Papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Ranunculales Family: Papaveraceae Juss.
genera
see text

Papaveraceae is a family of flowering plants. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Ranunculales is an order of Flowering plants Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the Buttercup family Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French Botanist, notable as the first to propose In Biological classification, family ( Latin The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, and is also known as the "poppy family". It is a cosmopolitan family occurring in temperate and subtropical climates. In Biogeography, a Biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world Most are herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs and small trees. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or

Mexican Prickly Poppy - flower

The plants are laticiferous. All parts contain a well developed duct system (these ducts are called "laticifers"), producing a milky latex, a watery white, yellow or red juice. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ

Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas)- flower

The simple leaves are alternate or sometimes whorled. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. They have petioles and are not enclosed by a sheath. In Botany, the petiole is the small stalk attaching the Leaf blade to the stem. The leaves are usually lobed or pinnatifid (i. e. consisting of several not entirely separate leaflets), or much-divided. There are no stipules. In Botany, stipule ( Latin stipula: straw stalk is a term coined by Linnaeus

The plants are hermaphroditic and are pollinated mostly by insects (even as flower nectaries are lacking) (= entomophilous), a few by the wind ( = anemophilous). A hermaphrodite is an organism having both male and female reproductive organs Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described See also Pollination syndrome Entomophily is a form of pollination whereby Pollen is distributed by Insects particularly Bees See also Pollination syndrome Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of Pollination whereby Pollen is distributed by Wind There is a distinct calyx and corolla, except in Macleaya where the corolla is lacking. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The flowers are medium-sized or large and they look spectacular. The terminal flowers solitary in most species. In others the terminal inflorescence is cymose or racemose. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short The flowers are odourless and regular.

California poppy

There are many stamens, mostly 16 to 60, arranged in two separate whorls, the outer one with stamens alternate with the petals, the inner one opposite. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male The gynoecium consists of a compound pistil with 2 to 100 carpels. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The ovary is superior and 1-locular. In the Flowering plants an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or Gynoecium. The ovary is without a footstalk (sessile) or on a short stem (stipitate).

The non-fleshy fruit is usually a capsule, breaking open at maturity to release the seeds through pores (poricidal), or through the partitions between the cells (septicidal), or by means of valves (valvular). The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Botany a capsule is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The numerous seeds are small. Their nutritive tissue (endosperm) is oily and farinose. The fruit of Platystemon is a schizocarp. A schizocarp is a dry Fruit that develops from multiple Carpels When mature it splits up into one-seeded mericarps.

These plants almost all contain alkaloids. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Many are poisonous. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by The Mexican Prickly Poppy (pictured above) is poisonous if taken internally and may cause edema and glaucoma. Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the Optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. Even if an animal, such as a goat, should persist in grazing on this plant, not only will the animal suffer but so will those who drink its milk, because the poisons are passed along in the milk. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes.

Taxonomy

The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudicots. Ranunculales is an order of Flowering plants Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the Buttercup family Eudicots and Eudicotyledons are terms introduced by Doyle & Hotton (1991 to refer to a group of Flowering plants that had been called "tricolpates" or "non-Magnoliid However, APG does provide for the option to segregate two families, as optional segregate. Thus, there are two possible circumscriptions:

• Papaveraceae sensu lato, including the plants that would otherwise form the families Fumariaceae and Pteridophyllaceae. Fumariaceae is the Botanical name for a family of Flowering plants. Pteridophyllum racemosum is a Species of Flowering plant and the only species of its family the Pteridophyllaceae.
• Papaveraceae sensu stricto, excluding these plants.

The family sensu stricto conforms to the family as recognised by the Cronquist system, of 1981 (Cronquist recognised Fumariaceae as separate). A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or Angiosperms) This comprises about 26 genera and about 250 species. The description given above applies to the family in this narrow sense.

Genera in Papaveraceae sensu stricto

Tree Poppy (Bocconia frutescens)

Mexican Prickly Poppy - fruit

• Arctomecon
• Argemone : Prickly Poppies
• Bocconia
• Canbya
• Chelidonium
• Dendromecon : Bush Poppies
• Dicranostigma
• Eomecon
• Eschscholzia
• Glaucium
• Hunnemannia : Mexican Poppies
• Hylomecon
• Macleaya : Plume Poppies
• Meconella
• Meconopsis : Blue Poppies
• Papaver
• Platystemon : Creamcups
• Platystigma
• Roemeria
• Romneya
• Sanguinaria : Bloodroot
• Stylomecon
• Stylophorum

Cultivation and symbolism

The family is well loved for the striking flowers known as poppy, with several species grown as ornamental plants, such as California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica), the California state flower. Arctomecon is a Genus of the poppy family Papaveraceae commonly called the bear poppies or bear-paw poppies, after the distinctive Argemone ( Prickly Poppy) is a genus of the family Papaveraceae. Bocconia is a Genus of the family Papaveraceae. It was named after the Italian botanist Paolo Boccone by Carolus Linnaeus, and Canbya, also known as the "pygmy poppies" is a Genus of the poppy family Papaveraceae consisting of two species found in the dry parts of Chelidonium majus, commonly known as the greater celandine or tetterwort (in America the latter refers to Sanguinaria canadensis Dendromecon, the tree poppy is a genus of one or two species of Shrubs to small Trees native to California and northern Baja California Dicranostigma, also known as the eastern horned poppies, is a genus in the poppy family Papaveraceae, the species of which are Eomecon chionantha, also known as the snow poppy or dawn poppy, is a poppy of woodlands in eastern China, in particular Eschscholzia is a Genus of 12 flowering plants in the Papaveraceae ( Poppy) family Glaucium (Horned Poppy is a Genus of about 25 species of annual, biennial or perennial Herbaceous Flowering Hunnemannia fumariifolia, also known as the tulip poppy or Mexican tulip poppy is a poppy from the highlands of Mexico. Hylomecon vernalis, also known as the forest poppy, is a poppy of the Far East, ranging from Manchuria to Japan. Macleaya (Plume Poppy is a Genus of Papaveraceae family. Selected species Macleaya cordata Meconopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae. Papaver is a Genus of poppies, belonging to the Poppy family ( Papaveraceae) Platystemon californicus ( Creamcups) is an Ornamental plant in the Papaveraceae family The Matilija poppy or tree poppy ( Romneya Harvey) is a Poppy of Southern California and Northern Mexico, belonging Bloodroot ( Sanguinaria canadensis) is a perennial, Herbaceous Flowering plant native to eastern North America from Nova Bloodroot ( Sanguinaria canadensis) is a perennial, Herbaceous Flowering plant native to eastern North America from Nova Stylophorum, also known as the celandine poppies, is a genus in the poppy family Papaveraceae. A poppy is any of a number of showy Flowers typically withone per stem, belonging to the poppy family. Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common The California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica) is native to grassy and open areas from sea level to 2000m (6500 feet altitude in the western United States throughout In a number of countries plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas The common poppy or corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is still worn in remembrance of World War I (see also In Flanders Fields). The Corn Poppy, Field Poppy, Flanders Poppy, or Red Poppy is the wild Poppy of agricultural cultivation&mdash Papaver rhoeas. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All " In Flanders Fields " is one of the most famous Poems written during the First World War, and has been called "the most popular poem" produced during However, the reputation of the family is not all positive as it also contains the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum), which is the source of opium and opiates, as well as most of the poppy seeds used in cooking and baking. The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the type of Poppy from which Opium and many refined opiates such as Morphine, Thebaine Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( For other uses see Opiate (disambiguation, or for the class of drugs see Opioid. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Baking is the technique of prolonged Cooking of Food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an Oven,

External links

• Papaveraceae in Topwalks
• Papaveraceae [sensu stricto] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.
• Papaveraceae [sensu lato] in the Flora of North America
• The position adopted by J.L.Reveal
• NCBI Taxonomy Browser [sensu stricto]
• links at CSDL