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In music a passacaglia (French: passacaille, Spanish: pasacalle, German: Passacaglia; Italian: passacaglia, passacaglio, passagallo, passacagli, passacaglie) is a musical form. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The term musical form refers to two related concepts the type of composition (for example a musical work can have the form of a Symphony, a Its name derives from the Spanish pasar (to walk) and calle (street).

Contents

Origins and features

Originally a rasgueado (strummed) interlude between instrumentally accompanied dances or songs, first found in an Italian source dated 1606 (Hudson 1971, 364), the passacaglia denotes a short, usually rapid musical work in any metre. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the word came to mean a set of ground-bass or ostinato variations, usually of a serious character (Silbiger 2001). In Music, an Ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn" see also Oscillation) is a motif or phrase which is persistently This a melodic pattern (usually 4, 6 or 8 bars long, rarely an odd number such as 3, 5 or 7) repeats unchangingly throughout the duration of the piece, while the upper lines get varied freely, over this bass pattern that serves as a harmonic anchor. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or The passacaglia is closely related to the chaconne, except that the former (in 18th-century French practice) leans more strongly to the melodic basso ostinato, while the chaconne, "in a reversal of the [17th-century] Italian practice, in various respects undergoes a freer treatment" (Fischer 1968, 34). In Music, a chaconne (ʃaˈkɔn Italian: ciaccona) is a Musical form whose primary formal feature involves variation on a repeated The seventeenth-century chaconne, as found paradigmatically in Frescobaldi's music, more often than not is in a major key, while the passacaglia is usually in a minor key (Silbiger 1996, §6). Late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century theorists attempted to differentiate the chaconne and passacaglia formally, but often came to opposite conclusions. For example, Percy Goetschius held that the chaconne is usually based on a harmonic sequence with a recurring soprano melody, and the passacaglia was formed over a ground bass pattern (Goetschius 1915, 29 and 40), whereas Clarence Lucas defined the two forms in precisely the opposite way (Lucas 1908, 203). By the middle of the twentieth century, it was generally recognized that "composers often used the terms chaconne and passacaglia indiscriminately and modern attempts to arrive at a clear distinction are arbitrary and historically unfounded" (Bukofzer 1947, 42). More recently, some progress has been made toward making a useful distinction for the usage of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, where some composers (notably Frescobaldi and François Couperin) deliberately mix the two genres in one and the same composition (Silbiger 1996). François Couperin (fʀɑ̃swa kuˈpʀɛ̃ (November 10 1668 &ndash September 11 1733 was a French Baroque composer organist and harpsichordist

In modern music, the term passacaglia is often used to denote a piece that doesn't necessarily conform to the baroque ideal of the form (and not even necessarily in 3/4 time), but which has a more or less fixed bass pattern (ground bass) or chord progression, sometimes both, that is repeated consecutively throughout most or all of the piece. A chord progression (also chord sequence and harmonic progression or sequence) is a series of chords played in order Sometimes it departs entirely from the form, but retains its essentially grave character (cf. passacaglias by Shostakovich)

Composers

One of the best known examples of a passacaglia in western classical music is the one in C minor for organ by Johann Sebastian Bach, BWV 582. Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor ( BWV 582 is an organ piece by Johann Sebastian Bach. Other examples are the organ passacaglias by Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Pachelbel, Sigfrid Karg-Elert, Johann Kaspar Kerll, Daniel Gregory Mason, Georg Muffat, Gottlieb Muffat, Johann Kuhnau, Max Reger, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Juan Cabanilles, Bernardo Pasquini, Max Reger, and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Sigfrid Karg-Elert ( November 21 1877 - April 9 1933) was a German composer of considerable fame in the early twentieth century best Johann Kaspar Kerll (April 9 1627 &ndash February 13 1693 was a German Baroque Composer and Organist. Daniel Gregory Mason ( Brookline Massachusetts, November 20, 1873 – Greenwich Connecticut, December 4, 1953) was an Georg Muffat (baptized June 1 1653 - February 23 1704 was a Baroque Composer. Gottlieb Theophil Muffat (1690&ndash1770 was an Austrian composer/organist and son of Georg Muffat. Johann Kuhnau ( April 6 1660 &ndash June 5 1722) was a German Composer, Organist and Harpsichordist Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger ( March 19 1873 &ndash May 11 1916) was a German Composer, conductor Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Juan Bautista José Cabanilles ( September 6 1644 in Algemesi near Valencia &ndash April 29 1712 in Valencia was a Spanish Bernardo Pasquini ( December 7, 1637 - November 22, 1710) was an Italian Composer of Opera and church music Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger ( March 19 1873 &ndash May 11 1916) was a German Composer, conductor Ralph (reɪf Vaughan Williams OM (12 October 1872 &ndash 26 August 1958 was an English Composer of symphonies, Chamber music

The first page of the autograph manuscript of the Passacaglia by Johann Sebastian Bach, BWV 582
The first page of the autograph manuscript of the Passacaglia by Johann Sebastian Bach, BWV 582

The French clavecinists, especially Louis Couperin and his nephew François Couperin, le grand, were noted for their use of the passecaille form, even though they tended to deviate from the passacaglia form to a considerable degree, often assuming a form of recurring episodes in rondo. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor ( BWV 582 is an organ piece by Johann Sebastian Bach. A harpsichord is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. Louis Couperin (c 1626 &ndash 1661 was a French Baroque Composer who made significant contributions to the development of Baroque keyboard music François Couperin (fʀɑ̃swa kuˈpʀɛ̃ (November 10 1668 &ndash September 11 1733 was a French Baroque composer organist and harpsichordist

The central episode of Claudio Monteverdi's madrigal "Lamento della Ninfa" is a passacaglia on a descending tetrachord. Traditionally a tetrachord is a series of four tones filling in the interval of a perfect fourth a 43 frequency proportion The first two movements of the fourth sonata from Johann Heinrich Schmelzer's Sonatæ unarum fidium are a passacaglias on a descending tetrachord, but in uncharacteristic major. Johann Heinrich von Schmelzer (1623 &ndash March 20 1680) was an Austrian Composer and Violinist of the baroque era

The fourth movement of Luigi Boccherini's Quintettino #6, Op. Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini ( February 19, 1743 &ndash May 28, 1805) was a classical era Composer and cellist 30, (also known as "Musica notturna delle strade di Madrid") is titled "Passacalle". Director Peter Weir included the piece at the end of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. Peter Lindsay Weir AM (born 21 August 1944 is an Australian Film director. Master and Commander The Far Side of the World is a 2003 Film directed by Peter Weir and starring Russell Crowe as Jack Aubrey, with

There are such ensemble examples of the form as the Passacaille "Les plaisirs ont choisi" from Lully's opera Armide (1686) and Dido's lament, "When I am Laid in Earth", in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, and others, such as aria "Piango, gemo, sospiro" by Antonio Vivaldi, or "Usurpator tiranno" and "Stabat Mater" by Giovanni Felice Sances, et al. Jean-Baptiste de Lully ( Giovanni Battista di Lulli) (ʒɑ̃batist də lyˈli in French (November 28 1632 &ndash March 22 1687 was a French Composer of Italian Armide is an Opera by Jean-Baptiste Lully. The Libretto was written by Philippe Quinault, based on Torquato Tasso 's Henry Purcell (ˈpɜrsəl 10 September 1659 (? – 21 November 1695 was an English Baroque Composer. Dido and Æneas is an Opera by the English Baroque composer Henry Purcell, from a libretto by Nahum Tate.

Another important passacaglia is one in g-minor for unaccompanied violin and one in c-minor for violin and continuo by Heinrich Ignaz Biber. Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (August 12 1644 &ndash May 3 1704 was a Bohemian Austrian Composer and Violinist.

Nineteenth-century examples include the C-minor Passacaglia for organ by Felix Mendelssohn, and the finale of Josef Rheinberger's Eighth Organ Sonata. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Joseph Gabriel Rheinberger (also Josef ( March 17, 1839, in Vaduz &ndash November 25, 1901, in Munich) was a Liechtensteinian Usage of sonata The Baroque applied the term sonata to a variety of works though most works in the Baroque Period were fugues and toccatas Perhaps the most frequently heard passacaglia, however, is the finale of Johannes Brahms's Symphony No. 4 (although Brahms did not call it a passacaglia, it follows the rules of one and the repeated figure is based on one found in Bach's Cantata No. Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer The Symphony No 4 in E minor Op 98 by Johannes Brahms is the last of his symphonies. A cantata (derived from the Italian word 'cantare' meaning 'to sing' is a vocal composition with an instrumental Accompaniment and often 150, Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich). Nach dir Herr verlanget mich BWV 150 ( For Thee O Lord I long) is an early Lutheran choral Cantata by Johann The Norwegian Johan Halvorsen also composed a passacaglia that is based on a Handel theme and written for a duet of violin and viola, considered among the most popular pieces for both instruments due to its simplicity and depth. Johan Halvorsen ( 15 March 1864 &ndash 4 December 1935) was a Norwegian Composer, conductor and Violinist The first movement of Hans Huber's Piano Concerto No. Hans Huber ( June 28 1852 &ndash December 25, 1921) was a Composer from Switzerland. 3 op. 113 (1899) is a passacaglia (Murtomäki 2008).

Passacaglias for lute, baroque guitar, and related instruments

There are lute passacaglias by Alessandro Piccinini, G. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from Alessandro Piccinini (1566-1638 was an Italian lutenist and composer H. Kapsberger, Sylvius Leopold Weiss, Esaias Reussner, Count Logy, Robert de Visée, Jacob Bittner, Philipp Franz Lesage De Richee, Gleitsmann, Dufaut, Gallot, Denis Gautier, Ennemond Gautier, Roman Turovsky-Savchuk and Maxym Zvonaryov, a passacaglia for bandura by Julian Kytasty, passacaglias for baroque guitar by Paulo Galvão, Santiago de Murcia, Antonio de Santa Cruz, Francisco Guerau, Gaspar Sanz, Marcello Vitale et al. Johann(es Hieronymus Kapsberger (also Giovanni Girolamo or Giovanni Geronimo Kapsperger) (c Silvius Leopold Weiss ( October 12, 1687 – October 16, 1750) was a German Composer and Lutenist Born in Robert de Visée (c 1650 - 1725 was a Lutenist, guitarist, theorbist and viol player at the court of Louis the XIV as well as a singer and Roman Turovsky-Savchuk is a painter and Lutenist - Composer. He was born in Kiev, Ukraine in 1961 and emigrated to New York City in 1979 Julian Kytasty (Юліян Китастий is a Ukrainian-American Composer, Singer, Kobzar, Bandurist and flute player Paulo Galvão - (born 1966 in Lagos, Algarve, Portugal) is a Composer, Lutenist, Theorbist and Guitarist, noted Santiago de Murcia (place/date of birth unknown died after 1732) was a Spanish guitarist and composer Francisco Guerau ( 1649 &ndash 1717 / 1722) was a Spanish Baroque composer Gaspar Sanz ( April 4, 1640 – 1710 was an Aragonese Spanish Composer and Priest born in Calanda in the area

Modern examples

The passacaglia proved an enduring form throughout the twentieth century and beyond. In mid-century, one writer stated that, "despite the inevitable lag in the performance of new music, there are more twentieth-century passacaglias in the active repertory of performers than baroque works in this form" (Stein 1959, 150). Other notable examples of uses of the passacaglia form include the following (in chronological order of composition):

Bibliography

See Also

La Follia

External links

La Folía is one of the oldest remembered European musical themes on record

Dictionary

passacaglia

-noun

  1. Slow Italian or Spanish music and dance in 3/4 time.
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