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Pannonia map
Pannonia map

Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Pannonia was located mostly over the territory of the present-day western-half of Hungary with small parts in: Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Today the term Pannonia is usually used for what is called Transdanubia (Dunántúl) in Hungary, or simply the whole of Hungary. This article is about Transdanubia the region in Hungary Transdanubia can also refer to the 21st and 22nd Districts of Vienna, which are the only ones lying on the left Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic

Contents

Name

Julius Pokorny derived the name Pannonia from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. Julius Pokorny ( 12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by groups identified as English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani, "water" ).

History

Position of the Roman province of Pannonia
Position of the Roman province of Pannonia

Its original inhabitants were the Pannonii (Pannonians), a group of tribes akin to Illyrians. Illyrian tribes or possibly or partly Illyrian tribes or tribes inhabiting lands known as Illyria. Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly From the 4th century BC it was invaded by various Celtic tribes. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Little is heard of Pannonia until 35 BC, when its inhabitants, allies of the Dalmatians, were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia (Sisak). Year 35 BC was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Sisak ( German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a City in The country was not, however, definitely subdued until 9 BC, when it was incorporated into Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube. Year 9 BC was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years. Year 6 ( VI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Germanicus Julius Caesar ( 24 May 16 BC or 15 BC&ndash October 10, 19) After the rebellion was crushed in 9 AD, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes (Quadi, Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube. Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi

Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (the western), and Pannonia Inferior (the eastern) portion. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Upper Pannonia or Pannonia Superior was ancient Roman province The Lower Pannonia or Pannonia Inferior was an ancient Roman province According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona (Győr) in the north to Servitium (Gradiška) in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Gradiška ( Cyrillic: Градишка is a town and municipality in northwestern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae).

Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control: Pannonia Inferior at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as garrison, after Marcus Aurelius under a consular legate, still with only one legion. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia (Osijek) and Aelia Aquincum (Óbuda) by Hadrian. Osijek (ˈɔsjɛk is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114616 in 2001 The ancient city of Aquincum was situated on the North-Eastern borders of the Pannonia province within the Roman Empire. Óbuda (sometimes written in English as Obuda) was a historical city in Hungary.

Under Diocletian a fourfold division of the country was made:

Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and included them into Noricum. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Pannonia Prima was an ancient Roman province It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian. Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. The Pannonia Valeria or simply Valeria was an ancient Roman province Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close The Pannonia Savia, also known as Savia and Pannonia Ripariensis, was an ancient Roman province Sisak ( German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a City in The Pannonia Secunda was ancient Roman province It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of emperor Diocletian. Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) was an ancient Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of

In the middle of the 5th century Pannonia was ceded to the Huns by Theodosius II, and after the death of Attila successively passed into the hands of the Ostrogoths (456-471), Lombards (530-568), Avars (560s - c. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Flavius Theodosius ( 10 April, 401 – July 28, 450) called the Calligrapher, known in English as Theodosius II, was The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. 800), Slavs (living there since c. 480s; independent between c. 800 - 900), Magyars (modern Hungarians) (since 900/901); Habsburgs and Ottomans (since 1526; the Ottoman rule ended in 1878). Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish After the First World War, the region was divided between Austria, Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian

Cities

Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary
Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary
Aquincum
Aquincum

The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The cities and towns in Pannonia were:

Economy and country features

The country was fairly productive, especially after the great forests had been cleared by Probus and Galerius. Stari Slankamen (Стари Сланкамен also known as Slankamen (Сланкамен is a village located in the Inđija municipality in the Srem District Stari Slankamen (Стари Сланкамен also known as Slankamen (Сланкамен is a village located in the Inđija municipality in the Srem District Mosonmagyaróvár (Ugarski Stari Grad Možun Stari Grad Starograd is a town in northwestern Hungary, county Győr-Moson-Sopron. Mosonmagyaróvár (Ugarski Stari Grad Možun Stari Grad Starograd is a town in northwestern Hungary, county Győr-Moson-Sopron. Ács is a town in Komárom-Esztergom county Hungary Ács is a town in Komárom-Esztergom county Hungary Szekszárd ( Croatian: Seksar) is a city in Hungary and the capital of Tolna county Szekszárd ( Croatian: Seksar) is a city in Hungary and the capital of Tolna county Székesfehérvár (ˈseːkɛʃfɛˈheːrvaːr, colloquial Fehérvár Stuhlweißenburg İstolni Belgrad is a city in central Hungary, located around southwest of Székesfehérvár (ˈseːkɛʃfɛˈheːrvaːr, colloquial Fehérvár Stuhlweißenburg İstolni Belgrad is a city in central Hungary, located around southwest of Tolna is a town in Tolna county, Hungary. It lies about north of Szekszárd and south of Budapest. Varaždin ( German: Warasdin, Hungarian: Varasd, Latin: Varasdinum) is a city in northwestern Croatia, 81 km Varaždin ( German: Warasdin, Hungarian: Varasd, Latin: Varasdinum) is a city in northwestern Croatia, 81 km Geography Coordinates 455905556 N Latitude, 17225 E Longitude Area 64 km² Altitude 190 m Daruvar Geography Coordinates 455905556 N Latitude, 17225 E Longitude Area 64 km² Altitude 190 m Daruvar The ancient city of Aquincum was situated on the North-Eastern borders of the Pannonia province within the Roman Empire. Óbuda (sometimes written in English as Obuda) was a historical city in Hungary. Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Donji Petrovci (Доњи Петровци also known as Petrovci (Петровци is a village in Serbia. Donji Petrovci (Доњи Петровци also known as Petrovci (Петровци is a village in Serbia. Bononia is the Roman name of several cities including Bologna, Italy Boulogne-sur-Mer, France Vidin Banoštor (Баноштор is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Beočin municipality in the Novi Banovci (Нови Бановци is an urban neighborhood in Serbia by the Danube River. Novi Banovci (Нови Бановци is an urban neighborhood in Serbia by the Danube River. Carnuntum (Καρνοιις in Ptolemy) was an important Roman army camp in what is now Austria. Petronell-Carnuntum is a community of Bruck an der Leitha in Austria. Bad Deutsch-Altenburg is a town in the district of Bruck an der Leitha in Lower Austria in Austria. Celje ( Cilli Cille is the third largest City in Slovenia. Exhibiting the typical characteristics of a Central European city it is the Urban Communities List of Urban Communities within Đakovo Budrovci Đakovo Đurđanci Ivanovci Gorjanski Kondrić Urban Communities List of Urban Communities within Đakovo Budrovci Đakovo Đurđanci Ivanovci Gorjanski Kondrić Vinkovci is a Croatian town in eastern Slavonia, with a population of 32455 (2001 making it the largest town of the Vinkovci is a Croatian town in eastern Slavonia, with a population of 32455 (2001 making it the largest town of the Dunabogdány is a village in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. Pest (ˈpɛʃt Slovak: Pešť, Croatian: Pešta, Serbian: Пешта / Pešta is the eastern mostly flat part of Budapest Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Dunakeszi is a town in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. Dunakeszi is a town in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. Ilok is the easternmost town and municipality in Croatia. Located in the Syrmia region it lies on a hill overlooking the Danube river which Ilok is the easternmost town and municipality in Croatia. Located in the Syrmia region it lies on a hill overlooking the Danube river which CUSUM is a Sequential analysis technique due to E S Page of the University of Cambridge. subdivisions = 5 settlements in the municipality --> Petrovaradin (Петроварадин formerly a fortified town is part of the Agglomeration Gerulata was a Roman Military camp located near today's Rusovce, a borough of Bratislava, Slovakia. Rusovce (Karlburg Oroszvár Rosvar is a borough in southern Bratislava on the right bank of the Danube river close to the Hungarian border Tác is a village in Hungary. In the time of Roman Empire it was known as Gorsium-Herculia. Tác is a village in Hungary. In the time of Roman Empire it was known as Gorsium-Herculia. Dunaújváros ( Dunapentele, 1951&ndash1961 Sztálinváros; Croatian: Pantel(ija) is a city in Central Hungary, along the Dunaújváros ( Dunapentele, 1951&ndash1961 Sztálinváros; Croatian: Pantel(ija) is a city in Central Hungary, along the History For centuries Ludbreg is a popular place of Pilgrimage. History For centuries Ludbreg is a popular place of Pilgrimage. History For centuries Ludbreg is a popular place of Pilgrimage. Slavonski Brod is a city in Croatia, with a population of 61823 in 2001. Slavonski Brod is a city in Croatia, with a population of 61823 in 2001. Százhalombatta ( Croatian: Bata) is a town in Pest county, Hungary. Százhalombatta ( Croatian: Bata) is a town in Pest county, Hungary. Tüskevár is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary. Tüskevár is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary. Osijek (ˈɔsjɛk is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114616 in 2001 Osijek (ˈɔsjɛk is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114616 in 2001 Mórichida is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county Hungary. Mórichida is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county Hungary. Ptuj (Pettau Latin: Poetovio) is a City and one of 11 urban municipalities in Slovenia. Ptuj (Pettau Latin: Poetovio) is a City and one of 11 urban municipalities in Slovenia. Roman square capitals, also called inscriptional capitals, elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing and Lébény is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county Hungary. It has a romanesque family church from the 12th century Surduk (Сурдук is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Stara Pazova municipality in the Srem District, Vojvodina province Surduk (Сурдук is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Stara Pazova municipality in the Srem District, Vojvodina province Zalalövő is a town in Zala county Hungary. Béjaïa or Bougie ( Kabyle Bgayet or Tifinagh:, pronounced /β'gajəθ in Algerian Arabic) is a Mediterranean port Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. For the historical county in the Kingdom of Hungary named Sopron / Ödenburg Sopron (county. For the historical county in the Kingdom of Hungary named Sopron / Ödenburg Sopron (county. Serbinum (also known as Servitium) was an ancient Roman city in the Pannonia province Serbinum (also known as Servitium) was an ancient Roman city in the Pannonia province Gradiška ( Cyrillic: Градишка is a town and municipality in northwestern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Singidunum was an ancient Roman city first settled by the Celtic Scordisci tribe in the 3rd century BC and later garrisoned and fortified by the Romans Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) was an ancient Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located Sisak ( German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a City in Sisak ( German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a City in Solva was an early name for what is now Esztergom, Hungary, in the province of Pannonia, during the Roman period Esztergom (known by alternative names) is a City in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the Capital Budapest. Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close Zemun ( Serbian Cyrillic: Земун, German: Semlin Hungarian: Zimony is an urban neighborhood and one of the 17 municipalities Zemun ( Serbian Cyrillic: Земун, German: Semlin Hungarian: Zimony is an urban neighborhood and one of the 17 municipalities Szentendre ( Medieval Latin: Sankt Andrae; Serbian: Сентандреја Sentandreja; German: Sankt Andrä; Szentendre ( Medieval Latin: Sankt Andrae; Serbian: Сентандреја Sentandreja; German: Sankt Andrä; Vindobona was originally a Celtic settlement and later a Roman military camp on the site of the modern city of Vienna. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Marcus Aurelius Probus (c August 19, 232 &ndashSeptember/October 282 was a Roman Emperor (276&ndash282 Galerius Maximianus ( ca. 260&ndashlate April or early May 311 formally Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311 Before that time timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were oats and barley, from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of beer named sabaea. Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by the ancients, it is probable that it contained iron and silver mines. Its chief rivers were the Dravus, Savus, and Arrabo, in addition to the Danuvius (less correctly, Danubius), into which the first three rivers flow. Drava or Drave ( German: Drau; Italian, Croatian, and Slovene: Drava; Hungarian: Dráva The Sava ( Bosnian, Croatian, Slovene: Sava; Serbian: Сава, Sava) is a river in The Rába (Raab Rába Raba is a River in southeastern Austria and western Hungary and a tributary of the Danube. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj

Legacy

The ancient name Pannonia is retained in the modern term Pannonian plain. The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out

References

See also

External links

The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
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