In its most general sense, a panorama is any wide view of a physical space. It has also come to refer to a wide-angle representation of such a view — whether in painting, drawing, photography, film/video, or a three-dimensional model. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Further, the motion-picture term, pan or panning, is derived from "panorama". Panning refers to the horizontal movement or rotation of a film or video camera or the scanning of a subject horizontally on video or a display device Panning refers to the horizontal movement or rotation of a film or video camera or the scanning of a subject horizontally on video or a display device

A panorama from multiple images stitched together using PTgui. PTgui is a mature Windows and Mac OS X panorama photo stitching program developed by New House Internet Services BV This image shows the curved edges of each segment of the panorama which are due to the warping of the image to conform to the cylindrical projection used to present such a wide angle of view. These edges would normally be cropped so the image can be displayed in a more aesthetically pleasing manner.

The word was originally coined by the Irish painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Robert Barker (1739 &ndash 1806 was an Irish painter from Kells. Panoramic paintings are massive artworks that reveal a wide all-encompassing View of a particular subject often a Landscape, military battle or historical Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, they were exhibited in London in 1792 as "The Panorama". London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

In the mid 19th century, panoramic paintings and models became a very popular way to represent landscapes and historical events. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Panoramic paintings are massive artworks that reveal a wide all-encompassing View of a particular subject often a Landscape, military battle or historical Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360 degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. An illusion is a distortion of the senses revealing how the Brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation The Dutch marine painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag created and established the Panorama Mesdag of The Hague, Netherlands, in 1881, a cylindrical painting more than 14 meters high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A seascape is a Photograph, Painting, or other Work of art which depicts the Sea. Hendrik Willem Mesdag ( 23 February 1831 &ndash 10 July 1915) was a Dutch marine painter. Panorama Mesdag is a Panorama by Hendrik Willem Mesdag. Housed in a purpose-built museum in The Hague, the panorama is a cylindrical The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the same year of 1881, the Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne, Switzerland, which exhibits a circular painting, was created by Edouard Castres. Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki ( April 22, 1816 &ndash September 27, 1897) was a French general Lucerne ( Italian Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Edouard Castres ( 21 June 1838 – 28 June 1902) studied fine arts with Barthélemy Menn in Geneva before enrolling in the The painting measures about 10 meters in height with a circumference of more than 100 meters. Another example would be the Atlanta Cyclorama, depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta. The Atlanta Cyclorama is a cylindrical Panoramic painting of the American Civil War Battle of Atlanta. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Background In the Atlanta Campaign Maj Gen William Tecumseh Sherman commanded the Union forces of the Western Theater. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet wide. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Even larger than these paintings is the Racławice Panorama localed in Wrocław, Poland, which measures 120 x 15 meters. The Racławice Panorama (Polish Panorama Racławicka) is a monumental (15 × 120 meter panoramic Painting depicting the Battle of Racławice Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Panorama of Along the River During Ching Ming Festival, 18th century remake of a 12th century original by Chinese artist Zhang Zeduan

Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Zhang Zeduan ( (1085-1145 AD alias Zheng Dao was a famous Chinese painter during the twelfth century during the transitional period from the Northern Song to the Southern Panoramic photography is a format of Photography that aims to create images with exceptionally wide fields of view, but has also come to refer to any photograph that Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image. The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In the late 19th century, panoramic cameras using curved film holders employed clockwork drives to scan a line image in an arc to create an image over almost 180 degrees. Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching. Image stitching or photo stitching is the process of combining multiple Photographic Images with overlapping fields of view to produce a segmented Panorama Such stitched images may even be fashioned into crude virtual reality movies, using one of many technologies such as Apple Computer's QuickTime VR or Java. Virtual reality ( VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a Computer-simulated environment be it a real or imagined one Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics QuickTime VR ( Virtual reality) (also known as QTVR) is a type of image file format supported by Apple 's QuickTime. Java 3D is a Scene graph -based 3D Application programming interface (API for the Java platform A rotating line camera such as the Panoscan allows the capture of very high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching. A rotating line camera, is a Digital camera which uses a linear CCD array (called "the line" to assemble a digital image during a rotation of the camera The Panoscan is a high resolution digital panoramic camera The first Panoscan model MK-1 cameras were manufactured and sold starting in January 1999 by Panoscan Inc Image stitching or photo stitching is the process of combining multiple Photographic Images with overlapping fields of view to produce a segmented Panorama

A panorama of Hong Kong Victoria Harbour

A 360 degree panorama with stereographic projection

On rare occasions, panoramic, 360° movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces — typically at theme parks, world's fairs, and museums. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Victoria Harbour is a natural landform Harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. In Geometry, the stereographic projection is a particular mapping ( function) that projects a Sphere onto a plane Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the Starting in 1955, Disney has created 360° theaters for its parks and the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theater that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several meters above the floor. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Circle-Vision 360° is a film technique refined by The Walt Disney Company, that uses nine cameras for nine huge screens arranged in a circle The Swiss Transport Museum or Verkehrshaus der Schweiz, in Lucerne, is a Museum exhibiting all forms of Transport (including Locomotives Lucerne ( Italian Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, Cinerama used a curved screen and IMAX movies are projected on a dome above the spectators. Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and

One final form of panoramic representation is digital mapping generated from SRTM data. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ( SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained Digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56 °S to 60 °N In these diagrams, a computer calculates the panorama from a given point.

See also

• Panoramic tripod head
• Diorama
• Widescreen film/video formats
• Leme panoramic camera

External links

• Open source GNU GPL program to create arbitrary panoramas; includes links to the first published papers on automated estimation of projective relationship between multiple pictures of the same subject matter. A panoramic tripod head is a piece of photographic equipment mounting to a tripod, which allows photographers to shoot a sequence of images around the Entrance pupil The word diorama can refer either to a nineteenth century mobile theatre device or in modern usage a three-dimensional model usually enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum A widescreen image is a film computer or television image with a wider and shorter aspect ratio than the standard Academy frame developed during the Classical The Leme panoramic camera was invented by Sebastião Carvalho Leme a Photographer living in Marília, São Paulo, Brasil.
• Harlem-13-Gigapixels, the biggest panorama in the world
• Fullscreen 360 degree panoramas from the best VR Photographers
• Website of the International Panorama Council IPC