Holy See

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Pope Benedict XVI Roman Curia Secretariat of State Roman Congregations Vicariate General of Rome Vatican City Pontifical Commission President Conclave: 2005 Lateran Treaty

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A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor of Saint Peter and head of the Church. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. ^[1] The conclave is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of an institution. ^[2]

A history of political interference in these elections and consequently long vacancies between popes, and most immediately the interregnum of 1268-1271, prompted the Second Council of Lyons which decreed in 1274 that the electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave (Latin for "with a key"), and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome is elected. The papal election from November 1268 to September 1 1271, following the death of Pope Clement IV, was the longest papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council took place in 1245 Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Conclaves are now held in the Sistine Chapel in the Palace of the Vatican. Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. ^[3]

In the early centuries of Christianity the bishop of Rome (like other bishops) was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and people of Rome. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ^[4] The body of electors was more precisely defined when, in 1059, the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S ^[5] Since then other details of the process have developed. In 1970 Pope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age. Pope The Pope may change the procedures for electing his successor by issuing an apostolic constitution; the current procedures were established by Pope John Paul II in his constitution Universi Dominici Gregis^[6] and amended by a motu proprio of Pope Benedict XVI dated 11 June 2007. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Pope Universi Dominici Gregis is an Apostolic Constitution of the Roman Catholic Church issued by Pope John Paul II on February 22, A motu proprio ( Latin "on his own impulse" is a document issued by the Pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[7][8]

Contents 1 Historical development 1.1 The electorate 1.2 Choice of the electors 1.3 Secular influence 1.4 Conclaves 2 Modern practice 2.1 Death of the Pope 2.2 Beginning of the election 2.3 Voting 2.4 Acceptance and proclamation 3 Historical voting patterns 4 See also 5 External resources 6 References 7 Bibliography

Historical development

The procedures relating to the election of the Pope have undergone almost two millennia of development. A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum Procedures similar to the present system were introduced in 1274 with the Second Council of Lyons after the three-year interregnum of 1268-1271. The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council took place in 1245 ^[1]

The electorate

The earliest bishops appear to have been chosen for Christian communities by the apostles and their immediate successors who founded the Church in that area. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight As these communities became more fully established, bishops were chosen by the clergy and laity of the community with the assistance of the bishops of neighbouring dioceses. In religious organizations the laity comprises all persons who are not Clergy. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. ^[9] St. Cyprian says that Pope Cornelius was chosen Bishop of Rome "by the decree of God and of His Church, by the testimony of nearly all the clergy, by the college of aged bishops (sacerdotum), and of good men. This page is about Cyprian bishop of Carthage For other Cyprians see Cyprian (disambiguation. Pope "^[10] As was true for bishops of other dioceses (see the story of St. Ambrose as late as 374),^[11] the clergy of the Roman diocese was the electoral body for the bishop of Rome, but they did not cast votes, instead selecting the bishop by general consensus or by acclamation. Consensus has two common meanings One is a general agreement among the members of a given group or Community, each of which exercises some discretion in An acclamation, in its most common sense is a form of Election that does not use a Ballot. The candidate would then be submitted to the people for their general approval or disapproval. This lack of lucidity in the election procedures gave rise to rival Popes or antipopes, and to avoid factions the Roman Emperor sometimes confirmed the selection. An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman ^[12]

The Lateran Synod held in 769 officially abolished the theoretical suffrage held by the Roman people, though in 862, a Synod of Rome restored it to Roman noblemen. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally The term " patrician " originally referred to a group of elite families in Ancient Rome, including both their natural and ^[12] The pope was also subjected to oaths of loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor, whose task it was of provide security and public peace in Rome. ^[13] A major change was introduced in 1059, when Nicholas II decreed in In Nomine Domini that the cardinals were to elect a candidate, who would take office after receiving the assent of the clergy and laity. Nicholas II (died July 27 1061 born Gérard de Bourgogne, Pope from 1059 to July 1061 was at the time of his election the Bishop of Florence. In Nomine Domini, named for its Latin Incipit (" In the Name of the Lord " is a Papal bull of Pope Nicholas II A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. The most senior cardinals, the Cardinal Bishops, were to meet first and discuss the candidates before summoning the Cardinal Priests and Cardinal Deacons for the actual vote. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. ^[10] Imperial confirmation was dropped. ^[14] The Second Council of the Lateran in 1139 removed the requirement that the assent of the lower clergy and the laity be obtained. The Second Lateran and tenth Ecumenical council was held by Pope Innocent II in April 1139, and was attended by close to a thousand clerics ^[12]

Through much of the Middle Ages and Renaissance the cardinals numbered below 30 and as few as seven members under Pope Alexander IV (1254-1261). Pope Alexander IV (1199 or ca 1185 &ndash May 25 1261) was Pope from 1254 until his death ^[15] Difficult travel reduced the number arriving at the conclave. With a small electorate an individual vote was significant, and was not easily shaken from familiar or political lines. Conclaves could last months and even years. The long interregnum following the death of Clement IV in 1268 caused Gregory X and the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 to decree that the electors should be locked in seclusion, and their food rationed should they fail to choose a candidate in three to eight days. Pope Clement IV ( Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, year ca 1195 &ndash November 29, 1268 in Viterbo) born Gui Faucoi Pope The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council took place in 1245 ^[12] The strict rules of the conclave were disliked by the cardinals and suspended by John XXI (1276-1277). Pope John (numbering Pope John XXI (1215 – May 20, 1277) born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus) a Portuguese also Lengthy elections continued to be the norm until 1294 when a pious Benedictine hermit admonished the cardinals. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in The cardinals elected this same monk as Pope Celestine V, whose main acts as Pope were to reinstate the strict conclave, and to resign the papacy. ^[16] He was declared a saint in 1313.

In 1378, after the death of the French-born Gregory XI, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of an Italian; the cardinals complied by choosing Urban VI, who was not even a cardinal. See also Vicedomino de Vicedominis, a pope-elect who took the name Gregory XI. Pope Urban VI (c 1318 &ndash October 15, 1389) born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389 Later, in the same year, French and other cardinals moved to Fondi and elected another rival Pope. Fondi is a city and comune in the Province of Latina ( Lazio, Italy) halfway between Rome and Naples. The Council of Pisa met in 1409 to resolve the conflict, but only managed to elect a third claimant. The Council of Pisa was an unrecognized Ecumenical conference of the Roman Catholic Church held in 1409 that attempted to end the Western Schism The conflict, known as the Western Schism, was only resolved by the Council of Constance which met between 1414 and 1418. The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. The Roman Gregory XII abdicated in 1415, and the council deposed the other two claimants and elected Pope Martin V, ending the schism. Pope Gregory XII (died October 18, 1417) born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415 succeeded Pope Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or After that election it was declared that no council would have authority over the Pope, and that a papal election could not be undone. ^[17]

In 1587, Sixtus V fixed the number of cardinals to 70: six Cardinal Bishops, 50 Cardinal Priests, and 14 Cardinal Deacons. Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 ^[15] Beginning with John XXIII's attempts to broaden the backgrounds of the cardinals, that number has increased. Pope John (numberingBlessed In 1970, Paul VI decreed that cardinals over the age of eighty were ineligible to vote in the conclave, and also increased the number of active cardinal electors to 120. Pope Though this remains the theoretical limit, John Paul II exceeded this for short periods of time with knowledge of impending retirements. Pope John Paul II also specified that cardinals who were under eighty on the day the Holy See become vacant were still entitled to vote even if they had turned eighty by the time the conclave started. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Of the 182 cardinals at that time, 116 were under eighty years of age. ^[18]

Choice of the electors

Originally, lay status did not bar election to the Bishop of Rome: bishops of dioceses were sometimes elected even while still catechumens (as St. Ambrose, supra). In 769, in the wake of the violent dispute over the election of antipope Constantine II, Pope Stephen III held a synod which ruled that the entire clergy of Rome had a right to vote for the bishop of Rome, but that only a "cardinal priest" or "cardinal deacon" could be elected (this is the first use of the term "cardinal" and the "cardinal bishops" were specifically excluded). Antipope Constantine II (d 6 August 768 was an Antipope in 767 and 768. ^[19][10] Nicholas II, in the synod of 1059, modified this to give preference to the clergy of Rome in the choice, but the cardinal bishops were also free to select a candidate from elsewhere. ^[20] In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran reversed earlier requirements, once more allowing any Catholic man to be elected by the cardinals. The Third Council of the Lateran met in March 1179 as the 11th Ecumenical council. (This does not mean a layman elected would remain an unordained layman while serving as pope; see acceptance and proclamation below. In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. ) Urban VI in 1378 was the last Pope elected from outside the cardinals. Pope Urban VI (c 1318 &ndash October 15, 1389) born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389 In more recent history it is reported that Archbishop Giovanni Montini of Milan received several votes in the conclave of 1958 despite not being a cardinal. Pope Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. ^[21] The new pope John XXIII made Montini a cardinal almost immediately, and would be succeeded by him as Pope Paul VI in 1963. Pope John (numberingBlessed

Though the Pope's core title is "Bishop of Rome", he need not be of Italian background. Prior to Adrian VI, a native of the Netherlands who was elected in 1522, popes came from a wide variety of geographic areas and linguistic groups. Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of From Adrian VI to John Paul II, who was Polish, however, all of the popes were from areas that are now part of Italy - it must be remembered, however, that this bears little of the modern connotation of "Italian", as Italy was broken up into various independent republics and kingdoms, parts of the area of modern Italy were controlled by other powers like France or the Holy Roman Empire, and The Papal States (in the middle of the Italian "boot") were their own country until the unification of modern Italy in the mid-1800s. Pope In many cases, for instance, this distinction of Italian vs. non-Italian was almost meaningless compared to the distinction between Roman vs. non-Roman, between Florentine vs. Venetian, or between various political and familial alliances. The present incumbent, Benedict XVI, is German. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[22]

Thus, any baptised male Catholic (except a heretic or schismatic) can be elected by the College of Cardinals. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" As the Catholic Church holds that women cannot be ordained validly in the sacrament of Holy Orders, and as the pope is, by definition, the bishop of Rome, women have never been eligible for the papacy; claims that there was a female Pope, including the legendary Pope Joan, are fictitious. Pope Joan is the name of a Female Pope (also La Papessa) who supposedly reigned for less than three years in the 850s between the papacies of ^[23]

A simple majority sufficed for an election until 1179, when the Third Lateran Council increased the required majority to two-thirds. Cardinals were not allowed to vote for themselves; an elaborate procedure was adopted to ensure secrecy while at the same time preventing self-voting. ^[24] In 1945, Pius XII dispensed with the procedure. Pope He also increased the requisite majority to two-thirds plus one. In 1996, John Paul II restored the two-thirds majority requirement, but not the prohibition on cardinals voting for themselves. John Paul's constitution allowed election by absolute majority if deadlock still prevails seven ballots after the address by the senior Cardinal Bishop. An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership (in American English, a Supermajority Voting requirement is a Voting basis A deadlock is a situation wherein two or more competing actions are waiting for the other to finish and thus neither ever does ^[25] However, John Paul's successor Benedict XVI has rescinded John Paul's change (which had been criticised as effectively abolishing the two-thirds majority requirement, as any majority would suffice to block the election until a simple majority was enough to elect the next pope), reaffirming the requirement of a two-thirds majority. ^[26]

Electors formerly made choices by three methods: by acclamation, by compromise and by scrutiny. An acclamation, in its most common sense is a form of Election that does not use a Ballot. In Arguments compromise is a concept of finding Agreement through Communication, through a mutual Acceptance of terms—often involving variations Scrutiny (Fr scrutin, Late Lat scrutinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly is a careful examination or inquiry (often implying the search When voting by acclamation, the cardinals would unanimously declare the new Pope quasi afflati Spiritu Sancto (as if inspired by the Holy Spirit). In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance When voting by compromise, the deadlocked College of Cardinals would select a committee of cardinals to conduct an election. When voting by scrutiny, the electors cast secret ballots. ^[27] The last election by compromise was that of John XXII (1316), and the last election by acclamation was that of Gregory XV (1621). Pope John (numbering Pope John XXII (1249 &ndash December 4, 1334) born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse) was Pope from 1316 to 1334 Pope Gregory XV ( January 9 or January 15, 1554 – July 8, 1623) born Alessandro Ludovisi, was pope from 1621 succeeding New rules introduced by John Paul II have formally abolished these long-unused systems; now, election is always by ballot. A ballot is a device (originally a small ball—see blackball) used to record choices made by Voters Each voter uses one ballot and ballots are not ^[28]

Secular influence

For the greater part of its history, the Church has been influenced in the choice of its leaders by powerful monarchs and governments. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. For example, the Roman Emperors once held considerable sway in the elections of Popes. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In 418, Honorius settled a controverted election, upholding Boniface I over the challenger Eulalius. Flavius Honorius ( September 9, 384 &ndash August 15, 423) was Roman Emperor (393- 395 and then Western Roman Emperor Pope Antipope Eulalius (died 423 was an Antipope who reigned from December 418 to April 419 although elected the day before Pope Boniface I. ^[29] He ordered that in future cases, controverted elections would be settled by fresh elections; the method was never applied before its lapse. After the demise of the Western Roman Empire, clout passed to the Ostrogothic Kings of Italy. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late In 532, John II formally recognised the right of the Ostrogothic monarchs to ratify elections. Pope John II of Alexandria was the Coptic Pope from 505 to 516. By the end of the 530s, the Ostrogothic monarchy was overthrown, and power passed to the Byzantine Emperors (who are known as the Eastern Roman Emperors). A procedure was adopted whereby officials were required to notify the Exarch of Ravenna (who would relay the information to the Byzantine Emperor) upon the death of a Pope before proceeding to the election. This article is about Byzantine governors and ecclesiastical ranks Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Once the electors arrived at a choice, they were required to send a delegation to Constantinople requesting the Emperor's consent, which was necessary before the individual elected could take office. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Lengthy delays were caused by the sojourns to and from Constantinople; when Benedict II complained about them, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV acquiesced, ending the confirmation of elections by the Emperors. Pope Constantine IV ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Δ' Kōnstantinos IV) (652&ndash685 sometimes incorrectly called Pogonatos, "the Bearded" Thereafter, the Emperor was only required to be notified; the requirement was dispensed with by Pope Zachary and by his successors.

In the 9th century, a new empire—the Holy Roman Empire, which was German, not Italian—came to exert control over the elections of Popes. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. While the first two Holy Roman Emperors, Charlemagne and Louis, did not interfere with the Church, Lothar claimed that an election could not be conducted except in the presence of imperial ambassadors. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor Lothair I ( German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario) (795 &ndash 29 September 855) In 898, riots forced John IX to recognise the superintendence of the Holy Roman Emperor; the local secular rulers in Rome also continued to exert a great influence, especially during the tenth century period known as the Pornocracy. John IX, Pope from 898 to 900 not only confirmed the judgment of his predecessor Pope Theodore II (897 in granting Christian burial to Pope The Pornocracy (from Greek porne, a prostitute, and kratein, to rule or Rule of the Harlots was a period in the History

In 1059, the same papal bull that restricted suffrage to the cardinals also recognised the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, at the time Henry IV, but only as a "concession" made by the Pope, thus establishing that the Holy Roman Emperor had no authority to intervene in elections except where permitted to do so by papal agreements. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until Gregory VII was the last to submit to the interference of the Holy Roman Emperors; the breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the Investiture Controversy led to the abolition of the Emperor's role. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over ^[30] In 1119, the Holy Roman Empire acceded to the Concordat of Worms, accepting the papal decision. The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V

From the sixteenth century, certain Catholic nations were allowed to exercise the so-called "right of exclusion" or "veto". A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. By an informal convention, each nation was allowed to veto not more than one papal candidate; any decision made by a nation was conveyed by one of its cardinals. The power of exclusion was, by the same custom, only exercisable by any nation once. Therefore, the nation's cardinals did not announce the use of the power until the very last moment when the candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. No vetoes could be employed after an election. After the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, its place was taken by Austria (which was a part of the Empire and whose ruler was also Holy Roman Emperor). Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Austria became the last nation to exercise the power in 1903, when Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko informed the College of Cardinals that Austria opposed the election of Mariano Cardinal Rampolla (who had received 29 out of 60 votes in one ballot). Prince Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko ( 13 September 1842 in Gwoździec Galicia &ndash 8 September 1911 Mariano Cardinal Rampolla del Tindaro ( August 17, 1843 &ndash December 17, 1913) was a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church Consequently, the College chose Giuseppe Cardinal Sarto with 55 votes. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Cardinal Sarto chose the name Pius X and soon abolished the right of the veto. He declared that any cardinal who communicated his government's veto would suffer excommunication, or expulsion from Church communal life. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community ^[31]

Conclaves

In earlier years, papal elections sometimes suffered prolonged deadlocks. To resolve them, authorities often resorted to the forced seclusion of the cardinal electors. The method was adopted, for example, in 1216 by the city of Perugia and in 1241 by the city of Rome. Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia After the death of Clement IV in 1268, the city of Viterbo was also forced to resort to the seclusion of cardinals in the episcopal palace. Pope Clement IV ( Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, year ca 1195 &ndash November 29, 1268 in Viterbo) born Gui Faucoi Viterbo is an ancient city and Comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of the Province of Viterbo. When the cardinals still failed to elect a Pope, the city refused to send in any materials except bread and water. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. When even this failed to produce a Pope, the townspeople removed the roof over the cardinals' heads. As a result, the cardinals soon elected Gregory X, ending an interregnum of almost three years. Pope An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity of a government organization or social order The cardinals write down who they want to become pope and vote on it until agreed. ^[32]

To reduce further delays, Gregory X introduced stringent rules relating to the election procedures. Cardinals were to be secluded in a closed area; they were not even accorded separate rooms. No cardinal was allowed to be attended by more than one servant unless ill. Food was to be supplied through a window; after three days of the meeting, the cardinals were to receive only one dish a day; after five days, they were to receive just bread and water. During the conclave, no cardinal was to receive any ecclesiastical revenue. ^[33]

Gregory X's strict regulations were later abrogated in 1276 by Adrian V, but after he was elected in 1294 following a two-year vacancy, Celestine V restored them. Pope Adrian V (c 1205 &ndash August 18, 1276) born Ottobuono de' Fieschi was Pope in 1276 In 1562, Pius IV issued a papal bull that introduced regulations relating to the secrecy of the ballots and other procedural matters. Pope Pius IV ( March 31, 1499 &ndash December 9, 1565) born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565 Gregory XV issued two bulls that covered the most minute of details relating to the election; the first, issued in 1621, concerned electoral processes, while the other bull, issued in 1622, fixed the ceremonies to be observed. In 1904, Pius X issued a constitution consolidating almost all of the previous ones, making some revamps. Several reforms were instituted by John Paul II in 1996. ^[1]

The location of the conclaves was not fixed until the fourteenth century. Since the Western Schism, however, elections have always been held in Rome (except in 1800, when Neapolitan troops occupying Rome forced the election to be held in Venice), and normally in the Vatican City (which has, since the Lateran treaties of 1929, been recognised as an independent state). The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Within Rome and the Vatican City, different locations have been used for the election. Since 1846, when the Quirinal Palace was used, the Sistine Chapel has always served as the location of the election. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President Popes have often written "election constitutions" fine-tuning the rules for the election of their successors: Pope Pius XII's Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis of 1945 governed the conclave of 1958, Pope John XXIII's Summi Pontificis Electio of 1962 that of 1963, Pope Paul VI's Romano Pontifici Eligendo of 1975 those of 1978, and John Paul II's Universi Dominici Gregis of 1996 that of 2005. Pope Pope John (numberingBlessed Pope Pope ^[34]

Modern practice

In 1996, John Paul II promulgated a new Apostolic Constitution, called Universi Dominici Gregis (The Lord's Whole Flock), which now governs the election of the Pope's successor. Universi Dominici Gregis is an Apostolic Constitution of the Roman Catholic Church issued by Pope John Paul II on February 22, The procedures outlined, however, in many cases date to much earlier times. Universi Dominici Gregis is the sole constitution governing the election; it abrogates all constitutions previously issued by Popes. Under Universi Dominici Gregis, the cardinals are to be lodged in a purpose-built edifice, the Domus Sanctæ Marthæ, but are to continue to vote in the Sistine Chapel. The Domus Sanctæ Marthæ ( Latin for Saint Martha's House) is a building adjacent to Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City built during ^[35]

Several duties are performed by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who is always a Cardinal Bishop. The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the President of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank If the Dean is not entitled to participate in the conclave due to age, his place is taken by the Sub-Dean, who is also always a Cardinal Bishop. If the Sub-Dean also cannot participate, the senior Cardinal Bishop participating performs the functions. ^[36]

Since the College of Cardinals is a small body, some have suggested that the electorate should be expanded. Proposed reforms include a plan to replace the College of Cardinals as the electoral body with the Synod of Bishops, which includes many more members. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Under present procedure, however, the Synod may only meet while called by the Pope. Universi Dominici Gregis explicitly provides that even if a Synod or ecumenical council is in session at the time of a Pope's death, it may not perform the election. This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. Upon the Pope's death, either body's proceedings are suspended, to be resumed only upon the order of the new Pope. ^[37]

It is considered poor form to campaign for the position of Pope. However, there is inevitably always much speculation about which Cardinals have serious prospects of being elected. Speculation tends to mount when a Pope is ill or aged and shortlists of potential candidates appear in the media. A Cardinal who is considered to be a prospect for the papacy is referred to informally as being papabile (plural noun: papabili), the term being coined by Vatican watchers in the mid-twentieth century. Papabile /pa'pabile/ ( pl papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally ^[38]

Death of the Pope

The death of the Pope is verified by the Cardinal Camerlengo, or Chamberlain, who traditionally performed the task by gently striking the Pope's head with a small silver hammer and calling out his Christian (not papal) name three times. During the twentieth century the use of the hammer in this ritual has been abandoned; under Universi Dominici Gregis, the Camerlengo must merely declare the Pope's death by calling him three times by his Christian name in the presence of the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations, and of the Cleric Prelates, Secretary and Chancellor of the Apostolic Camera. The Cardinal Camerlengo takes possession of the Ring of the Fisherman worn by the Pope; the Ring, along with the papal seal, is later destroyed before the College of Cardinals. Ring of the Fisherman, also known as the Piscatory Ring and the Pescatorio (in Italian) is an official part of the regalia worn by the The tradition originated to avoid forgery of documents, but today merely is a symbol of the end of the pope's reign. ^[39]

During the sede vacante, as the papal vacancy is known, certain limited powers pass to the College of Cardinals, which is convoked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals. Sede vacante is the vacancy of the Episcopal see of a Particular church in the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. All cardinals are obliged to attend the General Congregation of Cardinals, except those whose health does not permit, or who are over eighty (but those cardinals may choose to attend if they please). The Particular Congregation, which deals with the day-to-day matters of the Church, includes the Cardinal Camerlengo and the three Cardinal Assistants—one Cardinal Bishop, one Cardinal Priest and one Cardinal Deacon—chosen by lot. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Every three days, new Cardinal Assistants are chosen by lot. The Cardinal Camerlengo and Cardinal Assistants are responsible, among other things, for maintaining the election's secrecy. ^[40]

The Congregations must make certain arrangements in respect of the Pope's burial, which by tradition takes place within four to six days of the Pope's death, leaving time for pilgrims to see the dead pontiff, and is to be followed by a nine-day period of mourning (this is known as the novemdiales, Latin for "nine days"). Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground The Congregations also fix the date and time of the commencement of the conclave. The conclave normally takes place fifteen days after the death of the Pope, but the Congregations may extend the period to a maximum of twenty days in order to permit other cardinals to arrive in the Vatican City. ^[41]

A vacancy in the papal office may also result from a papal abdication, though no pope has abdicated since Gregory XII in 1415. Papal abdication occurs in the Catholic Church when the Pope resigns his office Pope Gregory XII (died October 18, 1417) born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415 succeeded Pope ^[42]

Beginning of the election

The cardinals hear two sermons before the election: one before actually entering the conclave, and one once they are settled in the Sistine Chapel. In both cases, the sermons are meant to lay out the current state of the Church, and to suggest the qualities necessary for a pope to possess in that specific time. The first preacher in the 2005 conclave was Fr. Raniero Cantalamessa, the preacher of the papal household and a member of the Capuchin Franciscan order, who spoke at one of the meetings of the cardinals held before the actual day when the conclave began. Reverend Father Rainiero Cantalamessa is a Franciscan Capuchin Priest within the Roman Catholic Church. ^[43] Cardinal Tomáš Špidlík, a former professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute and a retired (thus, non-voting) member of the College of Cardinals, spoke just before the doors were finally closed for the conclave. ^[44]

On the morning of the day designated by the Congregations of Cardinals, the cardinal electors assemble in St Peter's Basilica to celebrate the Eucharist. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Then, they gather in the afternoon in the Pauline Chapel of the Palace of the Vatican, proceeding to the Sistine Chapel while singing the Veni Creator Spiritus. ^[45] The Cardinals then take an oath to observe the procedures set down by the apostolic constitutions; to, if elected, defend the liberty of the Holy See; to maintain secrecy; and to disregard the instructions of secular authorities on voting. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic The Cardinal Dean reads the oath aloud in full; in order of precedence, the other cardinal electors merely state, while touching the Gospels, that they "do so promise, pledge and swear. The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the President of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament "^[46]

After all the cardinals present have taken the oath, the Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations orders all individuals other than the cardinals and conclave participants to leave the Chapel -- traditionally, he stands at the door of the Sistine Chapel and calls out or states "Extra omnes", Latin for, roughly, "Everybody else, out!" He then closes the door. ^[47]

The Master himself may remain, as may one ecclesiastic designated by the Congregations prior to the commencement of the election. The ecclesiastic makes a speech concerning the problems facing the Church and on the qualities the new Pope needs to have. After the speech concludes, the ecclesiastic leaves. Following the recitation of prayers, the Cardinal Dean asks if any doubts relating to procedure remain. After the clarification of the doubts, the election may commence. Cardinals who arrive after the conclave has begun are admitted nevertheless. An ill cardinal may leave the conclave and later be readmitted; a cardinal who leaves for any reason other than illness may not return to the conclave. ^[48]

Each cardinal elector may be accompanied by two attendants or conclavists (three if the cardinal elector is ill). The Secretary of the College of Cardinals, the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations, two Masters of Ceremonies, two officers of the Papal Sacristy and an ecclesiastic assisting the Dean of the College of Cardinals are also admitted to the conclave. Priests are available to hear confessions in different languages; two doctors are also admitted. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e Finally, a strictly limited number of servant staff are permitted for housekeeping and the preparing and serving of meals. Secrecy is maintained during the conclave; the cardinals as well as the conclavists and staff are not permitted to disclose any information relating to the election. Cardinal electors may not correspond or converse with anyone outside the conclave, by post, radio, telephone or otherwise and eavesdropping is an offense punishable by excommunication latae sententiae - in fact, before the conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, the Sistine Chapel was "swept" using the latest electronic devices to detect any hidden "bugs" or surveillance devices (there were no reports that any were found, but in previous conclaves there were discovered press reporters who had disguised themselves as conclave servants). Latae sententiae is a Latin term used in the canon law of the Catholic Church meaning literally "given (laid down sentence" A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug, is usually a combination of a Miniature Radio transmitter with a Microphone. Universi Dominici Gregis specifically prohibits media such as newspapers, the radio, and television. ^[49]

Voting

On the afternoon of the first day, one ballot may be held. If a ballot takes place on the afternoon of the first day and no-one is elected, or no ballot had taken place, four ballots are held on each successive day: two in each morning and two in each afternoon. Before voting in the morning and again before voting in the afternoon, the electors take an oath to obey the rules of the conclave. If no result is obtained after three vote days of balloting, the process is suspended for a maximum of one day for prayer and an address by the senior Cardinal Deacon. After seven further ballots, the process may again be similarly suspended, with the address now being delivered by the senior Cardinal Priest. If, after another seven ballots, no result is achieved, voting is suspended once more, the address being delivered by the senior Cardinal Bishop. After a further seven ballots, there shall be a day of prayer, reflection and dialogue. In the following ballots, only the two Cardinals who received the most votes in the last ballot shall be eligible, and a two-thirds majority of the votes shall still be required. However, the two Cardinals who are being voted on shall not themselves have the right to vote. ^[50]

The process of voting comprises three phases: the "pre-scrutiny", the "scrutiny", and the "post-scrutiny. " During the pre-scrutiny, the Masters of the Ceremonies prepare ballot papers bearing the words Eligo in Summum Pontificem ("I elect as Supreme Pontiff") and provide at least two to each cardinal elector. As the cardinals begin to write down their votes, the Secretary of the College of Cardinals, the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations and the Masters of Ceremonies exit; the junior Cardinal Deacon then closes the door. The junior Cardinal Deacon then draws by lot nine names; the first three become Scrutineers, the second three Infirmarii and the last three Revisers. New Scrutineers, Infirmarii and Revisers are not selected again after the first scrutiny; the same nine cardinals perform the same task for the second scrutiny. After lunch, the election resumes with the oath to obey the rules of the conclave taken anew when the cardinals again assemble in the Sistine Chapel. Nine names are chosen for new scrutineers, infirmarii, and revisers. The third scrutiny then commences, and if necessary, a fourth immediately follows.

The scrutiny phase of the election is as follows: The cardinal electors proceed, in order of precedence, to take their completed ballots (which bear only the name of the individual voted for) to the altar, where the Scrutineers stand. Before casting the ballot, each cardinal elector takes a Latin oath, which translates to: "I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " " If any cardinal elector is in the Chapel, but cannot proceed to the altar due to infirmity, the last Scrutineer may go to him and take his ballot after the oath is recited. If any cardinal elector is by reason of infirmity confined to his room, the Infirmarii go to their rooms with ballot papers and a box. Any such sick cardinals take the oath and then complete the ballot papers. When the Infirmarii return to the Chapel, the ballots are counted to ensure that their number matches with the number of ill cardinals; thereafter, they are deposited in the appropriate receptacle. This oath is taken by all cardinals as they cast their ballots. If no one is chosen on the first scrutiny, then a second scrutiny immediately follows. A total of four scrutinies are taken each day, two in the morning and two in the afternoon.

The oath when casting one's vote is therefore anonymous, since the name of the elector is no longer signed on the ballot with that of the candidate. (Previously, the ballot was also signed by the elector and then folded over to cover the signature of the elector and then sealed to result in a semi-secret ballot. See example above. ) This was the procedure prior to 1945. Above is a copy of the old three section semi-secret ballot, which was last used in the conclave of 1939. There was no oath taken when actually casting ballots, prior to 1621. Completely secret ballots were sometimes used prior to 1564, though in some conclaves prior to 1564, the cardinals verbally voted and sometimes stood in groups to facilitate counting the votes cast. The signature of the elector covered by a folded-over part of the ballot paper was added by Pius IV in 1564, to prevent anyone from casting the deciding vote for himself. Cardinal Pole of England refused to cast the deciding vote for himself in 1549 (and was not elected), but in 1492 Cardinal Borgia (Alexander VI) did cast the deciding vote for himself. With the papacy under mortal challenge from the Protestants in the mid 16th century, Pius IV felt that it would be very wise to prevent any possibility of anyone casting the deciding vote for himself. Since 1945, a cardinal can again cast the deciding vote for himself, though the 2/3 majority rule has always been continued, except when John Paul II had modified that rule in 1996 (after 33 ballots, a simple majority was sufficient), with the 2/3 majority rule restored in 2007 by Benedict XVI.

Prior to 1621, the only oath taken was that of obedience to the rules of the conclave in force at that time, when the cardinals entered the conclave and the doors were locked, and each morning and afternoon as they entered the Sistine Chapel to vote. Gregory XV added the additional oath, taken when each cardinal casts his ballot, to prevent cardinals wasting time in casting "courtesy votes" and instead narrowing the number of realistic candidates for the papal throne to perhaps only two or three. Speed in electing a pope was important, and that meant using an oath so as to get the cardinals down to the serious business of electing a new pope and narrowing the number of potentially electable candidates. The reforms of Gregory XV in 1621 and 1622 created the written detailed step-by-step procedure used in choosing a pope; a procedure that was essentially the same as that which was used in 2005 to elect Benedict XVI. The biggest change since 1621 was the elimination of the rule that required the electors to sign their ballots resulting in the detailed voting procedure of scrutiny making use of anonymous oaths. This was perhaps the most significant change in the modern era detailed voting procedure, since that detailed voting procedure was first created in 1621. It was Pius XII who made this change in 1945.

Once all votes have been cast, the first Scrutineer chosen shakes the container, and the last Scrutineer removes and counts the ballots. If the number of ballots does not correspond to the number of cardinal electors present, the ballots are burnt, unread, and the vote is repeated. If, however, no irregularities are observed, the ballots may be opened and the votes counted. Each ballot is unfolded by the first Scrutineer; all three Scrutineers separately write down the name indicated on the ballot. The last of the Scrutineers reads the name aloud.

Once all of the ballots have been opened, the final post-scrutiny phase begins. The Scrutineers add up all of the votes, and the Revisers check the ballots and the names on the Scrutineers' lists to ensure that no error was made. The ballots are then all burnt by the Scrutineers with the assistance of the Secretary of the College and the Masters of Ceremonies. If the first scrutiny held in any given morning or afternoon does not result in an election, the cardinals proceed to the next scrutiny immediately; the papers from both scrutinies are burnt together at the end of the second scrutiny. The colour of the smoke signals the results to the people assembled in St Peter's Square. Dark smoke signals that the ballot did not result in an election, while white smoke signals that a new Pope was chosen. Originally, damp straw was added to the fire to create dark smoke; since 1958 chemicals have been used, and since 2005 bells ring after a successful election in case the white smoke is not unambiguously white. ^[51]

Acceptance and proclamation

Once the election concludes, the Cardinal Dean summons the Secretary of the College of Cardinals and the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations into the hall. The Cardinal Dean then asks the Pope-elect if he assents to the election, saying "Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff?". There is no requirement that the Pope-elect do so: he is free to say "non accepto" (I don't accept). In practice, however, any potential Pope-elect who intends not to accept will explicitly state this before he has been given a sufficient number of votes to become Pope. This has happened in modern times with Giovanni Cardinal Colombo in October 1978^[52] and, according to some sources, with Jorge Cardinal Bergoglio in 2005. Giovanni Colombo ( December 6, 1902 &mdash May 20, 1992) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Papabili and proceedings Ten days after the funeral of Pope John Paul I, on October 14, the doors of the Sistine Chapel were sealed and the conclave Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ (born December 17, 1936) is an Argentine Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. The only significant case where a cardinal did refuse the Papacy after being given a sufficient number of votes was Charles Borromeo in the sixteenth century. Saint Charles Borromeo (Carlo Borromeo Latinized as Carolus Borromeus) ( October 2 1538 – November 3 1584) is an

If he accepts, and is already a bishop, he immediately takes office. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight If he is not a bishop, however, he must be first ordained as one before he can assume office. If a priest is elected, the Cardinal Dean ordains him bishop; if a layman is elected, then the Cardinal Dean first ordains him deacon, then priest, and only then bishop. Only after becoming a bishop does the Pope-elect take office.

(The above functions of the Dean are assumed, if necessary, by the sub-Dean, and if the sub-Dean is also impeded, they are assumed by the senior cardinal-bishop in attendance. Notice that in 2005 the Dean himself - Joseph Ratzinger - was elected Pope. )

Since 533, the new Pope has also decided on the name by which he is to be called at this time. Pope John II was the first to adopt a new papal name; he felt that his original name, Mercurius, was inappropriate, as it was also the name of a Roman god. Pope John II of Alexandria was the Coptic Pope from 505 to 516. "Alipes" redirects here For the Centipede Genus, see Alipes (centipede. In most cases, even if such considerations are absent, Popes tend to choose new papal names; the last Pope to reign under his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II (1555). Pope Marcellus II (6 May 1501 &ndash 1 May 1555 born Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi was Pope from 5 April 1555 succeeding Pope Julius III. After the papal name is chosen, the officials are readmitted to the conclave, and the Master of Pontifical Liturgical writes a document recording the acceptance and the new name of the Pope.

Later, the new Pope goes to the "Room of Tears", a small red room next to the Sistine Chapel. The origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to imply the commixture of joy and sorrow felt by the newly chosen holder of the monumental office. The Pope dresses by himself, choosing a set of pontifical choir robes (white cassock, rochet and mozzetta) among the three sizes: small, medium and large. The cassock, an item of Clerical clothing, is a long close-fitting ankle-length Robe worn by clerics of the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox A rochet is a Vestment generally worn by a Roman Catholic or Anglican Bishop in Choir dress. The mozzetta is a short elbow-length cape that covers the shoulders and is buttoned over the breast Then, he vests in a gold corded pectoral cross and a red embroidered stole. A pectoral cross or pectorale (from the Latin pectoralis, "of the Chest " is a cross, usually large suspended from He wears a white zuchetto on his head. The zucchetto (plural zucchetti, Italian for "small Gourd " also called pileolus, is a small skullcap worn by clerics

Next, the senior Cardinal Deacon (the Cardinal Protodeacon) appears at the main balcony of the basilica's façade to proclaim the new pope with the Latin phrase:

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam! Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [forename], Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [surname], qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name]. Habemus Papam is the announcement given in Latin by the senior Cardinal Deacon upon the election of a new Pope.

("I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope! The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord [forename], Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname], who takes to himself the name [papal name]. ")

It has happened in the past that the Cardinal Protodeacon has himself been the person elected Pope. In such an event the announcement is made by the next senior Deacon, who has thus succeeded as Protodeacon, and not by the new Pope himself. During the election of Pope Pius X in 1903 Protodeacon Prospero Cardinal Caterini was physically incapable of completing the announcement, so another made it for him. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the

The new Pope then gives his first apostolic blessing, Urbi et Orbi ("to the City [Rome] and to the World"). Urbi et Orbi, literally "to the City Rome and to the World," was a standard opening of Formerly, the Pope would be crowned by the triregnum or Triple Tiara at the Papal Coronation. The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered The Papal Coronation is the ceremony in which a new Pope is crowned as earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church, sovereign of Vatican City John Paul I, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI did not want the elaborate coronation ceremony for themselves, choosing instead to be inaugurated in a Papal Inauguration ceremony. Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Pope Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger The Papal Inauguration Mass is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church (celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements ^[53]

Historical voting patterns

The newly elected pope often contrasts dramatically with his predecessor, a tendency expressed by the Italian saying "After a fat pope, a lean pope". Past cardinals have often voted for someone radically different from the pope who appointed them. The controversial one-time populist-turned-conservative, long-lived Pope Pius IX (1846–1878) was succeeded by the aristocratic and diplomatic Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903). Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope He in turn was succeeded by the lower-class, bluntly outspoken Pope Pius X (1903–1914). Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Pius X's rugged ultra-conservatism contrasted with the low-key moderatism of Giacomo Cardinal della Chiesa, Pope Benedict XV (1914–1922), which again contrasted with the former librarian mountain-climber Achille Cardinal Ratti, Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), who led Roman Catholicism with an authoritarianism more akin to Pius X, who also shared his temper. Pope Benedict XV ( Latin: Benedictus PP XV) (Benedetto XV ( November 21 1854 &ndash January 22 1922 born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born

Pius XI was succeeded in 1939 by the aristocratic ultra-insider Curialist, Pius XI's Secretary of State Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope Pope Pius XII was seen as one of the great thinkers in the papacy in the 20th century. He was also the ultimate insider; his family were descended from the Roman aristocracy, with his brother working as a lawyer for the Holy See. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Pius was succeeded by the lower-class, elderly, popular, informal Pope John XXIII (1958–1963). Pope John (numberingBlessed The contrast between diffident, intellectual and distant Pius XII and the humble, in his own words "ordinary" Good Pope John was dramatic, with none more surprised at the election than Pope John himself, who had his own return rail ticket in his pocket when he was elected.

John proved to be a radical break with the two previous popes, and indeed with most of the popes of the 20th century. After a short but dramatic pontificate during which he convoked the Second Vatican Council which resulted in wide ranging changes in the church, the surprise John was replaced by the widely expected choice Giovanni Batista Cardinal Montini, who many believed would have been elected in 1958, had he been a cardinal then. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Like Pius XII, Montini Pope Paul VI (1963–1978) was a curialist. Pope (He had worked with Pacelli in the 1930s and 1940s in the curia. ) Yet Pope Paul VI was succeeded (albeit for a short time) by the non-curialist Pope John Paul I (1978), who it was said was chosen not as an experienced insider or administrator, but as a "simple, holy man". Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 He in turn was succeeded by the non-Italian Pope John Paul II (1978–2005), who spoke many languages. Pope He was then succeeded by the extremely intelligent German Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and at the same time, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI after more than a quarter of a century in 2005. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the President of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger He is the second non-Italian and the first German Pontiff to be elected since Pope Adrian VI (an ethnic German born in future Dutch territory of the Holy Roman Empire, so he was German in terms of his ethnicity and citizenship). Pontiff or Pontificate is a title of certain religious leaders now used principally to refer to leaders such as the Pope of the Catholic Church and of Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in ^[54]

See also

• Elective monarchy
• Sede vacante
• Papal abdication
• List of papal conclaves
• Accessus
• Conclave capitulation

External resources

• Papal elections and conclaves by century (details of each conclave from 1061 to 2005)

Italian documentary on YouTube (English subtitled)

• The Conclave in history - Part 1 of 3
• The Conclave in history - Part 2 of 3
• The Conclave in history - Part 3 of 3

References

Bibliography

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• Apostolic Constitution, Vacante Sede Apostolica, (25 December, 1904): Pii X Pontificis Maximi Acta, III (1908) 239-288.
• Apostolic Constitution, Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis, (8 December, 1945): Acta Apostolica Sedis 38 (4 February, 1946), 65-99.
• Baumgartner, F. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Benedict XVI (2007). Motu Proprio De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis.
• Burkle-Young, Francis A. (1999). Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope. Madison Books: Lanham, Maryland.
• Colomer, Josep M. and Iain McLean (1998). Electing Popes. Approval Balloting with Qualified-Majority Rule, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29, 1, 1998: 1- 22. Also in: Robert Rotberg ed. Politics and Political Change. Boston: MIT Press, 2001: 47- 68.
• "Conclave. " (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
•  Dowling, A. (1913). "Conclave". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia New York: Robert Appleton Company.  
• "Electing the Pope: The Conclave." Catholic Almanac (2002).
•  Fanning, W. H. W. (1913). "Papal Elections". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia New York: Robert Appleton Company.  
•  Joyce, G. H. (1913). "Election of the Popes". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia New York: Robert Appleton Company.  
• National Geographic. (2004). "Inside the Vatican."
• Reese, T. J. (1996). "Revolution in Papal Elections." America. (Volume 174, issue 12, p. 4)
• ReligionFacts. com: How the Pope is Elected.
• Scottish Catholic Media Office: Election of a Pope.
• Von Pastor, Ludwig. History of the Papacy, Reforms of Pope Gregory XV, papal bulls: Aeterni Patris (1621) and Decet Romanum Pontificem (1622).
• Wintle, W. J. (1903). "How the Pope is Elected." The London Magazine, June, 1903.
• Classic Encyclopedia on line, from 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Brittanica

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