A parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a roof or structure. Vietnam roofjpg|thumb|The roofs of Vietnam.]] A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a Building. An architectural Structure is a free-standing immobile outdoor construction It may serve to prevent unwanted falls over the edge or it may be a defensive, constructional or stylistic feature.
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Building parapets
The word comes ultimately from the Italian parapetto (parare = to cover/defend and petto =breast). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The German term Brustwehr has the same significance. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
Parapets may be plain, embattled, perforated or panelled, which are not mutually exclusive terms. A battlement, (also called a Crenellation) in defensive Architecture such as that of City walls or Castles comprises a Parapet
- Plain parapets are upward extenions of the wall, sometimes with a coping at the top and corbel below. In Architecture a corbel (or console) is a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight
- Embattled parapets may be panelled, but are pierced, if not purely as stylistic device, for the discharge of defensive projectiles.
- Perforated parapets are pierced in various designs such as circles, trefoils, quatrefoils. Circles are simple Shapes of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are at a constant Distance, called the Trefoil (from Latin trifolium, "three-leaved plant" French trèfle, German Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen) is a graphic form composed The word quatrefoil etymologically means "four leaves" and applies to general four-lobed shapes in various contexts
- Panelled parapets are ornamented by a series of panels, either oblong or square, and more or less enriched, but not perforated. For other uses of the term see Ornament In Architecture, ornament is a decorative detail used to embellish parts of a building or interior These are common in the Decorated and Perpendicular periods. English Gothic is the name of the Architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 English Gothic is the name of the Architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520
Parapet roofs
Parapets surrounding roofs are extremely common in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. This dates from the Building Act of 1707 which banned projecting wooden eaves in the cities of Westminster and London as a fire risk. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The City of Westminster ( is a borough of London with city status. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically Instead an 18-inch brick parapet was required, with the roof set behind. This was continued in many Georgian houses, as it gave the appearance of a flat roof which accorded with the desire for classical proportions. Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840
Bridge parapets
Parapets on bridges and other highway structures (such as retaining walls) prevent users from falling off where there is a drop. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve A retaining wall is a structure that holds back Soil or rock from a Building, structure or area They may also be meant to restrict views, to prevent rubbish passing below, and to act as noise barriers. A noise barrier (also called a soundwall, sound berm, sound barrier, or acoustical barrier) is an exterior structure designed to protect
Bridge parapets may be made from any material, but structural steel, aluminium, timber and reinforced concrete are common. Structural steel is Steel construction Material, a profile, formed with a specific Shape or cross section and certain standards of WikipediaNaming Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Reinforced concrete is Concrete in which reinforcement bars (" Rebars quot or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be They may be of solid or framed construction.
In European standards, parapets are defined as a sub-category of "vehicle restraint systems" or "pedestrian restraint systems". European Committee for Standardization or Comité Européen de Normalisation ( CEN) is a private non-profit organisation whose mission is to foster the European economy
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
See also
External links
A breastwork is a Fortification. The term is usually applied to temporary fortifications often an earthwork thrown up to breast height to provide protection to defenders firingDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic