States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government States denoted in green have the roles of head of state and head of government in one office, similar to presidential systems, but this office is filled by parliament's choice and elected separately.

A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English), is a system of government in which the executive is dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislature (often termed the parliament), often expressed through a vote of confidence. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. A system of government is a term that refers to the set of political Institutions by which a Government of a State is organized in order to exert its powers A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or

Parliamentary systems are characterized by no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches, leading to a different set of checks and balances compared to those found in presidential systems. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Parliamentary systems usually have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government being the prime minister or premier, and the head of state often being a figurehead, often either a president (elected either popularly or by the parliament) or by a hereditary monarch (often in a constitutional monarchy). This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries In politics a figurehead, by Metaphor with the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship is a person who holds an important title or office yet executes little President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is

Though in parliamentary systems the prime minister and cabinet will exercise executive power on a day-to-day basis, actual authority will usually be bestowed in the head of state, giving them codified or uncodified reserve powers. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of Government, a reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the Head of state without the

The term parliamentary system does not mean that a country is ruled by different parties in coalition with each other. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate Such multi-party arrangements are usually the product of an electoral system known as proportional representation. A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Many parliamentary countries, especially those that use "first past the post" voting, have governments composed of one party. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member However, parliamentary systems in continental Europe do use proportional representation, and tend to produce election results in which no single party has a majority of seats. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes

Parliamentarianism may also be for governance in local governments. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. An example is the city of Oslo, which has an executive council as a part of the parliamentary system. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. The council-manager system of municipal government used in some U. In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations S. cities bears many similarities to a parliamentary system.

Types

There are broadly two forms of Parliamentary Democracies.

• Westminster System or Westminster Models tend to be found in Commonwealth of Nations countries, although they are not universal within nor exclusive to Commonwealth countries. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United These parliaments tend to have a more adversarial style of debate and the plenary session of parliament is relatively more important than committees. Some parliaments in this model are elected using "First Past the Post" electoral systems, (e. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member g. Canada, India and the UK), others using proportional representation, e. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located g. Ireland and New Zealand. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Australian House of Representatives is elected using the alternative or preferential vote while the Senate is elected using PRSTV (proportional representation through the single transferable vote). The House of Representatives is one of the two houses (chambers of the Parliament of Australia; it is the Lower house, the Upper house being the Senate Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of This article is about voting systems that use ranked ballots For alternative meanings see Preferential voting (disambiguation. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. Single transferable vote (STV is a preferential Voting system designed to minimize Wasted votes and provide Proportional representation However even when proportional representation systems are used, the systems used tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a party list. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e This model does allow for a greater separation of powers than the Western European Model, although the extent of the separation of powers is nowhere near that of the presidential system of United States. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

• Western European Parliamentary Model (e. g. , Spain, Germany) tend to have a more consensual debating system, and have semi-cyclical debating chambers. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Proportional representation systems are used, where there is more of a tendency to use party list systems than the Westminster Model legislatures. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the plenary chamber. This model is sometimes called the West German Model since its earliest exemplar in its final form was in the Bundestag of West Germany (which became the Bundestag of Germany upon the absorption of the GDR by the FRG). West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany

There also exists a Hybrid Model, the semi-presidential system, drawing on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems, for example the French Fifth Republic. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on Much of Eastern Europe has adopted this model since the early 1990s. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.

Implementations of the parliamentary system can also differ on whether the government needs the explicit approval of the parliament to form, rather than just the absence of its disapproval, and under what conditions (if any) the government has the right to dissolve the parliament. Like Jamaica and many others.

Advantages of a parliamentary system

Some believe that it is easier to pass legislation within a parliamentary system. Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing This is because the executive branch is dependent upon the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch and often includes members of the legislature. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Thus, this would amount to the executive (as the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature) possessing more votes in order to pass legislation. In a presidential system, the executive is often chosen independently from the legislature. If the executive and legislature in such a system include members entirely or predominantly from different political parties, then stalemate can occur. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Former US President Bill Clinton often faced problems in this regard, since the Republicans controlled Congress for much of his tenure. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Presidents can also face problems from their own parties, however, as former US President Jimmy Carter often did. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Accordingly, the executive within a presidential system might not be able to properly implement his or her platform/manifesto. Evidently, an executive in any system (be it parliamentary, presidential or semi-presidential) is chiefly voted into office on the basis of his or her party's platform/manifesto. It could be said then that the will of the people is more easily instituted within a parliamentary system.

In addition to quicker legislative action, Parliamentarianism has attractive features for nations that are ethnically, racially, or ideologically divided. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics In a unipersonal presidential system, all executive power is concentrated in the president. In a parliamentary system, with a collegial executive, power is more divided. In the 1989 Lebanese Taif Agreement, in order to give Muslims greater political power, Lebanon moved from a semi-presidential system with a strong president to a system more structurally similar to a classical parliamentarianism. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Taif Agreement ( Arabic: اتفاقية الطائف) (also "National Reconciliation Accord" or "Document of National Accord" was an agreement Islam in Lebanon is divided between four Muslim sects Shiites Sunnis, Alawites and Ismailis including the Druze. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration Iraq similarly disdained a presidential system out of fears that such a system would be equivalent to Shiite domination; Afghanistan's minorities refused to go along with a presidency as strong as the Pashtuns desired. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called

It can also be argued that power is more evenly spread out in the power structure of parliamentarianism. The premier seldom tends to have as high importance as a ruling president, and there tends to be a higher focus on voting for a party and its political ideas than voting for an actual person.

In The English Constitution, Walter Bagehot praised parliamentarianism for producing serious debates, for allowing the change in power without an election, and for allowing elections at any time. The English Constitution is a Book by Walter Bagehot. Written in 1867, it explores the Constitution of the United Kingdom Bagehot considered the four-year election rule of the United States to be unnatural.

There is also a body of scholarship, associated with Juan Linz, Fred Riggs, Bruce Ackerman, and Robert Dahl that claims that parliamentarianism is less prone to authoritarian collapse. Juan José Linz (born 24 December 1926 in Bonn, Germany) is Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale Bruce Arnold Ackerman (born August 19, 1943) is an American Constitutional law scholar Robert Alan Dahl (born 17 December 1915) is the Sterling Professor emeritus of Political science at Yale University. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union These scholars point out that since World War II, two-thirds of Third World countries establishing parliamentary governments successfully made the transition to democracy. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically By contrast, no Third World presidential system successfully made the transition to democracy without experiencing coups and other constitutional breakdowns. As Bruce Ackerman says of the 30 countries to have experimented with American checks and balances, "All of them, without exception, have succumbed to the nightmare [of breakdown] one time or another, often repeatedly. "

A recent World Bank study found that parliamentary systems are associated with lower corruption. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e ^[1]

Criticisms of parliamentarianism

One main criticism of many parliamentary systems is that the head of government is in almost all cases not directly elected. In a presidential system, the president is usually chosen directly by the electorate, or by a set of electors directly chosen by the people, separate from the legislature. However, in a parliamentary system the prime minister is elected by the legislature, often under the strong influence of the party leadership. Thus, a party's candidate for the head of government is usually known before the election, possibly making the election as much about the person as the party behind him or her.

Another major criticism of the parliamentary system lies precisely in its purported advantage: that there is no truly independent body to oppose and veto legislation passed by the parliament, and therefore no substantial check on legislative power. Conversely, because of the lack of inherent separation of powers, some believe that a parliamentary system can place too much power in the executive entity, leading to the feeling that the legislature or judiciary have little scope to administer checks or balances on the executive. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State However, most parliamentary systems are bicameral, with an upper house designed to check the power of the lower (from which the executive comes). In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral

Although it is possible to have a powerful prime minister, as Britain has, or even a dominant party system, as Japan has, parliamentary systems are also sometimes unstable. A dominant-party system, or one party dominant system, is a Party system where only one Political party can realistically become the Government For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Critics point to Israel, Italy, India, the French Fourth Republic, and Weimar Germany as examples of parliamentary systems where unstable coalitions, demanding minority parties, votes of no confidence, and threats of such votes, make or have made effective governance impossible. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion Defenders of parliamentarianism say that parliamentary instability is the result of proportional representation, political culture, and highly polarised electorates. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes

Former Prime Minister Ayad Allawi criticized the parliamentary system of Iraq, saying that because of party-based voting "the vast majority of the electorate based their choices on sectarian and ethnic affiliations, not on genuine political platforms. Ayad Allawi ( إياد علاوي) (born 1945 is an Iraqi politician and was the interim Prime Minister of Iraq prior to Iraq's 2005 legislative For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. "^[2]

Although Walter Bagehot praised parliamentarianism for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. In some systems, such as the British, a ruling party can schedule elections when it feels that it is likely to do well, and so avoid elections at times of unpopularity. Thus, by wise timing of elections, in a parliamentary system a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a functioning presidential system. This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in determining the election date.

Alexander Hamilton argued for elections at set intervals as a means of insulating the government from the transient passions of the people, and thereby giving reason the advantage over passion in the accountability of the government to the people.

Critics of parliamentary systems point out that people with significant popular support in the community are prevented from becoming prime minister if they cannot get elected to parliament since there is no option to "run for prime minister" like one can run for president under a presidential system. Additionally, prime ministers may lose their positions solely because they lose their seats in parliament, even though they may still be popular nationally. Supporters of parliamentarianism can respond by saying that as members of parliament, prime ministers are elected firstly to represent their electoral constituents and if they lose their support then consequently they are no longer entitled to be prime minister. In parliamentary systems, the role of the statesman who represents the country as a whole goes to the separate position of head of state, which is generally non-executive and non-partisan. Promising politicians in parliamentary systems likewise are normally preselected for safe seats - ones that are unlikely to be lost at the next election - which allows them to focus instead on their political career.

Countries with a parliamentary system of government

Unicameral system

This table shows countries with parliament consisting of a single house.

• The Norwegian Parliament is divided in the Lagting and Odelsting in legislative matters. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Assembly of the Republic of Albania ( Kuvendi i Shqipërisë) formerly People's Parliament ( Kuvendi Popullor) is the Parliament of Albania ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Jatiyo Sangshad ( Bangla: জাতীয় সংসদ Jatio Shôngshod) or National Assembly is the national parliament of Bangladesh. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The National Assembly of Bulgaria (Народно събрание Narodno sabranie) is the Unicameral Parliament and body of the legislative of the Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa The Unicameral National Assembly of Burkina Faso is the country's legislative body Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Folketing, or Folketinget, is the national Parliament of Denmark. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. The Unicameral House of Assembly is Dominica 's legislative body Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The Riigikogu (from riigi-, of the state and kogu, assembly is the Parliament of Estonia. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Eduskunta (in Finnish) or the Riksdag (in Swedish) is the Parliament of Finland. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Hellenic Parliament ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων; transliterated Vouli (also Boule) ton Ellinon; literally 'Will of the Greeks' from the Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The National Assembly of Hungary ( Országgyűlés) is the national Parliament of Hungary. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Alþingi, Anglicized variously as Althing or Althingi, is the national Parliament —literally “(the all- thing ”—of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Saeima is the Parliament of the Republic of Latvia. It is a Unicameral parliament consisting of 100 members who are elected by Proportional representation Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Parliament of Lebanon (known as Le Parlement in Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Seimas is the Lithuanian Parliament. It has 141 members that are elected for a four-year term Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Chamber of Deputies (Châmber vun Députéirten Chambre des Députés Abgeordnetenkammer abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national Legislature Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The Parliament of Malta, the House of Representatives ( Il-Kamra tar-Rappreżentanti) currently has 69 members elected for a five year term Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The Parliament of the Republic of Moldova ( Parlamentul Republicii Moldova) is a Unicameral assembly with 101 seats Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The State Great Khural (Улсын Их Хурал Ulsyn Ikh Khural; also State Great Hural. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Parliament of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Скупштина Црне Горе Skupština Crne Gore) is the Legislature of Montenegro. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Parliament of New Zealand consists of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives and until 1951 the New Zealand Legislative Council Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Storting ( Stortinget, literally "the Great Thing /Assembly" is the Norwegian Parliament, and is located in the capital city The Palestinian Legislative Council (sometimes referred to as the Palestinan Parliament) the Legislature of the Palestinian Authority, is a Unicameral Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The National Parliament of Papua New Guinea is the unicameral national legislature in Papua New Guinea. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Assembly of the Republic ( Portuguese: Assembleia da República, pron. The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia, the Assembly ( Sobranie) has 120 members elected for a four year term by Proportional representation The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island The National Assembly is the Parliament of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles chain of the Caribbean Sea. The Unicameral House of Assembly serves as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ' legislative body Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean The Fono or Legislative Assembly is the Parliament of Samoa. "Fono" is a Samoan and Polynesian term for councils great and small Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The unicameral Parliament of Serbia is known as the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: Народна Singapore The unicameral Parliament of Singapore is the Legislature of Singapore with the President as its head Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The National Council of the Slovak Republic (in Slovak: Národná rada Slovenskej republiky, often just Národná rada, abbr Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Riksdag is the official Swedish term of the Parliament of Sweden and the Parliament of Finland (in Finland alongside Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Верховна Рада України English: Supreme Council of Ukraine) is Ukraine 's Parliament Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu ( French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) is an Island The Parliament or Parlement has 52 members elected for a four year term in multi-seat constituencies. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries This separation will be abolished with the next parliament in 2009 due to a constitutional amendment.

Bicameral system

This table shows organisations and countries with parliament consisting of two houses.

Notes