A stack of paper

Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or packaging. It is produced by the amalgamation of fibers, typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose, which are subsequently held together by hydrogen bonding. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen While the fibers are usually natural in origin, a wide variety of synthetic fibers, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, may be incorporated into paper as a way of imparting desirable physical properties. Polypropylene or polypropene ( PP) is a Thermoplastic Polymer, made by the Chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the The most common source of these kinds of fibers is wood pulp from pulpwood trees. Wood pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up Wood. Pulpwood refers to Timber grown with the principal purpose of making Wood pulp for Paper production Vegetable fiber materials such as cotton, hemp, linen, and rice are also used. Fiber crops are field crops grown for their Fibers which are used to make Paper, Cloth, or Rope. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many

History

Papyrus and parchment

Outside Egypt, parchment or vellum, made of processed sheepskin or calfskin, replaced papyrus as the papyrus plant requires subtropical conditions to grow. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. Vellum (from the Old French Vélin for "calfskin" is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on single pages scrolls codices or books A calf (kɑːf plural calves, /kɑːvz/ is the young of various species of Mammal. Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ (Rhymes -aɪrəs)is a thick paper-like material produced from the Pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus

In America, archaeological evidence indicates that a similar parchment writing material was invented by the Mayans no later than the 5th century AD. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas ^[1] Called amatl, it was in widespread use among Mesoamerican cultures until the Spanish conquest. Amatl (āmatl amate or papel amate) is a form of Paper that was manufactured in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. The parchment is created by boiling and pounding the inner bark of trees, until the material becomes suitable for art and writing.

These materials are made from pounded reeds and bark and is technically not true paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants and cellulose.

Early papermaking in China

The world's earliest known printed book (using woodblock printing), the Diamond Sutra of AD 868, shows the widespread availability and practicality of paper in China. For the use of the technique in art see Woodcut on the technique and Old master print for the history in Europe and Woodblock printing in Japan. The Diamond Sutra is a short Mahayana Sutra of the Perfection of Wisdom genre which teaches the practice of the avoidance of abiding in extremes

Papermaking is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, since the first papermaking process was developed in China during the early 2nd century. Papermaking is the process of making Paper, a material which is used ubiquitously today for writing and packaging The Four Great Inventions of ancient China ( meaning "four great inventions" are four inventions that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. During the Shang (1600 BC–1050 BC) and Zhou (1050 BC–256 BC) dynasties of ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy and awkward to transport. The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. Events By place Roman Republic Rome aims for a quick end to hostilities in the First Punic War and decides to invade the Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily The light material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons While the Han Dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun is widely regarded to have invented the modern method of papermaking (inspired from wasps and bees) from rags and other plant fibers in AD 105, the discovery of specimens bearing written Chinese characters in 2006 at north-east China's Gansu province suggest that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai in 8 BC. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Cai Lun ( (ca 50 AD&ndash121 Courtesy name Jingzhong (敬仲 was a Chinese Eunuch, who is conventionally regarded as the Inventor A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. [2] Archeologically however, true paper without writing has been excavated in China dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han from the 2nd century BC, used for purposes of wrapping or padding protection for delicate bronze mirrors. Background birth and years as crown prince Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite Concubines, The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. ^[2] It was also used for safety, such as the padding of poisonous 'medicine' as mentioned in the official history of the period. ^[2] Although paper used for writing became widespread by the 3rd century,^[3] paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes.

Toilet paper was used in China by at least the 6th century AD. Toilet paper is a soft paper product used to maintain Personal hygiene after human Defecation or Urination. ^[4] In AD 589, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531-591 AD) once wrote: "Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes". Yan Zhitui ( 531–591 was a Chinese scholar calligrapher, painter, musician and government official who served four different Chinese states during Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 19 — Belisarius is defeated at the Battle of Callinicum; Mundus Events By Place Europe Agilulf marries Theodelinda and becomes king of the Lombards. The Five Classics ( is a corpus of five ancient Chinese books used by Confucianism as the basis of studies ^[4] An Arab traveler to China once wrote of the curious Chinese tradition of toilet paper in AD 851, writing: "They (the Chinese) are not careful about cleanliness, and they do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper". The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[4] Toilet paper continued to be a valued necessity in China, since it was during the Hongwu Emperor's reign in AD 1393 that the Bureau of Imperial Supplies (Bao Chao Si) manufactured 720,000 sheets of toilet paper for the entire court (produced of the cheap rice–straw paper). Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons ^[4] For the emperor's family alone, 15,000 special sheets of paper were made, in light yellow tint and even perfumed. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living ^[4] Even at the beginning of the 14th century, during the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the amount of toilet paper manufactured for modern-day Zhejiang province alone amounted to ten million packages holding 1000 to 10000 sheets of toilet paper each. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. ^[4]

The Bencao on traditional Chinese medicine; printed with woodblock in 1249, Song Dynasty

During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. For the use of the technique in art see Woodcut on the technique and Old master print for the history in Europe and Woodblock printing in Japan. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Events By Place Asia The Sui Dynasty ends and the Tang Dynasty begins in China. Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market ^[2] During the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape. ^[2] During the Chinese Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) not only did the government produce the world's first known paper-printed money, or banknote (see Jiaozi and Huizi), but paper money bestowed as gifts to deserving government officials were wrapped in special paper envelopes. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a Jiaozi ( is a form of Banknote which appeared in 10th century Sichuan. For other uses see Huizi (currency Hui Shi ( fl 4th century BCE or Huizi (惠子 Hui-tzu "Master Hui" was a Chinese philosopher An envelope is a Packaging product usually made of flat planar material such as Paper or cardboard and designed to contain a flat object which in a postal-service ^[4]

Paper spread slowly outside of China; other East Asian cultures, even after seeing paper, could not make it themselves. Instruction in the manufacturing process was required, and the Chinese were reluctant to share their secrets. The paper was thin and translucent, not like modern western paper, and thus only written on one side. The technology was first transferred to Korea in 604 and then imported to Japan by Buddhist priests, around 610, where fibres (called bast) from the mulberry tree were used. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Events By Place Ancient Japan Prince Shotoku issues a Seventeen-article constitution. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This article is about the year 610. Events By Place Byzantine Empire October 4 — Heraclius arrives

Papermaking arrives in the Middle East

After further commercial trading and the defeat of the Chinese in the Battle of Talas in 751, the invention spread to the Middle East. The Battle of Talas in 751 CE was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty for control Events By Place Europe Pepin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility marking the end of the The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[5] Production was started in Baghdad, where the Arabs invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The manufacture had spread to Damascus by the time of the First Crusade in 1096; but the wars interrupted production, and it split into two centres. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing Cairo continued with the thicker paper. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Iran became the centre of the thinner papers. It was also adopted in India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Some historians speculate that paper was a key element in cultural advancement. According to this theory, Chinese culture was less developed than the West in ancient times prior to the Han Dynasty because bamboo, while abundant, was a clumsier writing material than papyrus; Chinese culture advanced during the Han Dynasty and subsequent centuries due to the invention of paper; and Europe advanced during the Renaissance due to the introduction of paper and the printing press. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

European papermaking

The first paper mill in Europe was in Spain, at Xátiva (modern Valencia) in 1120. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to More mills appeared in Fabriano Italy in about the 13th century, as an import from Islamic Spain. Fabriano is a town and comune of Ancona province in the Italian region of the Marche, at, at 325 m (1066 ft above sea-level Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or They used hemp and linen rags as a source of fibre. This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. The oldest known paper document in the West is the Mozarab Missal of Silos from the 11th century, probably written in the Islamic part of Spain. The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” The Missal of Silos is the oldest known Paper document created in the Christian West Paper is recorded as being manufactured in both Italy and Germany by 1400, just about the time when the woodcut printmaking technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. An old master print is a work of art produced by a Printing process within the Western tradition (European or New World Popular Prints is a term for printed images of generally low artistic quality which were sold cheaply in Europe and later the New World from the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries often The first commercially successful paper mill in England was opened by John Spilman in 1588 near Dartford in Kent and was initially reliant on German papermaking expertise. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir John Spilman (name also spelt Spielman died 1626 was a Lindau, German -born Entrepreneur who founded the first commercially successful Paper Dartford is the principal town in the borough of Dartford. It is situated in the northwest corner of Kent, England, 16 miles (25 km east south-east KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format

Nineteenth Century advances in papermaking

Paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Wood pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up Wood. Although older machines predated it, the Fourdrinier paper making machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking and it has been used in some variation since its conception Nicholas Louis Robert of Essonnes, France, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine in 1799. Corbeil-Essonnes is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. At the time he was working for Leger Didot with whom he quarrelled over the ownership of the invention. Didot sent his brother-in-law, John Gamble, to meet Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, stationers of London, who agreed to finance the project. John Gamble may refer to John Gamble (American football John Gamble (musician (d London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Gamble was granted British patent 2487 on 20 October 1801. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday With the help particularly of Bryan Donkin, a skilled and ingenious mechanic, an improved version of the Robert original was installed at Frogmore, Hertfordshire, in 1803, followed by another in 1804. Bryan Donkin ( 22 March 1768 &ndash 27 February 1855) was an English engineer and industrialist The Frogmore Estate or Gardens comprise 33 acres of private gardens within the grounds of the Home Park, adjoining Windsor Castle, in the English Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a A third machine was installed at the Fourdriniers' own mill at Two Waters. The Fourdriniers also bought a mill at St Neots intending to install two machines there and the process and machines continued to develop. St Neots is a town of about 29000 people on the River Great Ouse.

Together with the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. A fountain pen is a Pen that contains a reservoir of water-based liquid ink. A pencil is a Writing or Drawing instrument consisting of a thin stick of Pigment (usually Graphite, but can also be coloured pigment or A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Clerk, the vocational title commonly refers to a White-collar worker who conducts general office or in some instances sales tasks

The original wood-based paper was acidic due to the use of alum and more prone to disintegrate over time, through processes known as slow fires. For the purely-slang term alum meaning "graduate" see Alumnus. A slow fire is a term used in Library and information science to describe Paper embrittlement resulting from acid decay Documents written on more expensive rag paper were more stable. Mass-market paperback books still use these cheaper mechanical papers (see below), but book publishers can now use acid-free paper for hardback and trade paperback books. Acid-free paper is Paper that has a neutral or basic PH (7 or slightly greater A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a Book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with Cloth Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding.

Papermaking

Main article: Papermaking

Chemical pulping

The purpose of a chemical pulping process is to break down the chemical structure of lignin and render it soluble in the cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose fibers. Papermaking is the process of making Paper, a material which is used ubiquitously today for writing and packaging Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Because lignin holds the plant cells together, chemical pulping frees the fibres and makes pulp. The pulp must be bleached to produce white paper for printing, painting and writing. Bleaching of wood pulp is the Chemical processing carried out on various types of Wood pulp to decrease the color of the pulp so that it becomes whiter Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Chemical pulps tend to cost more than mechanical pulps, largely due to the low yield, 40–50% of the original wood. Since the process preserves fibre length, however, chemical pulps tend to make stronger paper. Another advantage of chemical pulping is that the majority of the heat and electricity needed to run the process is produced by burning the lignin removed during pulping.

Papers made from chemical wood-based pulps are also unhelpfully known as woodfree papers.

The Kraft process is the most commonly practiced strategy for pulp manufacturing and produces especially strong, unbleached papers that can be used directly for bags and boxes but are often processed further, e. The Kraft process (also known as Kraft pulping or sulfate process) describes a technology for conversion of wood into Wood pulp consisting of almost pure g. to make corrugated cardboard. Corrugated fiberboard is a paper-based construction material consisting of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat linerboards

Mechanical pulping

There are two major mechanical pulps, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and mechanical pulp. The latter is known in the USA as groundwood pulp. In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam-heated refiners where the chips are squeezed and fibreized between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones and fibreized. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, but also causes paper made from this pulp to yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibre lengths and produce weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than chemical pulp. Electric energy is the potential energy associated with the conservative Coulomb forces between Charged particles contained within a system, where

Recycled paper

Paper recycling processes can use either chemical or mechanical pulp. Paper recycling is the process of recovering waste Paper and remaking it into new paper products By mixing with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre in the interests of quality.

There are three main classifications of recycled fibre:.

• Mill Broke or Internal Mill Waste — this incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be repulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre. However, most paper mills have been recycling their own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling become popular.

• Preconsumer Waste — this is offcuts and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste. This waste is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source. Also includes deinked preconsumer (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications). ^[6]

• Postconsumer waste — this is fibre from paper which has been used for its intended end use and would include office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast majority of this paper has been printed (either digitally or by more conventional means such as litho or gravure), it will either be recycled as printed paper or go through a de-inking process first.

Recycled Papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp. Recycled papers are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from virgin pulp.

Additives

Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve the characteristics of the paper for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed into the pulp and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process. Sizing or size is a Substance that is applied to Porous materials as a Glaze or Filler. The purpose of sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit the ink or paint.

Drying

After the paper web is produced, the water must be removed from it by pressing and drying.

Pressing the sheet removes the water by force. Once the water is forced from the sheet, felt (not to be confused with the traditional felt) is used to collect the water. Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting condensing and pressing fibers When making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used.

Drying involves using air and or heat to remove water from the paper sheet. In the earliest days of papermaking this was done by hanging the paper sheets like laundry. In more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These dryers can heat to temperatures above 200°F (93°C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans. The heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.

Finishing

The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications. Sizing or size is a Substance that is applied to Porous materials as a Glaze or Filler.

Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. Halftone is the Reprographic technique that simulates Continuous tone imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi. ) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. This article is about a device for smoothing paper For the method of timekeeping see Calendar. Coated papers are divided into matt, semi-matt or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image. In Optics, density is a unitless measure of the Transmittance of an optical element for a given length at a given Wavelength λ:

The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i. e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

All paper produced by Fourdrinier-type machines is wove paper, i. e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine. A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in Paper that shows in various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected

Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders. ^[7]

Applications

A Paper cutter

• To write or print on: the piece of paper becomes a document; this may be for keeping a record (or in the case of printing from a computer or copying from another paper: an additional record) and for communication; see also reading. A paper cutter (or paper guillotine) is a tool often found in offices and classrooms designed to cut a large set of paper at once with a perfectly straight edge A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way

Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use. ^[8]

• To represent a value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see Security paper), voucher and ticket
• For entertainment: book, magazine, newspaper, art, zine,
• For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping tissue, Charta emporetica and wallpaper
• For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial tissue and cat litter
• For construction: papier-mâché, origami, quilling, Paper honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and clothing
• Other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography and Capacitor Dielectrics (Permittivity 1. Paper Money is the second album by the band Montrose. It was released in 1974 and was the last album to feature Sammy Hagar as lead vocalist A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a A cheque (spelled check in American English) is a Negotiable instrument instructing a Financial institution to pay a specific amount of Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals Security papers are Papers which incorporate features which can act to identify or authenticate the product as original or features which demonstrate tamper evidence when Fraud A voucher is a bond which is worth a certain monetary value and which may only be spent for specific reasons or on specific goods A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual A zine (an abbreviation of the word Fanzine, or magazine ziːn "zeen" is most commonly a small circulation non-commercial Publication Corrugated fiberboard is a paper-based construction material consisting of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat linerboards A bag (also known as a Sack) is a non- rigid or semi-rigid container made of Paper, Cloth, Plastic, Leather, An envelope is a Packaging product usually made of flat planar material such as Paper or cardboard and designed to contain a flat object which in a postal-service Facial tissue Tissue paper or wrapping tissue is a type of thin translucent Paper used for wrapping and cushioning items In Pharmacy, etc charta emporetica was a kind of Paper made very soft and porous used as a Filter. This page refers to the material used for Interior decoration. Toilet paper is a soft paper product used to maintain Personal hygiene after human Defecation or Urination. A handkerchief (also called handkercher or hanky) is a form of a Kerchief, typically a square of fabric that can be carried in the Pocket A Paper towel is a towel made from Paper. It serves the same general purposes as conventional Towels such as drying hands wiping windows dusting and cleaning Facial tissue refers to a class of soft absorbent disposable Paper that is suitable for use on the Face. Cat litter (often called kitty litter) is one of any of a number of materials used in Litter boxes to absorb moisture from Cat Feces and Papier-mâché ( French for 'chewed-up paper' because of its appearance sometimes called paper-mâché, is a construction material that consists of pieces of (from oru meaning "folding" and kami meaning "paper" is the ancient Japanese Art of Paper folding. Quilling or paper filigree is an Art form that involves the use of strips of Paper that are Rolled shaped and glued together to create decorative A honeycomb is a mass of Hexagonal Wax cells built by Honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of Honey and Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Paper engineering or Paper Science is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e Construction paper or sugar paper is a type of coarse colored Paper typically available in large sheets Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Emery paper is a type of Paper that can be used for sanding down hard and rough surfaces Abrasive Paper is a form of Paper where an Abrasive material has been fixed to its surface Blotting paper is a Type of Paper or other Material which is used to absorb an excess of substance (such as Ink or Oil) from Litmus is a Water - Soluble mixture of different Dyes Extracted from Lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria. Universal indicator is a PH indicator that transitions through numbers 3-12 (on the pH chart to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions Paper chromatography is an analytical technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are or can be coloured especially Pigments This can also be used A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors A dielectric is a nonconducting substance ie an insulator. The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday. Permittivity is a Physical quantity that describes how an Electric field affects and is affected by a Dielectric medium and is determined by the ability 5 - 3)

Types, thickness and weight

Card and paper stock for craft use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors. A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art

The thickness of paper is often measured by the caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch^[9]. Paper may be between 0. 7 millimetres (0. 028 in) and 1. 8 millimetres (0. 071 in) thick^[10].

Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8½ x 11" paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. ^[11] In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

The 8. 5" x 11" size stems from the original size of a vat that was used to make paper. At the time, paper was made from passing a fiber and water slurry through a screen at the bottom of a box. The box was 17" deep and 44" wide. That sheet, folded in half in the long direction, then twice in the opposite direction, made a sheet of paper that was exactly 8. 5" x 11".

In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m² or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness; One ream of A4 (210mm x 297mm) size (approx 8. 27" x 11. 7") weighs 2. 5 kilogrammes (approx 5. 5 pounds).

The sizing system in Europe is based on common width to height ratios for different paper sizes. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m³ (16 lb/ft³) for tissue paper to 1500 kg/m³ (94 lb/ft³) for some speciality paper. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Printing paper is about 800 kg/m³ (50 lb/ft³). ^[12]

The future of paper

Some manufacturers, notably AMD, have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging made out of paper, known commercially as paperfoam. Bank paper is a thin strong writing Paper of less than 50g/m2 commonly used for typewriting and correspondence Banana paper is used in two different senses to refer to a Paper made from the Bark of the banana plant mainly used for artistic purposes or paper made from banana Bond paper is a high quality durable Writing paper similar to Bank paper but having a weight greater than 50 g/m2 A book paper (or publishing paper is a Paper which is designed specifically for the Publication of printed Books Traditionally book papers are off white Construction paper or sugar paper is a type of coarse colored Paper typically available in large sheets Cotton paper is made from 100% Cotton fibers Cotton paper is superior in both strength and durability to wood pulp-based Papers which may contain high concentrations Electronic paper, also called e-paper, is a display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary Ink on Paper. Vulcanization (or Vulcanisation refers to a specific curing process of Rubber involving high heat and the addition of Sulfur or other equivalent curatives Inkjet paper is Paper designed for Inkjet printers typically classified by its weight, Brightness and smoothness and sometimes by its opacity Kraft paper is Paper produced by the Kraft process from Wood pulp. Laid paper is a type of Paper having a ribbed texture imparted by the manufacturing process Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. Tyvek (TIE-veck is a Brand of flashspun High-density polyethylene Fibers a synthetic Material; the name is a Registered A Paper towel is a towel made from Paper. It serves the same general purposes as conventional Towels such as drying hands wiping windows dusting and cleaning This page refers to the material used for Interior decoration. is a type of Paper made in Japan. Washi is commonly made using fibers from the bark of the Gampi tree the Mitsumata shrub ( Edgeworthia papyrifera Wax paper (also called waxed paper) is a kind of Paper that is made Moisture proof through the application of Wax. Wove paper is a Writing paper with a uniform Surface, not Ribbed or Watermarked. Coated paper is Paper which has been coated by a compound to impart certain qualities to the paper including weight and surface gloss smoothness or ink absorbency The packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper. [3]

With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA also known as C8, is a man-made Surfactant. Zein is a class of Prolamine Protein found in Maize. It is usually manufactured as a powder from Corn gluten meal. [4]

Besides paperfoam, paper made from rocks rather than trees is also emerging as a more ecological alternative to regular paper made from trees or other alternatives as paperfoam. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of ^[13] This Rock paper is available from companies as ViaStone and John Su. ^[14][15]

Also, synthetics such as Tyvek and Teslin have been introduced as printing media as a more durable material than paper. Tyvek (TIE-veck is a Brand of flashspun High-density polyethylene Fibers a synthetic Material; the name is a Registered For the community in the Yukon see Teslin Yukon. Teslin is a synthetic printing media manufactured by PPG Industries.

References and Notes

• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemicals and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. (also published in Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. , 1986. )

also referred to as:

• Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin, '"Paper and Printing," vol. 5 part 1 of Needham, Joseph Science and Civilization in China:. Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0521086906. (also published in Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. , 1986. )
• "Document Doubles" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada

See also

• Arches paper
• Buckypaper
• De-inked pulp
• Graphene Oxide Paper
• Paperclip
• Paper recycling
• Paper size
• Papier, disambiguation page, paper in French or German

External links

• TAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
• How is paper made? at The Straight Dope, 22 November 2005
• How Paper Is Made
• United States Government Printing Office: Government Paper Specification Standards
• How Organic Paper is Made