50. Emu, subtitled "Austral Ornithology" ( ISSN 0158-4197 is the peer-reviewed Scientific journal of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists doi:10.1071/MU97004
• Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. & Pasquet, Eric (2001): An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Evolution 55(6): 1198-1206. Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly Scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical DOI:10. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. 1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2. 0. CO;2 PDF fulltext
• del Hoyo, J. ; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds. ) (2003): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. HBW_-_Taxonomygif|right|frame|(400 × 258 pixels file size38KBMIME typeimage/gif|HBW-Page on Taxonomy]]HBW-accounts_8-082-083_copia 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334504
• del Hoyo, J. ; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds. ) (2004): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. HBW_-_Taxonomygif|right|frame|(400 × 258 pixels file size38KBMIME typeimage/gif|HBW-Page on Taxonomy]]HBW-accounts_8-082-083_copia 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 8487334695
• del Hoyo, J. ; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds. ) (2005): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. HBW_-_Taxonomygif|right|frame|(400 × 258 pixels file size38KBMIME typeimage/gif|HBW-Page on Taxonomy]]HBW-accounts_8-082-083_copia 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 8487334725
• del Hoyo, J. ; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds. ) (2006): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. HBW_-_Taxonomygif|right|frame|(400 × 258 pixels file size38KBMIME typeimage/gif|HBW-Page on Taxonomy]]HBW-accounts_8-082-083_copia 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 849655306X
• del Hoyo, J. ; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds. ) (2007): Handbook of the Birds of the World (Vol. HBW_-_Taxonomygif|right|frame|(400 × 258 pixels file size38KBMIME typeimage/gif|HBW-Page on Taxonomy]]HBW-accounts_8-082-083_copia 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788496553422
• Dickinson, E. C. (ed. ) (2003): The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the World (3rd edition). Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 071366536X
• Ericson, Per G. P. & Johansson, Ulf S. (2003): Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29(1): 126–138 doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00067-8 PDF fulltext
• Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998-99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a prominent Scientific journal, popular mostly among Evolutionary biologists Its goal is to make a forum to A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I. ]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis 23: 33-78. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
• Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén, Kókay, József & Márton, Venczel (2000): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the section of the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis 24: 39-75. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
• Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile & Wattinne, Aurélia (2003): La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) [The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)] [French with English abstract]. Geobios 36(6): 719–731. Geobios is an academic journal published bimonthly by the Dutch publishing house Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002 (HTML abstract)
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• Jønsson, Knud A. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35(2): 149–186. Zoologica Scripta (ISSN 0300-3256 is a biology magazine published by Blackwell Publishing Limited, published bi-monthly doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x (HTML abstract)
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• Mayr, Gerald & Manegold, Albrecht (2006): A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France. Condor 108(3): 717-720. This article is about the journal The Condor for information about the bird from which it takes it name see Condor. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. 1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2. 0. CO;2 HTML abstract
• Manegold, Albrecht; Mayr, Gerald & Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2004): Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna. Auk 121(4): 1155–1160. The Auk is a quarterly Journal and the official publication of the American Ornithologists' Union, having been continuously published by that body since [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. 1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2. 0. CO;2 Imageless HTML fulltext
• Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1991): El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at VIII Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados ["The most ancient passerine from South America"]. [Spanish] Abstract in Ameghiniana 28(3-4): 410. Google Books fulltext
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• Roux, T. (2002): Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon ["Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon"]. [French] Courrier Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon 6: 38–57.
• Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A. Trevor H Worthy is a paleozoologist from New Zealand best known for his research work on the Moa which earned him the nick name "Mr J. D. ; Jones, C. ; McNamara, J. A. & Douglas, B. J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5(1): 1-39. The Journal of Systematic Palaeontology is a Quarterly paleontological journal produced for the British Natural History Museum. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957 (HTML abstract)