Citizendia

Articles related to Kambojas
Etymology
Kamboja Kingdom
Kamboja Location
Kambojas and Sakas
in Indian Literature
Mahabharata
Panini
Manusmrti
Kautiliya
Migrations
Bengal
Sri Lanka
Cambodia
This box: view • talk • edit

Ancient Sanskrit literature reveals that like the Madras/Uttara Madras and the Kurus/Uttara Kurus, the ancient Kambojas also had, at least two settlements. The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature Kamboja or Kamvoja is one of the western kingdoms in the epic Mahabharata. Kamboja was the name of an ancient country and the Indo-Iranian warrior Tribe settled therein The Kambojas of Indian literature have been speculated to have been an Iranian people, perhaps cognate with the later Indo-Scythians or Sakas The Kamboja peoples are referenced in numerous Sanskrit and Pali literature including Sama Veda, Atharvaveda, Ramayana, Mahabharata 'Among the Kshatriya Tribes who had participated in the Kurukshetra war, the Kambojas occupy a very prominent place Pāṇini (पाणिन was an ancient Sanskrit Grammarian born in Shalātura modern Lahur of North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The Manusmriti (Sanskrit मनुस्मृति translated "Laws of Manu" is a foundational work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society written The Kambojas an ancient Ksatriya Clan of Indo-Iranian affinities, find numerous references in a host of ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts including References to Kambojas abound in ancient literature and this may have been just the expansion of an Indo-Iranian tribe with both Indic and Persian Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon or Lanka is a Tropical island nation off the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent, about 31 kilometres (18 Cambodia or Kambodia is the English transliteration of the French name Kambodge, which name stands for Sanskrit Kamboja Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Madra or Madraka is the name of an ancient region and its inhabitants located in the north-west division of the ancient Indian Sub-continent. The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people who are numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature Kuru ( Sanskrit: कुरु was the name of an Indo-Aryan tribe and their kingdom in the Vedic civilization of India, and later a The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature The great epic Mahabharata sufficiently attests two main divisions of the Kambojas which were named as Kamboja and the Parama-Kamboja. Besides Mahabharata, there are other ancient texts/sources which also indirectly support the existence of two Kamboja divisions in ancient times.

Contents

Mahabharata Evidence

Kamboja

In Arjuna's Digvijaya campaign against the tribes of north, in the direction presided over by the lord of treasures, Pandava hero Arjuna reduces the Bahlika (north-west Punjab) country, and then meets the Daradas (Gilgit) and the Kambojas (Paropamisadae to Rajauri) and obtains tribute from them [1]

This settlement of the Kambojas was in neighborhood of the Daradas and is located on the southern side of Hindu Kush in the region, which later formed parts of the Greek strapy of Paropamisadae. Arjuna or Arjun ( Sanskrit: अर्जुन arjuna) is one of the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, whose name In the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, the Pandava (or Pandawa brothers ( Sanskrit: पाण्‍डव pāṇḍavaḥ are the five acknowledged sons of Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Daradas were a people who lived north and north-east to the Kashmir valley Gilgit ( Urdu: گلگت) is the capital city of the Northern Areas, Pakistan and a Tehsil (headquarters of Gilgit District Paropamisadae (ˌpærəˌpæmɨˈseɪdiː Παροπαμισάδαι) or Paropamisus (ˌpærəˈpeɪmɨs Παροπαμισσός) was the ancient The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Paropamisadae (ˌpærəˌpæmɨˈseɪdiː Παροπαμισάδαι) or Paropamisus (ˌpærəˈpeɪmɨs Παροπαμισσός) was the ancient In the east, it is known to have extended as far as Rajapura (Rajauri) located in west Kashmir, as attested by Mahabharata [2]

The capital city of Kamboja was at Rajauri (Dr B. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir C. Law, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury).

Parama-Kamboja

Mahabharata attests that after settling with the Daradas and the Kambojas, Arjuna fights with the robber tribes of the mountainous frontiers and dasyus (barbarians) of the woods, and thereafter, taking select forces, Arjuna goes across Hindukush to fight with the allied tribes of the Lohas, Parama-Kambojas and northern Rishikas [3]. Daradas were a people who lived north and north-east to the Kashmir valley A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Arjuna or Arjun ( Sanskrit: अर्जुन arjuna) is one of the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, whose name The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Rshikas were an ancient Tribe living in the northern division of ancient India

The Lohas, Param-Kambojas and the northern Rishikas were all cognate tribes, and all were located in trans-Himalayan (i. e trans-Hindukush) territories. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The distant northerly section of the northern Rishikas were known as "Parama Rishikas" [4]. Another settlement of the Rishikas somewhere between river Tapti and Godavari, in western India is also attested in Puranic and epic literature. This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" They were probably located on or south of river Tapti, west of Vidarbhas, north of the Mulakas, east of Soparka and south of Anupadesa (in modern Maharashtra). Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India.

The northern Rishikas were apparently located towards Sogdiana/Fargana territories. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Fergana or Farghana ( Uzbek: Farg'ona, Persian فرغانه, UniPers "Farqāna", Russian: Фергана According to classical writings, the vast region beyond Mount Hemodos (i. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean e north of Hindukush/Himalaya) was known as Scythia [5]. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th The same was known as Sakadvipa in ancient Sanskrit literature. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

Scholars like Jayachandra Vidyalankar, Moti Chandra etc locate Kambojas in Badakshan, as neighbors to Bahlikas and say that the Daradas had come as allies of Kambojas in the Badakshan battle with Arjuna. Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. Bahlika (बाह्लिक finds mention in Atharvaveda, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Puranas Vartikka of Katyayana, Brhatsamhita Daradas were a people who lived north and north-east to the Kashmir valley After defeating the Kambojas, Arjuna meets the forces of Lohas, Parama Kambojas and Rishikas, in north-easterly territories. Mahabharata attests the Lohas, Parama Kambojas and Rishikas as allied (sahitan) tribes [6].

Jayachandra Vidyalankar identifies Parama Kamboja with Ghalcha speaking Yaghnobi regions at the head waters of Zerafshan river, in old Sogdiana, a tract of country considerably to the north of the Pamirs and separated from them by the hill states subordinate to Bokhara [7]. Zeravshan River (also Zarafshan or Zarafshon, Дарёи Зарафшон Zarafshon from the Persian word زر افشان zar afshān, meaning History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky H. C. Seth identifies the mountainous region between the Oxus and Jaxartes (old Sogdiana) as the locale of the ancient Kambojas [8]. The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia This primarily forms the Parama Kambojas of the Mahabharata.

The Parama-Kambojas were located in Pamirs/Badakshan and as far as Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana (See: Kamboja Location). Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. Zeravshan River (also Zarafshan or Zarafshon, Дарёи Зарафшон Zarafshon from the Persian word زر افشان zar afshān, meaning In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Kamboja was the name of an ancient country and the Indo-Iranian warrior Tribe settled therein Since this region was beyond Mount Hemados/Himaos, it apparently fell in Scythic cultural belt. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Parama Kambojas, therefore, were pure Iranians following Irano-Scythian culture and customs rather than the Indo-Aryan. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted Standards norms social norms or criteria, often taking the form of The capital city of the Parama-Kamboja was probably at Darwaz in Pamirs.

Further References to Parama-Kamboja

There are several more references in the Drona Parava, Sauptika Parava and Karana Parava of Mahabharata, which amply attest the excellent breed of horses from Parama-Kamboja. See Breed (song for the song by Nirvana. See Breed (video game for the video game by Brat Designs The Following is one illustrative example, picked up from Sauptikaparava of Mahabharata, which sufficiently attests the Parama-Kamboja people as well as their foremost breed of war steeds [9].

It is interesting to note that like Madras/Uttara Madras, Kurus/Uttara Kurus, Kambojas/ Parama Kambojas, there were also two settlements of the Yonas (Yavanas)--- the Yona and the Parama Yona [10]. Madra or Madraka is the name of an ancient region and its inhabitants located in the north-west division of the ancient Indian Sub-continent. The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people who are numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature Uttarakuru is the name of a Dvipa ("continent" in ancient Hindu and Buddhist mythology. "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers Further, there is also an ancient reference to China and Parama China in Valmiki Ramayana [11]. Valmiki ( Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि vālmīki) (ca 400 BCE northern India is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki

The Yona probably referred to Archosian Yavanas while the Parama-Yona to the Bactrian Yavanas. "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. Similarly China probably referred to little Tibet, while the Parama China (also known as Maha-China: see Manasollasa) referred to the main China. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Etymology of Parama-Kamboja

The prefix Parama- can be interpretted in the sense of (1) Uttara or northern (2) furthest or beyond and (3) greater/supreme.

The Parama- with a sense of northern/Uttara [12] sounds logical since the Parama- branch of the Kambojas was located in Uttara or north direction to Kambojas. Moreover, it also sounds similar to Uttara-Madra and Uttara-Kuru. The Parama- in the sense of greater also makes good sense since the trans-Hindukush branch the Kambojas was original and perhaps the bigger section of the Kambojas. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Some scholars like Dr Fauja Singh, Dr L. M. Joshi have interpretted Parama- in the sense of beyond, which also looks senseful since Parama-Kamboja was located beyond the Kamboja, when seen from India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Dr J. Muir interprets Parama Kamboja as the furthest Kamboja [13] while others call it Distant Kamboja [14].

More evidence on two Kamboj settlements

Evidence from Dasam-Granth

While referring to the invasion of Alexander of Macedon, Dasasam Granth a seventeenth century text of Punjab refers to Kambuj and Kamboj obviously two distinct settlements[15]

The text obviously refers to Kambuj (Kabuj) as neighbors to the Kabulis and then the Kamboj as neighbors to the Kilmaka and China (Cheen ke) people. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Kilmakas probably refers to the Mongol Kalmucks who lived in Central Asian Steppes. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced After Kilmaks, follows the destruction of countless forces of China (Cheen ke). Then it refers to Macheen (Manchuria). Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast

Thus, the Dasam-Granth authors seem to be aware of the existence of two ancient Kamboja settlements.

Evidence from Ptolemy

Ptolemy refers to a region located on the southern bank of Oxus in Badakshan or Bactria [16], and calls it Tambyzoi. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. According to scholars like Dr S Levi, Tambyzoi is a Greek transliteration of Sanskrit Kamboja [17]

Ptolemy also refers to another people/region which he calls Ambautai [18] which he locates on the southern side of Hindukush in the Paropamisadae [19]. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Paropamisadae (ˌpærəˌpæmɨˈseɪdiː Παροπαμισάδαι) or Paropamisus (ˌpærəˈpeɪmɨs Παροπαμισσός) was the ancient

Ptolemy refers yet to another people/region he calls Komoi, whom he locates in the mountains of Sogdiana north of Bactria/Badakshan. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. It has been suggested that the Komoi of Ptolemy also indicate the same people as the Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts. The Komoi is Ptolemian transtliteration of Kamboi. Kamboi comes from Kamboika or Kamboyka which is corruption of Kambojika [20]. Kambojika is Pali equivalent of Sanskrit Kamboja. Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Pali texts numerously write Kamboja as well as Kambojaka/Kambojika. Scholars like Dr H. C. Seth observe: "The mountainous highlands where Jaxartes and many other rivers which meet this great river arise, are called by Ptolemy as the "the Highlands of Komdei". Ammianus Marcellinus also call these Sogdian mountains as Komedas. The word Komedai and Komedas suggest Kom-desa or land of Kome. We learn from Ptolemy that a tribe variously called by him as Komaroi, Komedai, Khomaroi and Komoi was wide spread in the Highlands of Bactriana and Sogdiana. It is difficult to say, at present, how far the vast tracts of land on either side of Oxus called as Kyzyl Kum or Kizil Kum, Kok-kum and Kara Kum may yet bear the traces of the name of this once a great and powerful people" [21]. These scholars have placed the ancient Kambojas in a vast area, in the doab of Oxus and Jaxartes, in the southern tip of Sakadvipa or Scythia. The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th The Komdei of Ptolemy or the Kumudadvipa of the Puranic texts, obviously represents the Parama Kambojas [22] of the Mahabharata [23]. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times"

Thus, it looks likely that the Kamboja clans were spread in Kabol valley in Paropamisadae, in Badakshan/Pamir as well as up to the highlands of Sogdiana. A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Paropamisadae (ˌpærəˌpæmɨˈseɪdiː Παροπαμισάδαι) or Paropamisus (ˌpærəˈpeɪmɨs Παροπαμισσός) was the ancient Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great The Yagnobi, a dialect of the modern Galcha language spoken in/around the head waters of river Zeravshan (in Zeravshan valley), up in Sogdiana still contains the relics of ancient Kamboji verb Shavti used in the sense to go [24]. Zeravshan River (also Zarafshan or Zarafshon, Дарёи Зарафшон Zarafshon from the Persian word زر افشان zar afshān, meaning

Parama Kamboja connections with Rishikas/Tukharas/Yue-chis?

The Rishikas are said to be same people as the Yuezhi. Rshikas were an ancient Tribe living in the northern division of ancient India The Yuezhi or Rouzhi ( Chinese: 月支 Pinyin: yuè zhī or ròu zhī; also 月氏 Pinyin: yuè shì [25] The Kushanas or Kanishkas are also the same people. The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 [26] Aurel Stein says that the Tukharas (Tokharois/Tokarais) were a branch of the Yuezhi. [27] P. C. Bagchi holds that the Yuezhi, Tocharioi and Tushara were identical. [28] Thus, the Rishikas, Tusharas/Tukharas (Tokharoi/Tokaroi), Kushanas and the Yuezhi were probably either a single people, or members of a confederacy. George Rawlinson observes that: "The Asii or Asiani were closely connected with the Tochari and the Sakarauli (Saracucse?) who are found connected with both the Tochari and the Asiani"[29]. Asii, also written Asio Osii Asiani etc is the name of a people believed to be followers of Scythian culture a section of whom had moved out from Alai Asii, also written Asio Osii Asiani etc is the name of a people believed to be followers of Scythian culture a section of whom had moved out from Alai Sabha Parva of Mahabharata states that the Parama Kambojas, Lohas and the Rishikas were allied tribes [30]. Like the "Parama Kambojas", the Rishikas of the Transoxian region are similarly styled as "Parama Rishikas" [31]. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Based on the syntactical construction of the Mahabharata verse 5. 5. 15 [32] and verse 2. 27. 25-26 [33], the outstanding Sanskrit scholar Ishwa Mishra believes that the Rishikas were a section of the Parama Kambojas. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Ancient Sanskrit literature reveals that like the Madras Uttara Madras and the Kurus / Uttara Kurus the ancient Kambojas also had Dr V. S. Aggarwala too, relates the Parama Kambojas of the Trans-Pamirs to the Rishikas of the Mahabharata [34] and also places them in the Sakadvipa (or Scythia) [35]. Rshikas were an ancient Tribe living in the northern division of ancient India In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th According to Dr B. N. Puri, the Kambojas were a branch of the Tukharas. [36]. Some scholars write that the Kambojas were a branch of the Yuezhi themselves [37].

Epilogue

The foregoing references sufficiently demonstrate that the Kambojas were living on either side of the Hindukush. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The cis-Hindukush division was called Kamboja. The trans-Hindukush Kamboja division was known as Parama Kamboja. Thus, like the Uttara-Kurus and Uttara-Madras, the Parama-Kambojas were also located in the trans-Himalayan (paren himavantam. Uttarakuru is the name of a Dvipa ("continent" in ancient Hindu and Buddhist mythology. The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people who are numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature . ) regions, and were neighbors both to the Uttara Kurus as well as the Uttara Madras. The author of Vayu Purana uses the name Kumuda-dvipa for Kusha-dvipa [38]. The Vayu Purana ( Hindi: वायु पुराण is a Shaiva Purana, a Hindu religious text dedicated to the god Vayu (the wind 'Kumuda is also a Puranic name of a mountain forming the northern buttress of the Mount Meru (i. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" e. Pamirs). The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and In anterior Epic Age, Kumuda was the name given to high table-land of the Tartary located to north of the Himalaya range from which the Aryan race may have originally pushed their way southwards into Indian peninsula and preserved the name in their traditions as a relic of old mountain worship' (Thompson)[39]. Tartary or Great Tartary ( Latin: Tataria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. Thus, the Kumuda-dvipa lay close north to the Pamirs. Lying in the Transoxiana (in Saka-dvipa), this Komuda or Kumuda-dvipa of the Puranic texts is often identified as the ancient Kamboja land which corresponds to the Parama Kamboja referred to in the Sabha Parava of Mahabharata [40]. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times"

Ptolemian Komdei is Komed or Komdesh or Kamdesh (?); from Kambodesh (?), probably "Kambojdesh". Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca It is Kiumito or Kumito of Hiun Tsang and Kumed or Kumadh of the Muslim writers, Kiumiche of Wu'kong, Kumi of T'ang and Cambothi, Kambuson and Komedon of Greek writers. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Al-Maqidisi in his book Al-Muqhni calls the people of this territory as Kumiji which apparently is equivalent to Sanskrit Kamboj [41]. The root Kam of the Sanskrit name Kamboja is also reflected in the Kama valley, a region lying between the Khyber Pass and Jalalabad; in the place names like Kama-daka, Kamma-Shilman, Kama-bela of Kabol; in the Kamdesh or Kambrom, Kamich, Kama and Kamu & Kamatol of the Kunar and Bashgul valleys; and also in the vast expanses of region called Kazal-Kam and Kara-Kam lying on either side of the Oxus, north of Hindukush in parts of Turkmenistan & Uzbekistan. In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Kunar may refer to Kunar Valley, Afghanistan Kunar Province, Afghanistan Kunar River, Afghanistan The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Thus, the Ptolemian terms Kamoi and Komdei or Hiun Tsang's Kiumito exactly also refer to the Trans-Hindukush territories which region is what Mahabharata [42] refers to as Parama Kamboja i. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. e a Kamboja lying beyond the Kamboja of Kabol valley [43].

Aitareya Brahmana [44] further attests that the trans-Himalyan Uttara Madra and Uttara Kuru nations were republican. The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people who are numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its As the Param-Kamboja (i. e the original Kamboja) was a close neighbor both to the Uttaramadras as wel as the Uttarakurus in trans-Himalyan territories, it can, therefore, be fairly conjectured that the Parama-Kambojas were also a republican people, most probably following a Rajashabdopajivin (king consul) type of republicanism, where the king was only a title for the commander-in-chief of the military confederation [45]. The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people who are numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature Uttarakuru is the name of a Dvipa ("continent" in ancient Hindu and Buddhist mythology. Several republics of the Kambojas are attested in the Mahabharata [46]. Kautiliya also attests the Kamboja Sanghas and Corporations [47]. Chanakya Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c 350-283 BC was an adviser and a Prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor The Kambojas were also a self-governing political unit (republic) under the Maurya Emperors. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military [48] [49].

References

  1. ^
    tatah. parama. vikranto Bahlikan. kurunandanah || II. 27. 22||
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Daradan. saha Kambojai. rajayat. paka. shasanih || II. 27. 23||.
  2. ^ . Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava || VII. 4. 5 ||.
  3. ^ Mahabharata II. 26. 25 of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: Translated Into English Prose, 1962, p 66, Pratap Chandra Roy; The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva, section XXVI, p 58, Kisari Mohan Ganguli, trans. [1883-1896]; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 13, Moti Chandra - India.
  4. ^ Mahabharata 2. 27. 25-27.
  5. ^ Diodorus: II. 35
  6. ^ The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: Translated Into English Prose, 1962, p 66, Pratap Chandra Roy; The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva, section XXVI, p 58, Kisari Mohan Ganguli, trans. [1883-1896]; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 13, Moti Chandra - India.
  7. ^ See refs: Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 13, Dr Moti Chandra; Asoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 95, Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan); Cf: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala. Note: Kirpal Singh surmises that the Kommdei of Ptolemy was the Parama Kamboja of the epic Mahabharata (The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 59, 92, Kirpal Singh).
  8. ^ Central Asiatic Provinces of the Mauryan Empire", p 403, H. C. Seth; See also: Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIII, 1937, No 3, p. 400; Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1940, p 37, (India) Asiatic Society (Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal - Asia; cf: History and Archeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries from the . . . , 176, p 152, Shashi P. Asthana - Social Science; Cf: India and Central Asia, p 25, Dr P. C. Bagchi.
  9. ^
    yuktam Parama. Kambojaisturagairhemamalibhih ||10. 14. 1-2||.
  10. ^ See: Mahaniddesa, pp 155, 415.
  11. ^ The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume 4: Kiskindhakanda, p 151, Rosalind Lefeber.
  12. ^ Development of Hindu Polity and Political Theories, 1927, p 227, Narayanchandra Banerjee - Political science; Journal, Dept. of Letters, University of Calcutta, University of Calcutta Dept. of Letters - Buddhism - 1920; Inscriptions of Asoka: Translation and Glossary, 1990, p 85, Beni Madhab Barua, Binayendra Nath Chaudhury - Inscriptions, Prakrit; Foundations of Indian Culture, 1984, p 20, Dr Govind Chandra Pande - India.
  13. ^ Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India . . . , 1874, p 365,John Muir.
  14. ^ Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 117.
  15. ^
    Kashmir Kashkar Kabuj (=Kambuj) Kabul ko keenu,
    Kashtwar Kulu-Kehlur Kaihal kaho leeno,
    Kamboj Kilmak kathin pal mei kat darey,
    Hai kote Cheen ke katak hano kar kop karare.
    — (See: Charytropakhyana, Triyachritra 217/verse 14, Dasam Granth 2024, Narain Singh, Dr Ajit Singh Aulakh, Publiushrs M/S Bhai Chatter Singh ji & Co).
  16. ^ Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, 2000, p 99, edited by Richard J. A. Talbert - History; Neuro-ophthalmology, 2005, p 99 Leonard A. Levin, Anthony C. Arnold.
  17. ^ Indian Antiquary, 1923, p 54; Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India, 1993, p 122, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jean Przyluski, Jules Bloch, Asian Educational Services; Cities and Civilization, 1962, p 172, Govind Sadashiv Ghurye; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 1, K. D. Sethna; Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1956, p 37; Purana, Vol VI, No 2, Jan 1964, pp 207-208; Journal of the Asiatic Society , 1956, p 88, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal); Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 165, Dr M. R. Singh; Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, 2000, p 99, edited by Richard J. A. Talbert - History; Neuro-ophthalmology, 2005, p 99 Leonard A. Levin, Anthony C. Arnold; Purana-vimar'sucika -: Bibliography of Articles on Puranas, 1985, p 133, P. G. Lalye.
  18. ^ Geography 6. 18. 3.
  19. ^ See more Refs: Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Vol. 5,1999, issue 1 (September), Dr. M. Witzel; Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, 2005, p 257, Laurie L. Patton, Edwin Bryant; The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: : Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, 1995, p 326, George Erdosy; Linguistic Aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part I, Dr. Koenraad Elst, See Link: [1]; The official pro-invasionist argument at last, A review of the Aryan invasion arguments in J. Bronkhorst and M. M. Deshpande: Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Dr. Koenraad Elst, See link: [2].
  20. ^ Kambojika => Kamboyika => Kamboika =Kamboi.
  21. ^ Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p 403, Dr H. C. Seth; See also: Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol XIII, 1937, p 400-403; cf: History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B. C. , 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana; For Kamboja Nomads in Central Asia, Cf also: India and Central Asia, p 25, Dr P. C. Bagchi.
  22. ^ Mahabharata 2. 27. 25.
  23. ^ See also: The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 92, Kirpal Singh.
  24. ^ Proceedings & Transations of 6th A. I. O Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar; Linguistic Survey of India, G. A. Grierson.
  25. ^ India as Known to Panini, p. 64, V. S. Aggarwala.
  26. ^ Bhartya Itihaas ki Ruprekha, 1941, J. C. Vidyalnkara
  27. ^ Rajatarangini of Kalhana, I, p 6, Trans. by M. A. Stein.
  28. ^ India and Central Asia, 1955, p 24.
  29. ^ See: The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 6. (of 7): Parthia, by George Rawlinson). [3]
  30. ^ Mahabharata 2. 26. 25: See: Trans by Kisari Mohan Ganguli [4].
  31. ^ taraka maya sankashah Parama Rishika parthayoh || 26 ||.
  32. ^
    Shakanam Pahlavana. n cha Daradanam cha ye nripah |
    Kamboja Rishika ye cha pashchim. anupakash cha ye ||5. 5. 15||
    Trans: The kings of the Shakas, Pahlavas and the Daradas, and the Kamboja-Rishikas live in the west in the Anupa region. Anupa was a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata. It lay to the north west of Vidarbha, in Maharashtra state of India
  33. ^
    LohanParamaKambojanRishikanuttaran api ||
    sahita. nstanmahAraja vyajayatpakashasanih || 25 ||
    Rishikeshu tu sangramo babhuvAtibhaya. n karah ||
    taraka maya sankashah Parama Rishika parthayoh || 26 ||
    (Mahabharata 2. 27. 25-26).
  34. ^ See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.
  35. ^ India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, p 64, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala - India; A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the . . . , 1953, p 62, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher - India.
  36. ^ Buddhism in Central Asia, p. 90.
  37. ^ Journal of Tamil Studies, 1969, pp 86, 87, International Institute of Tamil Studies - Tamil philology.
  38. ^ Vayu I. 48. 34-36
  39. ^ O. Thompson, A History of Ancient Geography (London 1965) .
  40. ^ Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha, Raghu defeated the Hunas on river Vamkshu (Raghu vamsha 4. "Kalidasa" redirects here For the true bug Genus, see Kalidasa (insect. This article is about Kalidasa's maha-kavya epic poetic work For the dynasty see Raghuvamsa. The Huna (also known as Indo-Hephthalites or Alchon) as they were known in South Asia, seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group who 68), and immediately after them he marched against the Kambojas (4. 69-70). These Kambojas were of Iranian affinities who lived in Pamirs and Badakshan. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. Hiun Tsang calls this region Kiu. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler mi. to which is thought to be Komdei of Ptolemy and Kumadh or Kumedh of Muslim writers (See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 300, Dr J. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion L. Kamboj).
  41. ^ See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; India and Central Asia, p 25, Dr P. C. Bagchi; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, pp 46-47, 300 Dr J. L. Kamboj; The Kambojas Throgh the Ages, 2005, pp 159, 59, S Kirpal Singh.
  42. ^ Mahabharata 2. 27. 25.
  43. ^ The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 159, 92, 59, S Kirpal Singh; cf: These Kamboj People, 1979, 67, K. S. Dardi; cf: History of Punjab, Vol I, p 182, Dr L. M. Joshi, Dr Fauja Singh.
  44. ^ Aiterya Brahmana VIII/14
  45. ^ Hindu Polity, p 52, Dr K. P. Jayswal; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 260-66, Dr J. L. Kamboj.
  46. ^ Kambojana cha ye ganah. . . Mahabharata(7/91/39).
  47. ^
    i. e Kambhoja. Sauraastra. ksatriya. shreny. adayo vartta. shastra. upajivinah ||11. 1. 04|| .
  48. ^ Hindu Polity, A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, 1978, p 117-121, Dr K. P. Jayswal; Ancient India, 2003, pp 839-40, Dr V. D. Mahajan; Northern India, p 42, Dr Mehta Vasisitha Dev Mohan etc
  49. ^ A History of Zoroastrianism, 1991, p 136, Mary Boyce, Frantz Grenet.

See also

Books and Periodicals

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic