Pansy
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Violales Family: Violaceae Genus: Viola Species: V. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There Violales is a Botanical name of an order of Flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae. Violaceae (alternatively Alsodeiaceae JGAgardh, Leoniaceae DC Viola, commonly called Violets, is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Violaceae, with around 400-500 species distributed tricolor Subspecies: V. t. hortensis
Trinomial name
Viola tricolor hortensis

The pansy or pansy violet is a plant cultivated as a garden flower. In biology trinomial nomenclature refers to names for taxa below the rank of species A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Pansies are derived from Viola tricolor also called the Heartsease or 'Johnny Jump Up', stepmothers flower,or ladies delight. Heartsease redirects here for the place see Heartsease Powys or Heartsease Norwich Heartsease ( Viola tricolor) is a common Heartsease redirects here for the place see Heartsease Powys or Heartsease Norwich Heartsease ( Viola tricolor) is a common However, many garden varieties are hybrids and are referred to as Viola × wittrockiana but sometimes they are listed under the name Viola tricolor hortensis. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name of a number of wildflowers belonging, like the cultivated pansy, to the genus Viola. A wildflower (or wild flower) is a Flower that grows wild meaning it was not intentionally seeded or planted Viola, commonly called Violets, is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Violaceae, with around 400-500 species distributed Some unrelated species, such as the Pansy Monkeyflower, also have "pansy" in their name. Mimulus is a diverse Plant Genus, the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers.

Contents 1 Cultivation, breeding and life cycle 2 Anatomy 3 Diseases 3.1 Stem rot 3.2 Watering 3.3 Leaf spot 3.4 Mildew 3.5 Cucumber mosaic virus 4 Pests 4.1 Slugs and snails 4.2 Aphids 5 Cultivars 6 Name origin and significance 7 Pansies in the arts and culture 8 External links 9 References

Cultivation, breeding and life cycle

Pansy breeding has produced a wide range of flower colors including yellow, gold, orange, purple, violet, red, white, and even black (dark purple)many with large showy face markings. A large number of bicoloured flowers have also been produced. They are generally very cold hardy plants surviving freezing even during their blooming period. Hardiness of Plants is a term used to describe their ability to survive adverse growing conditions Plants grow well in sunny or partially sunny positions in well draining soils. Pansies are developed from viola species that are normally biennials with a two-year life cycle. A biennial plant is a flowering Plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. The first year plant produce greenery and then bear flowers and seeds their second year of growth and afterwards die like annuals. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. Because of selective human breeding, most garden pansies bloom the first year, some in as little as nine weeks after sowing.

Most biennials are purchased as packs of young plants from the garden centre and planted directly into the garden soil. A garden centre is a retail firm that sells plants and products related to gardens as its primary business Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Under favourable conditions, pansies and viola can often be grown as perennial plants, but are generally treated as annuals or biennial plants because after a few years of growth the stems become long and scraggly. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. A biennial plant is a flowering Plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. Plants grow up to nine inches (23 cm) tall, and the flowers are two to three inches (about 6 cm) in diameter, though there are some smaller and larger flowering cultivars available too. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar

Pansies are winter hardy in zones 4-8. A hardiness zone is a geographically-defined zone in which a specific category of Plant life is capable of growing as defined by Temperature hardiness or ability They can survive light freezes and short periods of snow cover, in areas with prolonged snow cover they survive best with a covering of a dry winter mulch. In warmer climates, zones 9-11, pansies can bloom over the winter, and are often planted in the fall. A hardiness zone is a geographically-defined zone in which a specific category of Plant life is capable of growing as defined by Temperature hardiness or ability In these climates, pansies have been known to reseed themselves and come back the next year. Pansies are not very heat-tolerant; they are best used as a cool season planting, warm temperatures inhibit blooming and hot muggy air causes rot and death. In colder zones, pansies may not persist without snow cover or protection (mulch) from the extreme cold.

Pansies should be watered thoroughly about once a week, depending on climate and rainfall. To maximize blooming, plant food should be used about every other week, according to the plant food directions. Regular deadheading can extend the blooming period.

Anatomy

The pansy has two top petals overlapping slightly, two side petals, beards where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, and a single bottom petal with a slight indentation. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla

Diseases

Stem rot

Stem rot, also known as pansy sickness, is a soil-borne fungus and a possible hazard with unsterilized animal manure. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of the season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly. The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted. The treatment of stem rot, includes the use of fungicides such as Cheshunt or Benomyl , which are used prior to planting. Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores For the Australian village of the same name see Cheshunt Victoria Cheshunt (pronounced) is a town in the Broxbourne district of Benomyl (also marketed as Benlate) is a Fungicide which was introduced in 1968 by Du Pont. Infected plants are destroyed (burned) to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other plants.

Watering

The plant should be watered every other day, and watering should never be missed for more than three days. The plant should never be over watered.

Leaf spot

Leaf spot (Ramularia deflectens) is a fungal infection. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Symptoms include dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. It is associated with cool damp springs.

Mildew

Mildew (Oidium) is a fungal infection. Mildew refers to certain kinds of Mold or Fungus. In Old English, it meant honeydew (a substance secreted by Aphids on leaves formerly Symptoms include violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. It is caused by stagnant air and can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides).

Cucumber mosaic virus

The cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by aphids. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV is a plant pathogenic Virus of the family Bromoviridae. Pansies with the virus have fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth and anomalous flowers. The virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchases should consist entirely of healthy plants, and pH-balanced soil should be used which is neither too damp nor too dry. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. The soil should have balanced amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of Potassium carbonate ( K 2 CO3) Other diseases which may weaken the plant should be eliminated.

Pests

Slugs and snails

To ward off slugs and snails, sharp, gritty sand can be laid, or the soil can be top-dressed with chipped bark. Slug is a common non-scientific word which is often applied to any Gastropod mollusk whatsoever that has a very reduced shell a small internal shell The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the The area should be kept clean of leaves and foreign matter, etc. Beer in little bowls buried to the rims in the flower beds will also keep slugs and snails at bay. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea

Aphids

To combat aphids, which spread the cucumber mosaic virus, the treatment is to spray with diluted soft soap (2 ounces per gallon).

Cultivars

The Universal Plus series of 21 cultivars covers all the common pansy colours except orange and black.

'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Orange cultivar	'Delta Premium Pure White' White cultivar	'Delta Pure Yellow' Yellow cultivar	'Delta Light Blue' Light blue cultivar
Blue cultivar	Solid red cultivar	Purple cultivar	Purple and white cultivar

Name origin and significance

The name pansy is derived from the French word pensée meaning "thought", and was so named because the flower resembles a human face; in August it nods forward as if deep in thought. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Because of this the pansy has long been a symbol of Freethought^[1] and has been used in the literature of the American Secular Union. Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds that Beliefs should be formed on the basis of Science and Logic and should not be influenced The American Secular Union was a social movement from the 1800s in the United States. Humanists use it too, as the pansy's current appearance was developed from the Heartsease by two centuries of intentional crossbreeding of wild plant hybrids. Heartsease redirects here for the place see Heartsease Powys or Heartsease Norwich Heartsease ( Viola tricolor) is a common A crossbreed or crossbred usually refers to an animal with Purebred parents of two different breeds varieties or populations In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. The Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) uses the pansy symbol extensively in its lapel pins and literature. The Freedom From Religion Foundation ( FFRF) is an American Freethought organization based in Madison, Wisconsin.

The word "pansy" has indicated an effeminate male since Elizabethan times and its usage as a disparaging term for a man or boy who is effeminate (as well as for an avowedly homosexual man) is still used. Effeminacy is a trait in males that generally contradicts traditional male ( masculine) Gender roles It is a derogatory term frequently applied to Femininity Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. (There is a queercore musical band called Pansy Division, drawing on this association. Queercore is a cultural and social movement that began in the mid-1980s as an offshoot of punk. Pansy Division is an American rock / punk band that formed in San Francisco, California in 1991 ) The word "ponce" (which has now come to mean a pimp) and the adjective "poncey" (effeminate) also derive from "pansy". A pimp (also called fleshmonger) finds and manages clients for Prostitutes and engages them in Prostitution (in Brothels in most cases and

Pansies in the arts and culture

The pansy remains a favorite image in the arts, culture, and crafts, from needlepoint to ceramics. Needlepoint is a form of Canvas work Embroidery, in which Yarn is stitched through a Canvas ground fabric. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) It is also the flower of Osaka, Japan. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

• In 1827, Pierre-Joseph Redouté painted Bouquet of Pansies. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Pierre-Joseph Redouté ( July 10, 1759 - June 20, 1840) was a Belgian painter and Botanist, known for his paintings
• In 1926, Georgia O'Keeffe created a famous painting of a black pansy called simply, Pansy. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15 1887—March 6 1986 was an American Artist She is associated with the American Southwest where she found artistic inspiration She followed with White Pansy in 1927. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• D. H. Lawrence wrote a book of poetry entitled Pansies: Poems by D. David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short H. Lawrence.
• In William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, the juice of a pansy blossom ("before, milk-white, now purple with love's wound, and maidens call it love-in-idleness") is a love potion: "the juice of it, on sleeping eyelids laid, will make a man or woman madly dote (fall in love) upon the next live creature that it sees. William Shakespeare ( baptised A Midsummer Night's Dream is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, suggested by " The Knight's Tale " from " (Act II, Scene I see also: Oberon at II, i). Since the cultivated pansy had not yet been developed, "pansy" here means the wild Heartsease, and the idea of using it as a love potion was no doubt suggested by that name. Heartsease redirects here for the place see Heartsease Powys or Heartsease Norwich Heartsease ( Viola tricolor) is a common The folkloric language of flowers is more traditional than scientific, with conventional interpretations, similar to the clichés about animals such as the "clever fox" or "wise owl". The language of flowers, sometimes called floriography, was a Victorian-era means of Communication in which various Flowers and floral arrangements Ophelia's oft-quoted line, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts", in Hamlet (Act IV, Scene V) comes from this tradition: if a maiden found a honeyflower and a pansy left for her by an admirer, it would mean "I am thinking of our forbidden love" in symbol rather than in writing. Ophelia is a Fictional character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601

External links

• Media related to Viola x wittrockiana from the Wikimedia Commons.
• PansyFlowers.com – pictures and information about pansies

References

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