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Paper marbling from a book bound in England around 1830
Paper marbling from a book bound in England around 1830

Paper marbling is a method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to marble or other stone, hence the name. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The patterns are the result of color floated on either plain water or a viscous solution known as size, and then carefully transferred to a sheet of paper (or other surfaces such as fabric). Sizing or size is a Substance that is applied to Porous materials as a Glaze or Filler. This decorative material has been used to cover a variety of surfaces for several centuries. It is often employed as a writing surface for calligraphy, and especially book covers and endpapers in bookbinding and stationery. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a Book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of Paper or other material Stationery has historically meant a wide gamut of materials Paper and Office supplies, Writing implements Greeting cards etc Part of its appeal is that each print is a unique monoprint. Monoprinting is a form of Printmaking that has images or lines that cannot exactly be reproduced

Contents

Procedure

There are several methods for making marbled papers. The simplest form, and possibly the oldest, is made in Japan and is known as suminagashi; a shallow tray filled with water, and ground sumi ink, as well as ai indigo dye, and beni a colour derived from safflower, are carefully applied to the surface with an ink brush. Indigo dye is Dye with a distinctive blue color (see Indigo) The chemical compound that constitutes the indigo dye is called indigotin Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L) is a highly branched Herbaceous, Thistle -like annual usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves Ink brushes ( in Japanese fude) are used in Chinese calligraphy. Various additives or surfactant chemicals are used help float the ink. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids A drop of "negative" colour made of plain water with the addition of surfactant is used to drive the drop of colour into a ring. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids The process is repeated until the surface of the water is covered with concentric rings.

The floating colors are then carefully manipulated either by blowing on them directly or though a straw, fanning the colors, or carefully using a human hair to stir the colors. In the 19th century, the Kyoto master Tokutaro Yagi developed a method for using a split piece of bamboo to gently stir the colors, resulting in concentric spiral designs. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily Finally, a sheet of washi paper is carefully laid onto the water surface to capture the floating design. is a type of Paper made in Japan. Washi is commonly made using fibers from the bark of the Gampi tree the Mitsumata shrub ( Edgeworthia papyrifera The paper, which is often made of kozo (Paper Mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera), must be unsized, and strong enough to withstand being immersed in water without tearing. The Paper Mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera, syn Morus papyrifera L The Paper Mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera, syn Morus papyrifera L

Another method of marbling more familiar to Europeans and Americans is made on the surface of a viscous mucilage, known as size or sizing in English. This method is commonly referred to as "Turkish" marbling, although ethnic Turkic peoples were not the only practitioners of the art, as Persian Tajiks and people of Indian origin also made these papers. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The term "Turkish" was most likely used as a reference to the fact that many Europeans first encountered the art in Istanbul. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey

Historic forms of marbling used pure pigments mixed with water for colors, and sizes were traditionally made from gum tragacanth (Astragalus spp. thumb|right|250px|Astralagus gummifer Tragacanth is a Natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern legumes of the Astragalus ( As-trá-ga-lus) is a large genus of about 2000 species of Herbs and small Shrubs belonging to the Legume ), gum karaya, guar gum, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), fleabane, and psyllium. Guar gum, also called guaran, is a Galactomannan. It is primarily the ground Endosperm of Guar beans The guar seeds are dehusked milled Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Not to be confused with Cilium. For the mucilaginous health product see Psyllium seed husks. Since the late 19th century, carrageen moss (Mastocarpus stellatus) and Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), both seaweeds, have been employed for sizing. Mastocarpus stellatus, also called Clúimhín Cait Puff Carragheen or Carrageen Moss is closely related to Irish Moss, or Chondrus crispus Chondrus crispus, known under the common name Irish moss, or carrageen moss ( Irish carraigín, "little rock" is a species Today, many marblers use powdered carrageenan, extracted from various seaweeds. Carrageenans or carrageenins (ˌkærəˈgiːnənz are a family of linear sulphated Polysaccharides extracted from red Seaweeds The name is derived from Another plant-derived mucilage is made from sodium alginate. Mucilage is a gooey polar Glycoprotein; an exopolysaccharide; a Polymer produced by most plants and some microorganisms The Chemical compound sodium alginate is the Sodium Salt of Alginic acid. In recent years, a synthetic size made from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, a common ingredient in instant wallpaper paste, is often used as a size for floating acrylic and oil paints. Hypromellose, short for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC is a semisynthetic inert viscoelastic Polymer used as an ophthalmic lubricant as well as an Excipient This page refers to the material used for Interior decoration. Acrylic paint is fast-drying Paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer Emulsion. Oil paint is a type of slow-drying Paint consisting of small Pigment particles suspended in a Drying oil.

In the sized-based method, colors made from pigments are mixed with a surfactant such as ox gall. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids Ox gall is gall, usually obtained from Cows that is mixed with alcohol and used as the Wetting agent in Marbling, Engraving, These are then spattered or dropped onto the size, one color after another, until there is a dense pattern of several colors. Straw from the broom corn was used to make a kind of whisk for sprinkling the paint, or horsehair to create a kind of drop-brush. Proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum) is also known as common millet, broom corn, hog millet or white millet. Horsehair refers to hair taken from the Mane or tail of Horses It has various uses including Brushes and the bows of musical instruments Each successive layer of pigment spreads slightly less than the last, and the colors may require additional surfactant to float and uniformly expand. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids

Once the colors are laid down, various tools and implements such as rakes or combs, are used in a series of movements to create more intricate patterns. Paper or cloth, often mordanted beforehand with aluminum sulfate (alum) is gently laid onto the floating colors (some traditional methods such as Turkish ebru do not require mordanting beforehand). Aluminium sulfate, written as Al 2( S[[Oxygen O4]]3 or Al 2 O12[[Sulfur S]]3 The colors are thereby transferred to the surface of the paper or material.

If necessary, excess bleeding colors and sizing can be rinsed off, and then the paper or fabric is allowed to dry. After the print is made, any color residues are carefully skimmed off of the surface of the size, in order to clear it before starting a new pattern.

Contemporary marblers employ a variety of modern materials, some in place of or in combination with the more traditional ones. A wide variety of colors are used today in place of the historic pigment colors. Plastic broom straw can be used instead of broom corn, as well as bamboo sticks, plastic pipettes, and eye droppers to drop the colors on the surface of the size. A pipette (also called a pipet pipettor or chemical dropper is a laboratory instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid Ox gall is still commonly used as a surfactant for watercolors and gouache, but synthetic surfactants are used in conjunction with acrylic, PVA, and oil-based paints. Ox gall is gall, usually obtained from Cows that is mixed with alcohol and used as the Wetting agent in Marbling, Engraving, Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids Watercolor ( US) or Watercolour ( UK) (and "aquarelle" in French is a Painting method Gouache, Pronounced "Gouash" (from the Italian guazzo, "water paint splash" or bodycolor (the term preferred by art historians Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids

History in East Asia

An intriguing reference which some think may be a form of marbling is found in a compilation completed in 986 CE entitled 文房四谱 Wen Fang Si Puor "Four Treasures of the Scholar's Study" edited by the 10th century Scholar-Official 蘇易簡 Su Yijian (957-995 CE). This compilation contains information on inkstick, inkstone, ink brush, and paper in China, which are collectively called the four treasures of the study. An inkstone ( or; Japanese: 硯 suzuri) is literally a stone mortar for the grinding and containment of Ink. Ink brushes ( in Japanese fude) are used in Chinese calligraphy. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Four Treasures of the Study (Traditional Chinese 文房四寶 Simplified Chinese 文房四宝 wén fáng sì bǎo, Japanese 文房四宝 Bunbō shihō) is an expression The text mentions a kind of decorative paper called 流沙箋liu sha jian meaning “drifting-sand” or “flowing-sand notepaper" that was made in what is now the region of Sichuan (Yijian 4: 7a-8a). ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu.

This paper was made by dragging a piece of paper through a fermented flour paste mixed with various colors, creating a free and irregular design. A second type was made with a paste prepared from honey locust pods, mixed with croton oil, and thinned with water. Presumably both black and colored inks were employed. Ginger, possibly in the form of an oil or extract, was used to disperse the colors, or “scatter” them, according to the interpretation given by Dr. Ginger is commonly used as a cooking spice throughout the world T. H. Tsien. The colors were said to gather together when a hair-brush was beaten over the design, as dandruff particles was applied to the design by beating a hairbrush over top. Dandruff (also called scurf and historically termed Pityriasis capitis) is due to the excessive shedding of dead skin cells from the Scalp. The finished designs, which were thought to resemble human figures, clouds, or flying birds, were then transferred to the surface of a sheet of paper. An example of paper decorated with floating ink has never been found in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Whether or not the above methods employed floating colors remains to be determined (Tsien 94-5).

Su Yijian was an Imperial scholar-official and served as the chief of the Hanlin Academy from about 985-993 CE. Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the Emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Sui Dynasty to The Hanlin Academy ( Chinese: 翰林院 Pinyin: Hànlín Yuàn, literally "brush wood court" was founded in China by Emperor He compiled the work from a wide variety of earlier sources, and was familiar with the subject, given his profession. Yet it is important to note that it is uncertain how personally acquainted he was with the various methods for making decorative papers that he compiled. He most likely reported information given to him, without having a full understanding of the methods used. His original source may have predated him by several centuries. Until the original sources that he quotes are more precisely determined, can it be possible to ascribe a firm date for the production of the papers mentioned by Su Yijian.

墨流しsuminagashi[1], which means "floating ink" in Japanese is the oldest method of decorative paper made with floating colors that is known today. Author Einen Miura states that the oldest reference to suminagashi papers are in the waka poems of Shigeharu, (825-880 CE), a son of the famed Heian era poet Narihira (Muira 14). Various claims have been made regarding the origins of suminagashi. Some think that it may have originally come from China (Wolfe 6). Others have proposed that it may have derived from an early form of ink divination. Another theory is that may have derived from a form of popular entertainment at the time, in which a freshly painted sumi painting was immersed into water, and the ink slowly dispersed from the paper and rose to the surface, forming curious designs.

One individual has been often been claimed as the inventor of suminagashi. According to legend, Jizemon Hiroba felt he was divinely inspired to make suminagashi paper after he offered spiritual devotions at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara Prefecture. The Kasuga Shrine ( Japanese: 春日大社 Kasuga-taisha) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture in the Kinki region on Honshū Island, Japan It is said that he then wandered the country looking for the best water with which to make his papers. He arrived in Echizen, Fukui Prefecture where he found the water especially conducive to making suminagashi. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region on Honshū So he settled there, and his family carried on with the tradition to this day. The Hiroba Family claims to have made this form of marbled paper since 1151 CE for 55 generations (Narita 14).

History in Central Asia and the Islamic World

In the 15th century the method of floating colors on the surface of a size is thought to have emerged in Central Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south It is believed to have appeared during the end of the Islamic Timurid Dynasty, whose final capital was in the city of Herat, located in Afghanistan today. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Other sources suggest it emerged during the subsequent Shaybanid dynasty, in the cities of Samarqand or Bukhara, in what is now modern Uzbekistan. The Shaybanid dynasty was a 16th-century Uzbek dynasty founded by Muhammad Shaybani. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Whether or not this method was somehow related to earlier Chinese or Japanese methods mentioned above has never been concretely proven. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

This Islamic method came to be known as كاغذ ابرى kâghaz-e abrî which was translated by the late scholar Dr. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Annemarie Schimmel to mean "clouded paper" in Persian, although often a simpler form of term, ابرى abrî, meaning "clouded" or "cloudy" is found in various historic texts . Annemarie Schimmel, SI, HI, ( April 7, 1922 &ndash January 26, 2003) was a well known and very influential German Certain Turkish writers have suggested that the word may be of Turkish origin related to the word abreh ابره meaning "colorful" or "variegated", though this specific term has never been concretely proven to have been used in relation to the art. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. It may have been the case that both Persian and Turkish meanings were simultaneously understood by artisans, many of which were conversant in both languages at that time, and even enjoyed as an expression of poetic nuance. Most historical Persian and Turkish texts known that refer to this kind of paper use these two words alone. Today in Iran it is often called ابرو بادabrû-bâd, meaning "cloud and wind". For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

The art developed in Safavid Persia and Ottoman Turkey, as well as Mughal and the Deccan Sultanates in India. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Within these regions, various methods emerged in which colors were made to float on the surface of a bath of viscous liquid mucilage or size, made from various plants. These include katheera or kitre- gum tragacanth (Astragalus often used as a binder by apothecaries in making tablets), methi- fenugreek seed (an ingredient in curry mixtures), and sahlab or salep (which is commonly used to make a popular beverage from the roots of wild orchid, or Orchis mascula). thumb|right|250px|Astralagus gummifer Tragacanth is a Natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern legumes of the Astragalus ( As-trá-ga-lus) is a large genus of about 2000 species of Herbs and small Shrubs belonging to the Legume Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Salep (salep - sahlep from سحلب saḥlab referring to both orchid as well as the salep drink The Early Purple Orchid ( Orchis mascula) is a species in the Orchid genus Orchis. A method of manipulating colors evolved that employed various tools including rakes, combs, and other apparatus, utilized in a series of movements, resulted in incredibly elaborate, intricate, and mesmerizing designs. In India, the abritechnique was eventually combined with 'aks, which are various methods of resist or stencils, to create unique and very rare form of miniature painting. These are commonly associated with the Deccan region today, and especially the city of Bijapur in particular, under Adil Shahi dynasty patronage in the 17th century. The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The topic of marbling in India is understudied and conclusive determinations have yet to be made, especially in light of discoveries made in the last 20 years. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

In Turkey, the art is widely known as ebru today, and continues to be very popular. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The usage of this term appears in the late 19th century. The earliest examples of Ottoman Ebru is thought to be a copy of the Hâlnâmah حالنامه by the poet Arifi, popularly known as the Guy-i Çevgan or "Ball and Polo-stick". The text of this manuscript was rendered in a delicate cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin Gazanfer and completed in 1540, and features many marbled and decorative paper borders. One early master by the name of Shebek is mention posthumously in the earliest Ottoman text on the art known as the Tertib-i Risâle-i Ebrî (ترطيبِ رسالهِ ابری), which is dated based on internal evidence to after 1615. Several recipes in the text are accredited to this master. Another famous 18th century master by the name of Hatip Mehmed Effendi (d. 1773) is accredited with developing motif and perhaps early floral designs, although evidence from India appears to contradict some of these claims. Despite this, marbled motifs are commonly referred to as "Hatip" designs today in Turkey.

The current Turkish tradition of ebru dates to the mid 19th century, with a series of masters associated with a branch of the Naqshbandi Sufi order based at what is known as the Özbekler Tekkesi, located in Sultantepe, near Üsküdar. Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Tasawwuf orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. The founder of this line is accredited to Sadık Effendi (d. 1846). It is said that he learned the art in Bukhara and taught it to his sons Edhem and Salıh. Based upon this, many Turkish marblers have stated that the art was perpetuated by Sufis for centuries, although evidence for this claim is has never been concretely established. "Hezarfen" Edhem Effendi (d. 1904) is attributed with developing the art as a kind of cottage industry for the tekke, to supply Istanbul's burgeoning printing industry with the decorative paper. It is said that the papers were tied into bundles and sold by weight. Many of these papers were of the neftli design, made with turpentine, an equivalent to what is called stormont in English.

The premier student of Edhem Effendi was Necmeddin Okyay (1885-1976). He was the first to teach the art at the Fine Arts Academy in Istanbul. He is famous for the development of floral styles of marbling, in addition to yazılı ebru a method of writing traditional calligraphy using a gum-resist method in conjunction with ebru. Okyay's premier student was Mustafa Düzgünman (1920-1990), the teacher of many contemporary marblers in Turkey today. He is known for codifying the traditional repertoire of patterns, to which he only added a floral daisy design, in the manner of his teacher.

History in Europe

In the 17th century European travelers to the Middle East collected examples of these papers and bound them into alba amicora, which literally means "books of friendship" in Latin, and is a forerunner of the modern autograph album. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. An autograph is a Document written entirely in the handwriting of its Author, as opposed to a typeset document or Eventually the technique for making the papers reached Europe, where they became a popular covering material for book covers and end-papers, and lining chests, drawers, and bookshelves. The art became a popular handicraft in the 19th century after the English maker Charles Woolnough published his The Art of Marbling. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Woolnough developed a method for marbling onto book-cloth, which he exhibited at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1851. The Great Exhibition, also known as Crystal Palace, was an international exhibition that was held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

Marbled paper is still made today, and the method is now applied to fabric and three-dimensional surfaces, as well as paper. Aside from continued traditional applications, artists now explore using the method as a kind of painting technique, and as an element in collage. A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole In the last two decades, marbling has been the subject of international symposia and museum exhibitions. An active international group can be found on Yahoo! Groups, as well as the Society of Marbling, an organization of practicing marblers.

Examples

Endpaper with marbled paper from a book bound in France around 1735

Book bound with typical simple marbled paper in France around 1825

Paper marbling from a book bound in England around 1830 (detail)

Paper marbling from a book bound in France around 1880 (detail)

References

External links

Videos showing how Ebru is made.

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