In chemistry, paraffin is the common name for the alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula C_nH_2n+2. Alkanes, also known as Paraffins are Chemical compounds that consist only of the elements Carbon (C and Hydrogen (H (i In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Paraffin wax refers to the solids with n=20–40.

The simplest paraffin molecule is that of methane, CH₄, a gas at room temperature. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Heavier members of the series, such as that of octane C₈H₁₈, appear as liquids at room temperature. Octane is a straight-chain Alkane with the Chemical formula CH3(CH26CH3 The solid forms of paraffin, called paraffin wax, are from the heaviest molecules from C₂₀H₄₂ to C₄₀H₈₂. Paraffin wax was identified by Carl Reichenbach in 1830. Baron Dr Carl (Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach (full name Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Reichenbach ( February 12, 1788, Stuttgart - January ^[1]

Paraffin, or paraffin hydrocarbon, is also the technical name for an alkane in general, but in most cases it refers specifically to a linear, or normal alkane — whereas branched, or isoalkanes are also called isoparaffins. It is distinct from the fuel known in Britain as paraffin oil or just paraffin, which is called kerosene in South Africa, most of the U. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid S. , Australia and New Zealand.

The name is derived from the Latin parum (= barely) + affinis with the meaning here of "lacking affinity", or "lacking reactivity". The electron affinity, E ea of an Atom or Molecule is the energy required to detach an electron from a singly charged negative This is because alkanes, being non-polar and lacking in functional groups, are very unreactive. "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions

Contents 1 Wax 2 Mineral oil 3 Uses 3.1 Gaseous 3.2 Liquids 3.3 Paraffin wax 4 References 5 See also

Wax

Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin", but see alternative name for kerosene, above) is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47 °C to 64 °C, and having a density of around 0. Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their 9 g/cm³. ^[2] It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but burns readily. A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of

Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with an electrical resistivity of between 10¹³ and 10¹⁷ ohm metre. An insulator, also called a Dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of Electric current. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. ^[3] This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably teflon). In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. In Nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium which reduces the velocity of Fast neutrons thereby turning them into Thermal neutrons capable Sir James Chadwick, CH (20 October 1891 &ndash 24 July 1974 was an English Physicist and Nobel laureate in physics awarded for his discovery of the ^[4][5]

Paraffin wax (C₂₅H₅₂) is an excellent material to store heat, having a specific heat capacity of 2. Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 14–2. 9 J g^–1 K^–1 (joule per gram per kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g^–1. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of ^[6] This property is exploited in modified sheetrock for home building material: it is infused in the sheetrock during manufacture so as, when installed, it melts during the day, absorbing heat, and solidifies again at night, releasing the heat. For the musical group "Drywall" see Drywall (musical project Drywall is a common manufactured Building material Wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes. A thermostat is a device for regulating the Temperature of a System so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint ^[7]

Pure paraffin wax is rarely used for carving original models for casting metal and other materials in the lost wax process, as it is relatively brittle at room temperature and presents the risks of chipping and breakage when worked. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Lost-wax casting, sometimes called by the French name of cire perdue, is the process by which a bronze is cast from an artist's sculpture in industrial uses the modern process Soft and pliable waxes, like beeswax, may be preferred for such sculpture, but "investment casting waxes," often paraffin-based, are expressly formulated for the purpose. For the rock song by Nirvana see Beeswax (song. Beeswax is a natural Wax produced in the bee hive of Honey bees of the genus

In industrial applications, it is often useful to modify the crystal properties of the paraffin wax, typically by adding branching to the existing carbon backbone chain. The modification is usually done with additives, such as EVA copolymers, microcrystalline wax, or forms of polyethylene. Ethylene vinyl acetate (CAS# 24937-78-8 also known as EVA) is the copolymer of Ethylene and Vinyl acetate. Microcrystalline waxes are a type of Wax produced by de-oiling Petrolatum, as part of the Petroleum Refining process Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the The branched properties result in a modified paraffin with a higher viscosity, smaller crystalline structure, and modified functional properties.

Mineral oil

Main article: Mineral oil

Liquid paraffin, or mineral oil, is a mixture of heavier alkanes, and has a number of names, including nujol, adepsine oil, alboline, glymol, medicinal paraffin, saxol, or USP mineral oil. Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum It has a density of around 0. 8 g/cm³. ^[2] Liquid paraffin (medicinal) is used to aid bowel movement in persons suffering chronic constipation; it passes through the alimentary canal without itself being taken into the body, but it limits the amount of water removed from the stool. Medicinal Liquid Paraffin is a very highly refined mineral white oil used in cosmetics and for medical purposes Human Feces (also faeces &mdash see spelling differences) also known as stools, is the waste product of the human digestive system and varies significantly In the food industry, where it may be called "wax", it can be used as a lubricant in mechanical mixing, applied to baking tins to ensure that loaves are easily released when cooked and as a coating for fruit or other items requiring a "shiny" appearance for sale. ^[8] It is often used in infrared spectroscopy, as it has a relatively uncomplicated IR spectrum. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic (EM spectrum is the range of all possible Electromagnetic radiation frequencies When the sample to be tested is made into a mull (a very thick paste), liquid paraffin is added so it can be spread on the transparent (to infrared) mounting plates to be tested. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum.

Uses

Gaseous

• Fuels

Liquids

• Fuels
• Paints, Pigments, Dyes and Inks
• Wax
• Medicine (Laxative)
• Culinary
• Fire breathing
• Used in toiletries and cosmetics as a moisturiser or emollient. Laxatives (or purgatives) are foods compounds or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool most often taken to treat Constipation. Safety While not a difficult skill to learn initially it is the most dangerous of all the fire arts and not just due to the obvious risk of serious burns Personal care or toiletries is the Industry which Manufactures Consumer Products used for Beautification and in Personal Moisturisers or moisturizers (see spelling differences) are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the Skin Emollients are substances that soften and soothe the Skin. They are used to correct dryness and scaling of the skin

Paraffin wax

• Candle-making
• Coatings for waxed paper or cloth
• Food-grade paraffin wax:
  • Shiny coating used in candy-making; although edible, it is nondigestible, passing right through the body without being broken down
  • Coating for many kinds of hard cheese, like Edam cheese. A candle is a Light source and sometimes a Heat source consisting of a solid block of Fuel and an embedded wick. Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Edam ( Dutch Edammer) is a Dutch Cheese that is traditionally sold as
  • Sealant for jars, cans, and bottles
  • Chewing gum additive
• Investment casting
• Anti-caking agent, moisture repellent, and dustbinding coatings for fertilizers
• Agent for preparation of specimens for histology
• Bullet lubricant - with other ingredients, such as olive oil and beeswax
• Solid propellant for hybrid rocket motors
• Component of surfwax, used for grip on surfboards in surfing
• Component of glide wax, used on skis and snowboards. For investment casting in art see Lost-wax casting. Investment casting, also called Lost-wax casting, is one of the oldest known Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and A hybrid rocket propulsion system comprises propellants of two different states of matter the most common configuration being a rocket engine composed of a solid propellant lining Surfboard wax (also known as surfwax) is a formulation of natural and synthetic Wax for application to the deck of a Surfboard, Bodyboard, or Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders Ski wax is a material applied to the bottom of Skis or Snowboards to help them perform better on snow A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow A snowboard is a thin hourglass shaped board ridden down a sloped section of earth covered in snow
• Friction-reducer, for use on handrails and cement ledges, commonly used in skateboarding
• Microwax[1]: food additive, a glazing agent with E number E905
• Forensics aid: the nitrate test uses paraffin wax to detect nitrates and nitrites on the hand of a shooting suspect
• Anti-ozonant agent: blends of paraffin and micro waxes are used in rubber compounds to prevent cracking of the rubber; the antiozonant waxes can be produced from synthetic waxes, FT wax, and Fischer Tropsch wax
• Mechanical thermostats and actuators, as an expansion medium for activating such devices. Skateboarding is the act of riding and performing tricks using a Skateboard. Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance Glazing agents, or polishing agents, are Food additives providing shiny appearance or protective coating to foods E numbers are number codes for Food additives and are usually found on Food labels throughout the European Union. ^[9]
• "Potting" guitar pickups, which reduce microphonic feedback caused from the subtle movements of the pole pieces
• Wax baths for beauty and therapy purposes
• Thickening agent in many Paintballs, as used by Crayola
• An effective, although comedogenic, moisturiser in toiletries and cosmetics such as Vaseline. A pickup device acts as a Transducer that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from suitably equipped Stringed instruments such as the Electric guitar NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Paintball is a sport in which players eliminate opponents from play by hitting them with dye-filled breakable oil and gelatin paintballs usually shot from a carbon dioxide or compressed-gas Crayola is a brand of marking utensils such as markers chalk crayons and colored pencils manufactured by Crayola LLC (formerly Binney & Smith Acne cosmetica is a term referring to Acne caused by or made worse by Cosmetics. Moisturisers or moisturizers (see spelling differences) are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the Skin Personal care or toiletries is the Industry which Manufactures Consumer Products used for Beautification and in Personal Vaseline (Vasenol in Portugal Brazil Italy and Spain is a brand of Petroleum jelly based products owned by Anglo-Dutch company Unilever.
• Prevents oxidation on the surface of polished steel and iron^[10]

References

1. ^ Britannica 1911
2. ^ ^{a b} Kaye, George William Clarkson; Laby,Thomas Howell. Thomas Howell Laby, FRS, ( 3 May 1880 – 21 June 1946) was an Australian physicist and chemist, Professor Mechanical properties of materials. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory. The National Physical Laboratory (NPL is the national Measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at Bushy Park in Teddington Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of
3. ^ Electrical insulating materials. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory (1995). Retrieved on 2007-04-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
4. ^ Attenuation of fast neutrons: neutron moderation and diffusion. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
5. ^ Rhodes, Richard (1986). Richard Lee Rhodes (b July 4, 1937) is an American journalist historian and author of both fiction and non-fiction (which he prefers to call "verity" The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster, p 163. ISBN 0-671-44133-7.  
6. ^ Specific Heat Capacity. Diracdelta. co. uk Science and Engineering Encyclopedia. Dirac Delta Consultants Ltd, Warwick, England. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
7. ^ Wax-pellet thermostat United States Patent 4948043
8. ^ Mineral Oil (Food Grade). WHO Food Additives Series 10. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Health Organization (1976). Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
9. ^ Bodén, Roger. Paraffin Microactuator. Materials Science Sensors and Actuators. University of Uppsala. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
10. ^ Dick, William B. . Encyclopedia Of Practical Receipts And Processes. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated

See also

• Alkane
• Paraffin oil
• Mineral oil
• Microcrystalline wax

Alkanes, also known as Paraffins are Chemical compounds that consist only of the elements Carbon (C and Hydrogen (H (i Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum Microcrystalline waxes are a type of Wax produced by de-oiling Petrolatum, as part of the Petroleum Refining process

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