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For other uses, see Panthera (disambiguation).
Panthera[1]
Fossil range: Early Pliocene to Recent
Top to bottom: Lion, Tiger, Jaguar, and Leopard
Top to bottom: Lion, Tiger, Jaguar, and Leopard
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Oken, 1816
Type species
Felis pardus
Linnaeus, 1758

Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae (the cats), which contains four well-known living species: the Lion, the Tiger, the Jaguar, and the Leopard. The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre Felidae is the biological family of the cats a member of this family is called a felid. Pantherinae is the subfamily of the family Felidae which includes the genera Panthera, Uncia and Neofelis Lorenz Oken ( August 1, 1779 &ndash August 11, 1851) was a German naturalist. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biological classification, family ( Latin Felidae is the biological family of the cats a member of this family is called a felid. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The genus comprises about half of the Pantherinae subfamily, the big cats. Pantherinae is the subfamily of the family Felidae which includes the genera Panthera, Uncia and Neofelis The term big cat is used to distinguish the larger cat species from smaller ones One meaning of the word panther is to designate cats of this subfamily. The word is often presumed to derive from Greek pan- ("all") and ther ("beast"), but this may be a folk etymology. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. Although it came into English through the classical languages, panthera is probably of East Asian origin, meaning "the yellowish animal," or "whitish-yellow". [2]

Only these four cat species have the anatomical changes enabling them to roar. The primary reason for this was assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone. Ossification is the process of Bone formation in which connective tissues such as Cartilage are turned to bone or bone-like tissue The hyoid bone ( lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a Bone in the Neck, and is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any However, new studies show that the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx. The term morphology in Biology refers to the outward appearance ( Shape, Structure, Colour, Pattern) of an Organism The larynx (plural larynges) colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the Neck of Mammals involved in protection of the The Snow Leopard, Uncia uncia, which is sometimes included within Panthera, does not roar. The snow leopard ( Uncia uncia) sometimes known as the ounce, is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central Asia from Afghanistan Northern Although it has an incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone, it lacks the special morphology of the larynx. [3]

Contents

Evolution

Like much of the Felidae family, Panthera has been subject to much debate and taxonomic revision. Felidae is the biological family of the cats a member of this family is called a felid. At the base of the genus is probably the extinct felid Viretailurus schaubi, which is sometimes also regarded as an early member of the Puma group. Puma is a Felidae genus that contains the Cougar (also known as the Puma, among other names and the Jaguarundi. Panthera has likely derived in Asia, but the definite roots of the genus remain unclear. The divergence of the Pantherine cats (including the living genera Panthera, Uncia and Neofelis) from the Felinae (including all other living cat species) has been ranked between six and ten Ma[4]. Pantherinae is the subfamily of the family Felidae which includes the genera Panthera, Uncia and Neofelis Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning Year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages the accusative singular The fossil record points to the emergence of Panthera just 2 to 3. 8 million years ago[5].

Morphological and genetic studies have suggested that the tiger was the first of the recent Panthera species to emerge from the lineage[6], but this remains unresolved. The Snow Leopard was seen originally at the base of the Panthera, but newer molecular studies suggest, that it is nestled within Panthera, and may be even a sister species of the Leopard. [6] Many thus place the Snow Leopard within the genus Panthera[4][6][7] but there is currently no consensus whether Snow Leopard should retain its own genus, Uncia[8][9] or be moved to Panthera uncia. [4][6][10][7] A prehistoric feline, probably closely related to the modern Jaguar, is Panthera gombaszogensis, often called European Jaguar. The European jaguar ( Panthera (onca gombaszoegensis) lived about 1 This species appeared first around 1. 6 million years ago in what is now Olivola in Italy. Olivola is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km east of

The Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is generally placed at the basis of the Panthera group, but is not included in the genus Panthera itself. The Clouded Leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa) is a medium-sized cat, 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in long and weighing between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb [4][6][10][7]

Species, subspecies, and populations

There have been many subspecies of all four Panthera species suggested; however, many of the Leopard and Lion subspecies are questionable. Recently it has been proposed that all sub-saharan populations of Leopards are all the same Leopard subspecies, and all sub-saharan populations of Lions likewise belong to the same Lion subspecies, as they do not have sufficient genetic distinction between them. Some prehistoric Lion subspecies have been described from historical evidence and fossils. They may have been separate species.

The 'Black panther' is not a distinct species but is just the common name for black (melanistic) specimens of the genus, most often encountered in Jaguar and Leopard species. A black panther is a black ( melanistic) color variant of one of several Species of larger cat which are often known by the term panther.

Taxa

(Extinct species and subspecies are indicated with the symbol †)

References

  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea also known as the European or Eurasian cave lion, is an Extinct Subspecies of Lion In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Panthera leo vereshchagini, also known as the East Siberian or Beringian cave lion, is an extinct prehistoric lion that inhabited Yakutia In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Panthera palaeosinensis was an early Pleistocene Species from northern China. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Panthera pardoides is a primitive species of leopard (Genus Panthera) that is now Extinct. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus fusca) is a Leopard subspecies native to the Indian subcontinent. The North Chinese leopard ( Panthera pardus japonensis) is a subspecies of Leopards native to northern China. The Sri Lanka leopard ( Panthera pardus kotiya) colloquially known as Kotiya, is a subspecies of Leopard native to Sri Lanka. The Arabian leopard ( Panthera pardus nimr) is a smaller subspecies of Leopard than that of its cousins in Asia and Africa. The Amur Leopard ( Panthera pardus orientalis) is critically endangered The African Leopard is the most common Leopard subspecies with the least conservation concern The Persian leopard ( Panthera pardus saxicolor) or Iranian leopard, is one of the Leopard subspecies native to western Asia. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Anatolian leopard ( Panthera pardus tulliana) was once described as a distinct Subspecies of Leopard native to Anatolia (Asia Minor Panthera schaubi or Viretailurus schaubi is a prehistoric feline species which is probably at the base of the genus Panthera. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Panthera schreuderi is a possible pre-historic species of large cat that is now Extinct. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus The Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) also known as the Amur tiger, Manchurian tiger, or Ussuri tiger, is a rare Subspecies The South China tiger or South Chinese tiger ( Panthera tigris amoyensis) also known as the Chinese Amoy or Xiamen tiger is a Subspecies of The Bali tiger ( Panthera tigris balica) harimau Bali in Indonesian or referred to as samong in archaic Balinese language is an In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Indochinese tiger or Corbett's tiger ( Panthera tigris corbetti) is a Subspecies of Tiger found in Cambodia, Laos, The Malayan tiger ( Panthera tigris jacksoni, Malay: Harimau Belang) exclusively found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, until The Javan tiger ( Panthera tigris sondaica) was a Tiger limited to the Indonesian island of Java. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Sumatran tiger ( Panthera tigris sumatrae) is a subspecies of Tiger found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis) is a Subspecies of Tiger primarily The Caspian tiger or Persian tiger ( Panthera tigris virgata) was the westernmost Subspecies of Tiger, found in Iran, Iraq In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Tuscany lion or Tuscany jaguar was a prehistoric large feline of the Villafranchian of Italy. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. Panthera youngi is known from Choukoutien, northeastern China and lived about 350000 years ago In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. C. (16 November 2005). Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in Wilson, D. E. , and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 546-548. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.  
  2. ^ "Panther". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved on 2007-11-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days
  3. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. The Johns Hopkins University Press is a Publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in publishing journals and books ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.  
  4. ^ a b c d Johnson, W. E. , Eizirik, E. , Pecon-Slattery, J. , Murphy, W. J. , Antunes, A. , Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. ". Science 311: 73–77. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific doi:10.1126/science.1122277. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  5. ^ Turner A (1987) New fossil carnivore remains from the Sterkfontein hominid site (Mammalia: Carnivora). Ann Transvall Mus 34:319–347
  6. ^ a b c d e Yu L & Zhang YP (2005). "Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 (2): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  7. ^ a b c Dianne N. Janczewski, William S. Modi, J. Claiborne Stephens, and Stephen J. O'Brien (1996). "Molecular Evolution of Mitochondrial 12S RNA and Cytochrome b Sequences in the Pantherine Lineage of Felidae". Molecular Biology and Evolution 12 (4): 690.  
  8. ^ Cat Specialist Group (2002). Uncia uncia. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006.
  9. ^ Felid Taxon Advisory Group: Alan H. Shoemaker (1996) Taxonomic and Legal Status of the Felidae
  10. ^ a b Johnson WE & Obrien SJ (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution 44: S98-S116. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  11. ^ O'Regan, H & Turner, A (2004). "Biostratigraphic & palaeoecological implications of new fossil felid material from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Tegelen, the Netherlands". Palaeontology 47 (5): 1181-1193. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00400.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  12. ^ Luo SJ, Kim JH, Johnson WE, Walt Jvd, Martenson J, et al. (2004). "Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLoS Biol 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

Dictionary

Panthera

-proper noun

  1. (zoology) A taxonomic genus, within subfamily Pantherinae - various big cats.
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