The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities. Paralympic sport is the umbrella term for a wide range of Sports for persons with physical disabilities. This includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy. Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Cerebral palsy ( CP) is an Umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non- contagious conditions that cause Physical disability The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games For other uses see IPC. The International Paralympic Committee ( IPC) is an international non-profit organisation of elite sports for athletes (The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics World Games, which are only for people with intellectual disabilities). The Special Olympics World Games are an international sporting competition for athletes with Intellectual disabilities, organized by Special Olympics. Mental retardation is a generalized triarchic disorder characterized by subaverage cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the age
The name derives from the Greek "para" ("beside" or "alongside") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games No relation with paralysis or paraplegia is intended, however, the word Paralympic was originally a portmanteau combining 'paraplegic' and 'Olympic'. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function Paraplegia is an impairment in motor and/or sensory function of the lower extremities [1]
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History
Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a sports competition in 1948 which became known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries; in 1952 competitors from the Netherlands took part in the competition, giving an international notion to the movement. Sir Ludwig "Poppa" Guttmann ( July 3, 1899 in Toszek ( Poland) - March 18, 1980) was a German -born Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The World Wheelchair and Amputee Games, formerly known as the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games, the Stoke Mandeville Games, and the World Wheelchair Games World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Spinal cord injury causes myelopathy or damage to white matter or myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The first Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability were held in Rome in 1960; officially called the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, these are considered to be the first Paralympic Games. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [2] The first Winter Paralympics were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976. Örnsköldsvik (pronounced Earn'sholds'veek is a town (pop 29000 in Ångermanland, Sweden and is the seat of Örnsköldsvik Municipality, Västernorrland Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [2]
Since 1988, the Summer Paralympics have been held in conjunction with the Olympic Games in the same host city. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games This practice was adopted in 1992 for the Winter Paralympics, and became an official policy of the International Olympic Committee and the IPC following a June 19, 2001 agreement. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Games take place three weeks after the closing of the Olympics, in the same host city and using the same facilities. Cities bidding to host the Olympic Games must include the Paralympic Games in their bid, and typically both Games are now run by a single organizing committee.
Cheating controversies
The Paralympic Games have seen damaging scandals regarding cheating in the events. Cheating at the Paralympic Games has caused scandals that have significantly changed the way in which the International Paralympic Committee (IPC run the events After the 2000 Sydney Games, in which non-disabled athletes were entered in the Spanish Basketball ID team [3], athletes with intellectual difficulties were suspended indefinitely by the IPC. 136 Countries participated on the 2000 Paralympics Many of the same venues of the Sydney Olympics were used including the Olympic Stadium Stadium Australia. Spain have competed at the Paralympic Games since the 1968 Summer events and the country hosted the 1992 Summer Paralympics. [4] The IPC has stated that it will re-evaluate their participation following the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games, the thirteenth Paralympics, took place in Beijing, China from September 6 to September 17 2008 [5]
Summer Games
| Summer Paralympic Games | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Games | Host City | Country |
| 1960 Summer Paralympics | I | Rome |  Italy |
| 1964 Summer Paralympics | II | Tokyo |  Japan |
| 1968 Summer Paralympics | III | Tel Aviv |  Israel |
| 1972 Summer Paralympics | IV | Heidelberg |  West Germany |
| 1976 Summer Paralympics | V | Toronto |  Canada |
| 1980 Summer Paralympics | VI | Arnhem |  Netherlands |
| 1984 Summer Paralympics | VII | Stoke Mandeville New York |
 United Kingdom United States |
| 1988 Summer Paralympics | VIII | Seoul |  South Korea |
| 1992 Summer Paralympics | IX | Barcelona |  Spain |
| 1996 Summer Paralympics | X | Atlanta | United States |
| 2000 Summer Paralympics | XI | Sydney |  Australia |
| 2004 Summer Paralympics | XII | Athens |  Greece |
| 2008 Summer Paralympics | XIII | Beijing |  China |
| 2012 Summer Paralympics | XIV | London | United Kingdom |
Summer sports
The following sports are currently on the Summer Paralympic Games programme:
- Archery
- Athletics (track and field)
- Boccia
- Cycling
- Equestrian
- Football 5-a-side
- Football 7-a-side
- Goalball
- Judo
- Powerlifting
- Rowing
- Sailing
- Shooting
- Swimming
- Table Tennis
- Volleyball (sitting)
- Wheelchair basketball
- Wheelchair fencing
- Wheelchair rugby
- Wheelchair tennis
These sports will be part of the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing, China. 1960 Summer OlympicsThe 1960 Summer Paralympics were the first international Paralympic Games, following on from the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 and 1952 Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 1964 Summer OlympicsThe 1964 Summer Paralympics were the 2nd Paralympic Games to be held officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. 1968 Summer OlympicsThe 1968 Summer Paralympics were the third Paralympic Games to be held Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. 1972 Summer OlympicsThe 1972 Summer Paralympics were the fourth Paralympic Games to be held Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( 1976 Summer OlympicsThe 1976 Summer Paralympics were the fifth Paralympic Games to be held Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 1980 Summer OlympicsThe 1980 Summer Paralympics were the sixth Paralympic Games to be held Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 1984 Summer OlympicsThe 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held Stoke Mandeville is a Village and also a Civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district to the south-east of Aylesbury in the county of New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 1988 Summer OlympicsThe 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first Paralympics in 24 years that were held concurrently with the Olympic Games. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The 1992 Summer Paralympics were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The 1996 Paralympic Games in Atlanta, USA were the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 136 Countries participated on the 2000 Paralympics Many of the same venues of the Sydney Olympics were used including the Olympic Stadium Stadium Australia. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The 2004 Summer Paralympics were held in Athens, Greece, from September 17 to September 28. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games, the thirteenth Paralympics, took place in Beijing, China from September 6 to September 17 2008 China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National See also 2012 Summer Olympics The 2012 Summer Paralympic Games will be the fourteenth Paralympics and will take place between 29 August 2012 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Paralympic archery is an adaptation of the sport of Archery for athletes with a disability Wheelchair racing is the racing of wheelchairs which is equivalent to the Olympics track including all of the same events Boccia (ˡbɒtʃə) is a Sport for athletes with Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of Association football for athletes with a Disability. Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of Association football for athletes with a Disability. Goalball is a team Sport designed for blind athletes It was devised by Hanz Lorenzen (Austria and Sepp Reindle (Germany in 1946 Paralympic judo is an adaptation of the Japanese martial art of Judo for Visually impaired competitors Adaptive rowing is a special category of rowing races for those with physical disabilities. Paralympic shooting is an adaptation of Shooting sports for competitors with disabilities Table Tennis in the Paralympics follow the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation although there are slight modifications for wheelchair athletes Volleyball for disabled athletes entered the Paralympic Games as a "demonstration" sport for amputees in 1976 in Toronto Canada. Wheelchair basketball is a sport thought for people in Wheelchairs In some countries such as Canada Australia and England able-bodied athletes are allowed to compete alongside Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Wheelchair rugby is a team Sport for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair tennis is a sport that is played on a regulation Tennis court, by people using specially designed Wheelchairs All pedestrian variations of
The following sports are not included in the Summer Paralympic Games program, but are governed by the IPC:
Winter Games
| Winter Paralympic Games | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Games | Host City | Country |
| 1976 Winter Paralympics | I | Örnsköldsvik |  Sweden |
| 1980 Winter Paralympics | II | Geilo |  Norway |
| 1984 Winter Paralympics | III | Innsbruck |  Austria |
| 1988 Winter Paralympics | IV | Innsbruck | Austria |
| 1992 Winter Paralympics | V | Albertville |  France |
| 1994 Winter Paralympics | VI | Lillehammer | Norway |
| 1998 Winter Paralympics | VII | Nagano | Japan |
| 2002 Winter Paralympics | VIII | Salt Lake City | United States |
| 2006 Winter Paralympics | IX | Turin | Italy |
| 2010 Winter Paralympics | X | Vancouver | Canada |
| 2014 Winter Paralympics | XI | Sochi |  Russia |
Winter sports
The following sports are on the current Winter Paralympic Games program:
Disability categories
- Amputee: Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb. Bowls (also known as Lawn Bowls or Lawn Bowling) is a precision Sport in which the goal is to roll slightly radially asymmetrical Balls Wheelchair DanceSport is a partner Dance competition and Dancesport where at least one dancers is in a Wheelchair. The 1976 Winter Paralympic Games were the first winter Paralympics. Örnsköldsvik (pronounced Earn'sholds'veek is a town (pop 29000 in Ångermanland, Sweden and is the seat of Örnsköldsvik Municipality, Västernorrland "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The 1980 Winter Paralympic Games were the second winter Paralympics and they were held from 1 to 7 February 1980 in Geilo, Norway is a centre in the municipality of Hol in Norway, in the valley of Hallingdal, with around 2300 inhabitants Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The 1984 Winter Paralympic Games were the third winter Paralympics and they were held from 14 to 20 January 1984 in Innsbruck, Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Medal Tally See also 1988 Winter Olympics Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first winter Paralympics to be held concurrently with the Olympic Games. Albertville ( Arpitan: Arbèrtvile) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Alps in southeastern France This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Lillehammer Paralympics marked the first time the Paralympic Winter Games were held in the same location as the Winter Olympics, a tradition that has continued through an Lillehammer is a town and municipality in the county of Oppland, Norway, globally known for hosting the 1994 Winter Olympics. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Seventh Winter Paralympics were held alongside the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, is located in the northern part of the prefecture near the confluence of the Chikuma and the Sai rivers on the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The 2002 Olympic Winter Games including the 2002 Winter Paralympics, were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 2006 Winter Paralympic Games, the ninth winter Paralympics, took place in Turin, Italy from 10 to 19 March 2006 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 2010 Winter OlympicsThe 2010 Winter Paralympics, officially known as the X Paralympic Winter Games, will be celebrated in Vancouver and Whistler, British Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page See also 2014 Winter Olympics The 2014 Winter Paralympics will be celebrated in Sochi, Russia. Sochi (Сочи ˈsotɕɪ is a Russian Resort city, situated in Krasnodar Krai just north of the southern Russian border Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Paralympic sport is the umbrella term for a wide range of Sports for persons with physical disabilities. Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of Alpine skiing for athletes with a disability Sledge hockey is a sport that was designed to allow participants who have a Physical disability to play the game of Ice hockey. Paralympic Nordic skiing is a Winter Paralympic Games Sport consisting of two disciplines Biathlon Cross-country skiing Paralympic biathlon is an adaptation of Biathlon for athletes with a disability Paralympic cross-county skiing is an adaptation of Cross-country skiing for athletes with a disability Wheelchair curling is an adaptation of Curling for athletes with a disability Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. A limb (from the Old English lim) is a jointed or Prehensile (as Octopus tentacles or new world Monkey tails Appendage of the
- Cerebral Palsy: Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination. Brain damage, or Acquired brain injury, is the destruction or degeneration of Brain cells. Cerebral palsy ( CP) is an Umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non- contagious conditions that cause Physical disability Traumatic brain injury (TBI also called intracranial injury, occurs when Physical trauma injures the Brain. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Equilibrioception or sense of balance is one of the physiological Senses It helps prevent Humans and Animals from falling over when Gross motor coordination addresses the Gross motor skills walking running climbing jumping crawling lifting one's head sitting up etc
- Intellectual Disability: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behavior. Developmental disability is a term used to describe life-long disabilities attributable to mental and/or physical or combination of mental and physical impairments (This category is currently suspended. )
- Wheelchair: Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair. Spinal cord injury causes myelopathy or damage to white matter or myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits
- Visually Impaired: Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness. Visual impairment or vision impairment is Vision loss that constitutes a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from Disease, Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors
- Les Autres: Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide. Dwarfism ( is a medical condition in humans characterized by extreme small size Multiple sclerosis (abbreviated MS also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata) is an autoimmune condition in which the A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth A deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a major difference in the shape of the body a body part or a body organ (internal or external compared to Thalidomide is a Sedative - Hypnotic, and Multiple myeloma Medication. (The name for this category comes from the French for the others). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
These categories apply to both summer and winter Paralympics.
Notes
The IPC has set up national Paralympic Games for competitions organized under the national Paralympic Committees. National Paralympic Games are high-level multi-sport events held at a national-level by the IPC and national Paralympic Committees in non-Olympic years to provide competitions for disabled
External links
- Official Canadian Website
- Official IPC Website
- IMNO Interviews Curt Brinkman Five-time Paralympic Gold Medallist
- CBC Digital Archives - Playing to Win: Canada at the Paralympics
- / Match schedules of the Paralympics 2008 for electronic calendars like Outlook, iCal and Google Calendar
See also
References
- ^ About the IPC. The Deaflympics (previously called World Games for the Deaf, and International Games for the Deaf) are an IOC -sanctioned event at which Deaf Disabled sports are sports played by persons with a Disability, including physical and Intellectual disabilities. Special Olympics is an international organization created to help people with Intellectual disabilities develop self-confidence social skills and a sense of personal accomplishment The Extremity Games is a Multi-sport, Action sports competition similar to the X Games, for athletes with amputations and limb differences IPC.
- ^ a b Rome 1960. IPC.
- ^ Press Releases. IPC (27 November 2000).
- ^ Press Releases. IPC (9 March 2001).
- ^ Press Releases. IPC (26 June 2006).
Further reading
- P. David Howe, The Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement. Through an Anthropological Lens, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 978-0-415-28887-3
Dictionary
Paralympic Games
-proper noun
- An international sports competition for people with physical disabilities
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