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This article is about the Italian city. For other uses, see Parma (disambiguation).
Comune di Parma
Coat of arms of Comune di Parma
Municipal coat of arms
Country Flag of Italy Italy
Region Emilia-Romagna
Province Parma (PR)
Mayor Pietro Vignali
Elevation 55 m (180 ft)
Area 260 km² (100 sq mi)
Population (as of December 31, 2007)
 - Total 178,718
 - Density 687/km² (1,779/sq mi)
Time zone CET, UTC+1
Coordinates 44°48′N, 10°20′E
Gentilic Parmigiani (Pram'zan) (Parmensi (Arijoz) are
called the province's inhabitants)
Dialing code 0521
Postal code 43100
Frazioni See list
Patron Sant'Ilario di Poitiers, Sant'Onorato, San Rocco
 - Day January 13
Website: www.comune.parma.it

Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, famous for its architecture and the fine countryside around it. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna. In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Parma (Provincia di Parma is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Here are a list of area codes in Italy. All numbers here begin with the country code (0039 A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a Comune; for other Administrative Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it Hilarius or Saint Hilary (ca 300 – 368 was Bishop of Poitiers ('Pictavium' and considered an eminent doctor of the Western Christian For the 7th century saint see Honoratus of Amiens. Saint Honoratus (ca Saint Roch ( Latin: Rochus Catalan: Roc Italian: Rocco French: Roch Spanish and Portuguese: Roque German Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation It is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world. The University of Parma ( Italian: Università degli Studi di Parma, UNIPR is one of the oldest universities in the world founded in the 11th century Parma is divided into two parts by the little stream with the same name. The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci (born in a hamlet in the countryside) wrote: "As a capital city it had to have a river. Attilio Bertolucci ( November 18, 1911 - June 14, 2000) was an Italian poet and writer As a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry".

Contents

Prehistory

Parma was already a built-up area in the Bronze Age. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for It has verified by now that in the current position of the city rose a "terramare". The "terramare" (Earthsea) were ancient villages in structural wood on pile-dwelling built according to a defined scheme and squared form, built on the dry land, generally in proximity of the rivers. During this age (among the 1500 B. C. and the 800 B. C. ) the first necropolises (placed where there is the actual Cathedral Plaza and Millstone Square) rose also.

History

The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans, for a parma (circular shield) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and Parmeal, Parmni and Parmnial are names that appear in Etruscan inscriptions. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Diodorus Siculus (XXII, 2,2; XXVIII, 2,1) reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment was so named because it was round, like a shield, or whether its situation was a shield against the Gauls to the north, is more a matter of choice.

The Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Modena. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Events By place Roman Republic Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena) Pisa and Parma Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the 2000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia and the Via Claudia. Via Aemilia (It Via Emilia) was a trunk Roman road in the north Italian plain running from Ariminum ( Rimini) on the Adriatic coast to It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In 44 BC, the city was destroyed, and Augustus rebuilt it. Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. During the Roman Empire it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

The city was subsequently sacked by Attila, and later given by the barbarian king Odoacer to his fellows. Odoacer (435–493 also known as Odovacar (from the Germanic Audawakrs, meaning "watchful of wealth" was a Roman general and the During the Gothic War, however, Totila destroyed it. See Gothic War (376-382 for the war on the Danube The Gothic War was a war fought in Italy and the adjoining regions of Dalmatia, Sardinia Totila (died Jul 1 552) was king of the Ostrogoths from 541 until his death It was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna (changing name to Chrysopolis, "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the army's treasure) and, from 569, of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the Events By Place Byzantine Empire The King of the Garamantes signs a peace treaty with Byzantium. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from During the Middle Ages, Parma became an important stage of the Via Francigena, the main road connecting Rome to Northern Europe: several castles, hospitals and inns were built in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims. The Via Francigena is an ancient road between Rome and Canterbury, passing through England, France, Switzerland and Italy

Piazza della Pace with the Farnese family’s Palazzo della Pilotta.
Piazza della Pace with the Farnese family’s Palazzo della Pilotta.

Under the Frankish rule, Parma became the capital of a county (774). The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Events By Place Europe Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards, and takes title King of the Lombards Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne, but locally ruled by its bishops, first being Guidobus. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his In the subsequent struggles between Papacy and Empire, Parma was usually member of the Imperial party. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Two of its bishops became antipopes: Càdalo, founder of the Cathedral, as Honorius II); and Guibert, as Clement III). An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman Antipope Honorius II should not be confused with Pope Honorius II. This article is about the Antipope Clement III see here for Pope Clement III. An almost independent commune was created around 1140. Communes in Europe in the Middle Ages were sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms among community members of a town or city After the Peace of Constance (1183), quarrels with the neighbouring communes of Reggio Emilia, Piacenza and Cremona became harsher: the aim was the control over the vital trading line over the Po River. The Peace of Constance of 1183 was signed in Konstanz by Frederick Barbarossa and representatives of the Lombard League. For the city in the southern Italy See Reggio Calabria. For the basketball club "Bipop Carire Reggio Emilia" see Pallacanestro Reggiana. Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a Cremonese redirects here For the football team see US Cremonese Cremona is a City in northern Italy, situated The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering

The struggle between Guelphs and Ghibelline was a feature of Parma too. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy In 1213 her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli. For information on the phantom island of the same name see Podesta (island. Rambertino di Guido Buvalelli (1170/1180 &ndash September 1221 a Bolognese judge statesman diplomat and poet was the earliest of the Podestà - Then, after a long stance alongside the Emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248: the city was besieged by the Emperor Frederick II, who was however crushed in the battle that ensued. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title This article is about the 1248 Battle of Parma For the Battle of 1734 see the Battle of San Pietro.

Parma fell under the control of Milan in 1341. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. After a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family (1404-1409), Sforza imposed their rule (1440-1449) through their associated families of Pallavicino, Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio. Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. The Pallavicini, Pallavicino, and sometimes Paravicino, or Paravicini, were an Italian noble family descended from Oberto I (died Rossi is an Italian surname, said to be the most common surname in Italy. These created a kind of new feudalism, building towers and castles throughout the city and the land. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed These fiefs evolved into truly independent states: the Landi governed the higher Taro's valley from 1257 to 1682. Taro (from Tahitian or other Polynesian languages) more rarely kalo (from Hawaiian) and gabi in The Philippines, is a The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in Busseto. Busseto is a commune in the Province of Parma, in Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805, and San Secondo belonged to the Rossi well into the 19th century. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Rossi is an Italian surname, said to be the most common surname in Italy. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Parma in the 15th century.
Parma in the 15th century.

Between the 14th and the 15th Centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The Battle of Fornovo was fought in its territory. The Battle of Fornovo took place 30 km southwest of the city of Parma on 6 July 1495. The Frenchheld the city in 1500-1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512-1515. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the Papal States until 1545. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa

In that year the Farnese pope, Paul III, detached Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when Antonio Farnese (1679-1731), last male of the Farnese line, died. For the town in Italy with the same name see Farnese (VT. The Farnese family was an influential family in Renaissance Italy. Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a Pier Luigi Farnese ( November 19, 1503 - September 10, 1547) was the first Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro Year 1731 ( MDCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Antonio Farnese ( May 29 1679 - February 26 1731) was the last Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1727 until his death The state was consolidated by Ottavio II Farnese (1547-1586). He also renovated the city's structures to create a true capital for his little but rich reign.

In 1594 a Constitution was emanated, the University enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. The University of Parma ( Italian: Università degli Studi di Parma, UNIPR is one of the oldest universities in the world founded in the 11th century The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612 Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th century, after the defeat of Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The castle of the Sanseverino in Colorno was turned into a luxurious summer palace by Ferdinando Bibiena. Colorno is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 90 km northwest of

The battistero of Parma.
The battistero of Parma.

In 1731 the combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House of Bourbon in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy. Year 1731 ( MDCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III 's illegitimate son Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Under the new rulers, however, it faced a certain decadence. In 1734 all the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, Colorno and Sala Baganza were moved to Naples. Year 1734 ( MDCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Colorno is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 90 km northwest of Sala Baganza is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 90 km northwest Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the

Parma was under French influence after the Peace of Aachen (1748). Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister Guillaume du Tillot. He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the Palatine Library, the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and the Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by Giambattista Bodoni. Giambattista Bodoni ( February 16, 1740 in Saluzzo &ndash November 29, 1813 in Parma) was an Italian

During the Napoleonic Wars (1802-1814), Parma was part of the Taro Département. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Taro is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. Under its French name Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l'Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished 1926). A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom Charles-François Lebrun 1st Duc de Plaisance, Prince of the Empire ( March 19, 1739 &ndash June 16, 1824)

After its restoration by the 1814-15 Vienna Congress, the Risorgimento's upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian In 1847, after Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma's death, it passed again to the Bourbons, the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his Widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Marie Louise of Austria (Maria Luisa von Österreich French: Marie Louise d'Autriche; Italian: Maria Luisa d'Austria; b The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. On September 15, 1859 the dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered in the newly formed provinces of Emilia under Carlo Farini. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common With the plebiscite of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

The loss of the capital role provoked an economical and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the connection with Piacenza and Bologna of 1859, and with Fornovo and Suzzara in 1883. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Suzzara is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 130 km southeast of Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Trade unions were strong in the city, in which a famous General Strike was declared from May 1 to June 6, 1908. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The struggle with Fascism lived its most dramatic moment in the August 1922, when the regime officer Italo Balbo attempted to enter in the popular quarter of Oltretorrente. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Italo Balbo ( 5 June 1896 - 28 June 1940) was an Italian Blackshirt ( Camicie Nere, or CCNN leader The citizens organized into the Arditi del Popolo ("People's assaulters") and pushed back the squadristi. This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy.

During World War II, Parma was a strong centre of partisan resistance. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A partisan is a member of an Irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation The train station and marshalling yards were targets for high altitude bombing by the Allies in the spring of 1944. Much of the Palazzo della Pilotta — situated near the train station — was destroyed by errant bombs, but Parma did not see widespread destruction during the war. Parma was liberated of the German occupation (1943-1945) on April 26, 1945 by the partisan resistance and troops of Brazilian Expeditionary Force [1]. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Brazilian Expeditionary Force or BEF ( Portuguese: Força Expedicionária Brasileira, or FEB) was the 25300-man force formed by

Main sights

Churches

The Cathedral and the Baptistry of Parma.
The Cathedral and the Baptistry of Parma.
Façade of the church of St. Francis.
Façade of the church of St. Francis.
The Governor's Palace.
The Governor's Palace.

Palaces

Other

Frazioni (villages)

Alberi, Baganzola, Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestani, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Fontanellato, Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, Malandriano, Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa, San Prospero, San Ruffino, San Secondo, Sissa, Soragna, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, Vicomero, Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante.

Food

Parma is famous for its food: Parmigiano Reggiano cheese (also produced in Reggio Emilia), Prosciutto di Parma (Parma ham). Parmigiano-Reggiano is a hard fat Granular cheese, cooked but not pressed named after the producing areas of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. For the city in the southern Italy See Reggio Calabria. For the basketball club "Bipop Carire Reggio Emilia" see Pallacanestro Reggiana. Prosciutto (proˈʃutːo pronounced "pro-shoo-toe" is the Italian word for ham. In 2004 Parma was appointed the seat of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA) is an Agency of the European Union that provides independent scientific advice and clear communication on existing and emerging Parma also has two food multinationals, Barilla and Parmalat. Barilla SpA ( Barilla G e R Fratelli Società per Azioni) is a major Italian Food company Parmalat SpA ( is a Multinational Italian Dairy and food corporation

Sister cities

Sport

Parma F.C. was founded in 1913. Shijiazhuang ( literally "The Stones' Village" is a Prefecture-level city and the Capital of Hebei province, China Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Guadalajara ( Spanish pronunciation) is a city and Municipality in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain, and in the Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Bourg-en-Bresse (buʁkɑ̃bʁɛs Bôrg in Arpitan language) is a commune in eastern France, capital of the Ain This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Moncton ( is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Stockton is a City in California and the seat of San Joaquin County (the fifth largest agricultural county in the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Parma Football Club (formerly Parma Associazione Calcio) is an Italian football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna, team that It is a Serie A football club renowned in Italy and Europe for its successes including three national cups, a European Cup of the Winner's Cup, two UEFA Cups, a European Supercup and an Italian Supercup. Serie A (officially known as the Lega Calcio Serie A TIM for Sponsorship reasons is a professional league competition for football clubs located Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered It plays in the city's stade Ennio Tardini which can host up to 29,000 spectators. Also volleyball, women basketball, rugby union and baseball have large popularity in the city and have scored relevant successes. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each

Parma is also home to two rugby union teams in the top national division, Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Rugby Parma is an Italian Rugby union club currently competing in Super 10. SKG Gran Rugby is an Italian Rugby union club currently competing in Super 10.

Miscellaneous

Parma hosts the Teatro Regio, a famous opera theatre. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one

Stendhal set much of his masterpiece (The Charterhouse of Parma) in the city, even though there was no "Charterhouse" in real life. Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century The Charterhouse of Parma ( French: La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel published in 1839 by Stendhal.

John Grisham's novel Playing for Pizza is predominantly set in Parma. Playing for Pizza is a short novel by John Grisham, released on September 25 2007. It is about an American professional football quarterback who plays for the local American football team, the Parma Panthers. The Parma Panthers are an American football team based in Parma Italy.

Detail of Correggio's frescoes in the Camera di San Paolo.
Detail of Correggio's frescoes in the Camera di San Paolo.

Painters and sculptors of Parma

Other famous people from Parma


See also

External links


Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola ( 11 January 1503 - 24 August 1540) also known as Francesco Mazzola or more commonly as Sisto Badalocchio Rosa (1581 or 1585 - c 1647 was an Italian painter and Engraver of the Bolognese School. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Alessandro Araldi (c 1460 &ndash c 1529 was an Italian painter of the Renaissance, active mainly in Parma. Michelangelo Anselmi (c 1492 &ndash c 1554 was an Italian Renaissance - Mannerism painter active mostly in Parma. Giovanni Maria Francesco Rondani (July 1490 - 1550 was an Italian painter of the Parmesan school of painting. Girolamo Mazzola Bedoli (c 1500 - 1569 was an Italian painter of the Parmesan school of Painting, and active in a Mannerist style. For the city in the southern Italy See Reggio Calabria. For the basketball club "Bipop Carire Reggio Emilia" see Pallacanestro Reggiana. Benedetto Antelami (c 1150 – c 1230 was a leading Italian architect and sculptor of the Romanesque school whose "sculptural style sprang from Giacomo Zanguidi also called Bertoia or Jacopo Zanguidi or Jacobo Bertoia, (1544 - 1574 was an Italian painter of a late- Bartolomeo Schedoni (1578-1615 was an Italian early Baroque painter of Reggio Emilia. Oreste Carpi (3 November 1921&ndash11 March 2008 was an Italian Deaf Artist famous as painter, Engraver and Ceramist. Giambattista Bodoni ( February 16, 1740 in Saluzzo &ndash November 29, 1813 in Parma) was an Italian Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Ferdinando Paer ( July 1, 1771 - May 3, 1839) was an Italian composer A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Arturo Toscanini (ɑrˈturɔ ˌtɔskɑˈnini (March 25 1867 &ndash January Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures Bernardo Bertolucci (born March 16, 1940) is an Italian Writer and Academy Award winning Film director. Giovannino Guareschi ( May 1, 1908 - July 22, 1968) was an Italian Journalist, cartoonist and humorist whose most famous Alessandro Cortini (born May 24, 1976) is an Italian musician best known for touring with the American Industrial rock band Nine Inch Vittorio Bottego ( July 29 1860 &ndash March 17 1897) was an Italian army officer and one of the first Western explorers of Jubaland Attilio Bertolucci ( November 18, 1911 - June 14, 2000) was an Italian poet and writer The European College of Parma Foundation ( Italian: Fondazione Collegio Europeo di Parma, French: La Fondation Collège Européen de Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

Dictionary

Parma

-proper noun

  1. Province of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
  2. A city, the capital of Parma.
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