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Papiamento
Papiamentu
Spoken in: Netherlands Antilles, Aruba and Netherlands 
Region: Caribbean islands
Total speakers: 329,000
Language family: Creole language
 Portuguese Creole[1]
  Papiamento 
Official status
Official language in: Flag of Aruba Aruba,
Flag of the Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: pap
ISO 639-3: pap
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. This article is about Portuguese-based Creole languages See Creole peoples for the Portuguese Creole ethnicity Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Papiamento, or Papiamentu, is the language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called ABC islands). A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, The ABC islands are Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao. They are the three most western Islands of the Leeward Antilles in the

Papiamento is a creole language with roots in primarily African, Portuguese and Dutch and to a lesser extent Spanish, and Native Indian languages. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The biggest menace to the existence and the further development of Papiamentu is that native speakers tend to deviate from its origins by replacing original African, Portuguese and Dutch words with Spanish equivalents.

Contents

History

The historical origins of Papiamento are still not very well known. It is still disputed whether Papiamento originated from Portuguese or from Spanish. Due to the resemblance between Spanish and Portuguese, it is difficult to tell whether a particular word came from one or from the other, or even from Italian (old Genovese). Genoese ( Zeneize) is the most important dialect of the Ligurian language, the one spoken in Genoa (the principal city of the Liguria region In addition, some Arubans claim Papiamento to be of exclusively Arawak-Spanish origin and do not want to accept the African influence on the language, while others do not want to accept the Native American influence on Papiamento and therefore maintain it to be an exclusively Afro-Iberian language that developed first on Curaçao and then spread to Aruba. The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in While such discussions often are based on historical evidence selectively interpreted for nationalist purposes, they nevertheless further complicate the debate on the origins of Papiamento.

However, historical constraints, core vocabulary and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole suggest that the basic ingredients were Portuguese and languages of West Africa, and that the Dutch, Spanish and other influences occurred at a later time (17th and 18th century, respectively). Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. The name of the language itself comes from papear ("to chat", "to talk"), a word present in both Portuguese and Spanish; compare with Papiá Kristang ("Christian talk"), a Portuguese-based creole of Indonesia, and the Cape Verdean Creole word papiâ ("to talk"). Papiá Kristang ("Christian language" or just Kristang, is a Creole language. Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century, but made little use of them. In 1634, the Dutch-based West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining Arawak and Spanish population to the continent, and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean. The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in An outline of the competing theories is provided below.

Local development theory

There are various local development theories. One such theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from a original Portuguese-African pidgin used for communication between African slaves and Portuguese slavetraders, with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Aruac) influences. A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade

The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in Northeast Brazil — causing most of the Portuguese-speaking Jews in those lands to flee from religious persecution. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The precise role of Sephardic Jews in the early development is unclear, but it is certain that Jews play a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews either from Portugal, Spain, or Portuguese Brazil. Therefore, it can be assumed that Ladino was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. As the Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area, business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento with some Ladino influences. While various nations owned the island and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents.

African origin theory

A more recent theory holds that the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose almost a century earlier, in the west coast of Africa and in the Cape Verde islands. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia From the 16th to the late 17th century, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts ("factories") in those regions. Around those ports there developed several Portuguese-African pidgins and creoles, such as Guinea-Bissau Creole, Mina, Cape Verdean Creole, Angolar, and Guene. Bissau-Guinean Creole or (native name kriol or kiriol varying with dialects crioulo da Guiné in Portuguese) is a language spoken by 60% The Mina language is spoken in Northern Cameroon. Another language of the same name is found in India. Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. The latter bears strong resemblances to Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from those pre-existing pidgins/creoles, especially Guene, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and/or traders from Cape Verde and West Africa.

Some specifically claim that Afro-Portuguese mother language of Papiamentu arose from a mixture of the Mina pidgin/creole (a mixture of Cape Verdean pidgin/creole with Twi) and the Angolar creole (derived from languages of Angola and Congo). The Mina language is spoken in Northern Cameroon. Another language of the same name is found in India. Twi (tɕʷi in Twi ˈtwiː /ˈtʃiː/ or /ˈtʃwiː/ in English specifically Ashanti Twi is a language spoken in Ghana by about 15 million people The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Proponents of this theory of Papiamento contend that it can easily be compared and linked with other Portuguese creoles, especially the African ones (namely Forro, Guinea-Bissau Creole, and the Cape Verdean Creole). Forro is a Portuguese -based Creole language spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe. For instance, Compare mi ("I" in Cape Verdean Creole and Papiamento) or bo (meaning you in both creoles). Mi is from the Portuguese mim (pronounced [mĩ]) "me", and bo is from Portuguese vós "you". [2] The use of "b" instead of "v" is very common in the African Portuguese Creoles.

Papiamento is, in some degree, intelligible with Cape Verdean creoles and could be explained by the immigration of Portuguese Sephardic Jews from Cape Verde to these Caribbean islands, although this same fact could also be used by dissenters to explain a later Portuguese influence on an already existing Spanish-based creole. Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. [3]

Another comparison is the use of the verb ta and taba ta from vernacular Portuguese tá (an aphesis of estar, "to be" or está, "it is") with verbs where Portuguese does and with others where it does not use it: "Mi ta + verb" or "Mi taba ta + verb", also the rule in the São Vicente Creole and other Barlavento Cape Verdean Creoles . São Vicente Creole is the name given to the variant of Cape Verdean Creole spoken mainly in the São Vicente Island of Cape Verde. Barlavento Creoles is the name given to the group of Cape Verdean Creoles spoken in the Barlavento islands of Cape Verdean Islands. Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. These issues can also be seen in other Portuguese Creoles (Martinus 1996; see also Fouse 2002 and McWhorter 2000).

Present status

Many Papiamento speakers are also able to speak Dutch, English and Spanish. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Venezuelan Spanish is a constant influence today, especially in Aruba. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela In the Netherlands Antilles, Papiamento was made an official language on March 7, 2007. [4]

Dialects

Papiamento has two main dialects: Papiamento in Aruba and Papiamentu in Curaçao and Bonaire. On the Caribbean Island of Aruba, there are many languages spoken Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas Although the Papiamentu in Curaçao and Bonaire are significantly the same, there are still minor differences.

Papiamento sounds much more Spanish. The most apparent difference between the two dialects is given away in the name difference. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while that same word ends with "u" in Curaçao and Bonaire. It is the same with the letters c and k.

For example:

Papiamento: Palo (tree) Cas (house) Papiamentu: Palu (tree) Kas (house)

Phonology

Most Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance vowels, but some are also based on Dutch vowels like : ee /eː/, ui /œy/, ie /i/, oe /u/, ij/ei /ɛi/, oo /oː/, and aa /aː/.

Grammar

Vocabulary

Most of the vocabulary is derived from Spanish,and Portuguese and most of the time the real origin is unknown due to the great similarity between the two Iberian languages and the adaptations required by Papiamentu. Linguistic studies have shown that roughly two thirds of the words in Papiamentu's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, a quarter are of Dutch origin,and some of Native American origin and the rest come from other tongues. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra A recent study by Buurt & Joubert inventarised several hundred words of indigenous Arawak origins[5]

Examples of words of Iberian and Roman, Latin origin, which are impossible to label as either Portuguese or Spanish:

While the presence of word-final /u/ can easily be traced to Portuguese, the diphthongization of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with The use of /b/ (rather than /v/) is difficult to interpret; although the two are separate phonemes in standard Portuguese, they merge in the dialects of northern Portugal, just like they do in Spanish. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Also, a sound-shift could have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese.

Other words can have dual origin, and certainly dual influence. For instance: subrino (nephew): sobrinho in Portuguese, sobrino in Spanish. The pronunciation of "o" as /u/ is traceable to Portuguese, while the use of "n" instead of "nh" (IPA /ɲ/) in the ending "-no", relates to Spanish.

Portuguese origin words:

Spanish origin words:

Dutch origin words:

English origin words;

Italian origin words:

Native American words:

Dictionaries

Writing system

There are two orthographies: a more phonetic one called Papiamentu (in Curaçao and Bonaire), and the etymological spelling used in Aruba (and formerly used on all three islands). Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time

Examples

Phrase samples

NOTE: These examples are not from the Aruban Papiamento.

Comparison of Vocabularies

This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Portuguese, Papiamento and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Spanish also shown for contrast.

English Portuguese Papiamentu Guinea-Bissau Cape Verdean* ** Spanish
Welcome Bem-vindo Bon Biní Bô bim drito Bem-vindo*** Bienvenidos
Good day Bom Dia Bon dia Bon dia Bon dia Buenos dias
Thank you Obrigado Danki Obrigadu Obrigadu Gracias
How are you? Como vai? Kon ta bai? Kumá ku bo na bai? Módi ki bu sa ta bai? Como te va?
Very good Muito bom Mashá bon Mutu bon Mutu bon Muy bien
I am fine Eu estou bem Mi ta bon N' sta bon N sta dretu Yo estoy bien
I, I am Eu, Eu Sou Mi, Mi ta N', Mi i N, Mi e Yo, Yo soy
Have a nice day Tenha/Passe um bom dia Pasa un bon dia Pasa un bon dia Pasa un bon dia Pasa un buen dia
See you later Vejo você depois, Até logo Te aweró N' ta odjá-u dipus N ta odjâ-u dipôs, Te lógu Te veo despues, Hasta luego
Food Comida Kuminda Bianda Kumida Comida
Bread Pão Pan Pon Pon Pan
Juice Suco, Refresco, Sumo Djus Sumu Sumu Jugo, Refresco
I love Curaçao Eu amo Curaçao Mi stima Kòrsou N' gosta di Curaçao N gosta di Curaçao Yo amo a Curaçao

*Santiago Creole variant
**Writing system used in this example: ALUPEC
***Portuguese expression used in creole;

References

  1. ^ Also disputed whether it is a Spanish Creole or an Iberian Creole
  2. ^ E. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Papiamento (or Papiamentu) is the Language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called Bissau-Guinean Creole or (native name kriol or kiriol varying with dialects crioulo da Guiné in Portuguese) is a language spoken by 60% Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. Santiago Creole is the name given to the Cape Verdean Creole spoken mainly on Santiago Island of Cape Verde. The Alfabeto Unificado para a Escrita do Caboverdiano (Unified Alphabet for Cape Verdean Writing commonly known as ALUPEC, is the Alphabet that was officially A number of Creole languages are based on the Spanish language. F. Martinus (1996) A Kiss of the Slave: Papiamentu and its West African Connections
  3. ^ McWorter (2002) The Missing Spanish Creoles. Berkeley: University of California Press http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8709/8709.ch2.pdf
  4. ^ Nieuwsbrief 070313 - Papiaments officieel erkend
  5. ^ Gerard van Buurt & Sidney M Joubert (1997) Stemmen uit het Verleden, Indiaanse Woorden in het Papiamentu. Curaçao

Bibliography

See also

External links

Dictionary

Papiamento

-proper noun

  1. A creole language based on Portuguese, spoken in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.
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