Pan Am Flight 103

Summary
Date	21 December 1988
Type	Terrorist bombing
Site	Lockerbie, Scotland
Passengers	243
Crew	16
Fatalities	270 (259 in aircraft, and including 11 on ground)
Survivors	0
Aircraft type	Boeing 747-121
Aircraft name	Clipper Maid of the Seas
Operator	Pan American World Airways
Tail number	N739PA
Flight origin	London Heathrow Airport
Destination	John F. Kennedy International Airport

Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan American World Airways' third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London's Heathrow International Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Lockerbie ( Scottish Gaelic: Logarbaidh) is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout An aircraft registration is a unique Alphanumeric string that identifies an Aircraft, in similar fashion to a licence plate on an automobile John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 Transatlantic flight is the flight of an Aircraft, whether Fixed-wing aircraft, Balloon or other device which involves crossing the Atlantic Ocean John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 On Wednesday 21 December 1988, the aircraft flying this route—a Boeing 747-121 named Clipper Maid of the Seas—was destroyed by a bomb. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely The remains landed in and around the town of Lockerbie in southern Scotland. Lockerbie ( Scottish Gaelic: Logarbaidh) is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

In the subsequent investigation of the crash, forensic experts determined that about 1 lb (450 g) of plastic explosive had been detonated in the airplane's forward cargo hold, triggering a sequence of events that led to the rapid destruction of the aircraft. The investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 1903 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie Plastic explosive (or the obsolete term plastique) is a specialised form of Explosive material. Winds of 100 knots (190 km/h) scattered victims and debris along a 130 km (80 mile) corridor over an area of 2189 km² (845 square miles).

The death toll was 270 people from 21 countries, including 11 people in Lockerbie. ^[1]

Contents 1 Criminal inquiry 2 Flight plan 3 Explosion 4 Aircraft breakup 5 Victims 5.1 Passengers and crew 5.1.1 Nationalities 5.2 Students and families 5.3 American intelligence officers 5.4 Lockerbie residents 6 Helsinki warning 7 Flight reservations 8 Claims of responsibility 9 Investigation 10 Trial and appeals 11 Alleged motive 12 Compensation from Libya 13 Alternative theories 13.1 Haseldine petition 14 Epilogue from the President's Commission 15 Memorials 16 Depictions in media 17 References 18 See also 19 Sources 20 Further reading 21 External links

Criminal inquiry

Known as the Lockerbie bombing and the Lockerbie air disaster in the UK, it became the subject of Britain's largest criminal inquiry, led by its smallest police force, Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary is the Police service for the council area of Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland. Since 189 of the victims were American, the bombing stood as the deadliest terrorist attack against the United States until the September 11, 2001 attacks.

After a three-year joint investigation by the Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary and the U. Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi (عبد الباسط محمد علي المقرحي (not المقراحي as commonly misspelled by the media (born April 1 1952 is a former Libyan S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, during which 15,000 witness statements were taken, indictments for murder were issued on November 13, 1991, against Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, a Libyan intelligence officer and the head of security for Libyan Arab Airlines (LAA), and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, the LAA station manager in Luqa Airport, Malta. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi (عبد الباسط محمد علي المقرحي (not المقراحي as commonly misspelled by the media (born April 1 1952 is a former Libyan Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Libyan Airlines ( Arabic: الخطوط الجوية الليبية transliterated: al-Khutut al-Jawiyah al-Libiyah formerly known as Libyan Arab Airlines Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah (الأمين خليفة فحيمة (born April 4 1956) is a former station manager for Libyan Arab Airlines Malta International Airport is the only airport in Malta, and it serves the whole Maltese Archipelago Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands United Nations sanctions against Libya and protracted negotiations with the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi secured the handover of the accused on April 5, 1999 to Scottish police at Camp Zeist, Netherlands, chosen as a neutral venue. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The Scottish court in the Netherlands was the name given to the special High Court of Justiciary set up under Scots law in a disused United States Air Force

On January 31, 2001, Megrahi was convicted of murder by a panel of three Scottish judges, and sentenced to 27 years in prison. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Fhimah was acquitted. Megrahi's appeal against his conviction was refused on March 14, 2002, and his application to the European Court of Human Rights was declared inadmissible in July 2003. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights On September 23, 2003, Megrahi applied to the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC) for his conviction to be reviewed, and for his case to be referred back to the High Court for a fresh appeal. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC is a non-departmental public body in Scotland, established by the Criminal Procedure (Scotland Act 1995 The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland. On June 28, 2007, the SCCRC announced^[2] its decision to refer the case to the Court of Criminal Appeal after it found he "may have suffered a miscarriage of justice". Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Court of Criminal Appeal is the name of existing courts of Scotland and Ireland, and an historic court in England and Wales.

Megrahi is serving his sentence in Greenock Prison, where he continues to profess his innocence. HMP Greenock serves designated courts in western Scotland by holding male prisoners (both adult and under 21s on remand and short-term convicted prisoners

Flight plan

Pan Am Flight 103 was a Boeing 747-100 named Clipper Maid of the Seas. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The jumbo jet was the fifteenth 747 ever built and was delivered in February 1970,^[3] one month after the very first 747 had entered service with Pan Am. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

On Wednesday December 21, 1988, Clipper Maid of the Seas touched down at London's Heathrow Airport at noon from San Francisco. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The aircraft was parked at stand K-14, Terminal 3, was guarded for two hours by Pan Am's security company, Alert Security, but otherwise was not watched.

The first leg of Pan Am Flight 103's journey began as the Boeing 727 feeder flight, PA103A, from Frankfurt International Airport, West Germany to London Heathrow. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Frankfurt am Main International Airport, known in German as Flughafen Frankfurt am Main or Rhein-Main-Flughafen and in rest of Europe West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Forty-seven of the 89 passengers on PA103A transferred at Heathrow to the Boeing 747 flight PA103 which was scheduled to fly to JFK. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of A Boeing 727 would have been used for the final leg of the journey from JFK to Detroit.

There were 243 passengers and 16 crew members on board, led by the pilot Captain James Bruce "Jim" MacQuarrie^[4][5][6], First Officer Raymond Ronald "Ray" Wagner^[7][5][6], and Flight Engineer Jerry Don Avritt^[5][6]. Mary Murphy served as the head purser. A ship's purser (also purser or pusser) is the person on a Ship responsible for the handling of Money on board ^[5] The flight was scheduled to depart at 18:00, and pushed back from the gate at 18:04, but because of a rush-hour delay, it took off from runway 27L at 18:25, flying northwest out of Heathrow, a so-called Daventry departure. Daventry (ˈdævəntri or ˈdeɪntɹɪ is a Market town in Northamptonshire, England, with a population of 22367 (2001 Census) Once clear of Heathrow, the crew steered due north toward Scotland. At 18:56, as the aircraft approached the border, it reached its cruising altitude of 31,000 ft (9400 m), and MacQuarrie throttled the engines back to cruising power. Aircraft engine controls provide a means for the pilot to control and monitor the operation of the aircraft's powerplant

At 19:00, PA103 was picked up by the Scottish Area Control Centre at Prestwick, Scotland, where it needed clearance to begin its flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Prestwick is a town located in South Ayrshire on the south west coast of Scotland, approximately to the south-west of Glasgow. Alan Topp, an air traffic controller, made contact with the clipper as it entered Scottish airspace. Air traffic controllers are people who operate the Air traffic control system to expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of air traffic and help prevent Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and Territorial waters or more generally any specific three-dimensional

Captain MacQuarrie replied: "Good evening Scottish, Clipper one zero three. We are at level three one zero. " Then First Officer Wagner spoke: "Clipper 103 requesting oceanic clearance. " Those were the last words heard from the aircraft.

Explosion

At 19:01, Topp watched Flight 103 approach the corner of the Solway Firth, and at 19:02, it crossed its northern coast. The Solway Firth is a Firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and On his scope, the aircraft showed transponder code or "squawk"—0357 and flight level—310. A transponder is an electronic device that produces a response when it receives a radio-frequency interrogation A Flight Level ( FL) is a standard nominal Altitude of an Aircraft, in hundreds of Feet. When the airliner's transponder stopped replying, it was flying at 31,000 ft (9400 m) on a heading of 316 degrees magnetic, and at a speed of 313 knots (580 km/h) calibrated airspeed, at 19:02:46. Calibrated airspeed (CAS is the speed shown by a conventional Airspeed indicator after correction for instrument error and Position error. 9. Subsequent analysis of the radar returns by RSRE concluded that the aircraft was tracking 321° (grid) and travelling at a ground speed of 434 knots (804 km/h). The Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE was a scientific research establishment within the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom, located primarily at

At that moment, SSR contact with the aircraft was lost. Topp tried to make contact with Captain MacQuarrie, and asked a nearby KLM flight to do the same, but there was no reply. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation Where there should have been one radar return on his screen, there were four, and as the seconds passed, the returns began to fan out. ^[8] Comparison of the cockpit voice recorder with the radar returns showed that 8 seconds after the explosion, wreckage had a 1-nautical mile (2 km) spread. ^[9]

A minute later, the wing section containing 200,000 lb (91,000 kg) of fuel hit the ground at Sherwood Crescent, Lockerbie. Lockerbie ( Scottish Gaelic: Logarbaidh) is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. The British Geological Survey at nearby Eskdalemuir registered a seismic event measuring 1. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental The Eskdalemuir Observatory is located near Eskdalemuir, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes 6 on the Richter scale as all trace of two families, several houses, and the 196 ft (60 m) wing of the aircraft disappeared. The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released British Airways pilot Captain Robin Chamberlain, flying the Glasgow–London shuttle near Carlisle, called Scottish to report that he could see a huge fire on the ground. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. The destruction of PA103 continued on Topp's screen, by now full of returns moving eastwards with the wind. ^[10]

Aircraft breakup

The explosion punched a 20-inch (0. 51 m) wide hole, almost directly under the P in Pan Am, on the left side of the fuselage. The fuselage (from the French fuselé "spindle-shaped" is an Aircraft 's main body section that holds crew and passengers or Cargo The disintegration of the aircraft was rapid. Investigators from the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the British Department of Transport concluded that the nose of the aircraft separated from the main section within three seconds of the explosion. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB investigates air accidents in the United Kingdom. A cockpit is the area usually near the front of an Aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft

The cockpit voice recorder, a recording device in the tail section of the aircraft, was found in a field by police searchers within 24 hours of the bombing. A Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR is a Flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flightdeck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents There was no evidence of a distress call: a 180-millisecond hissing noise could be heard as the explosion destroyed the aircraft's communications centre. A millisecond (from Milli- and Second; abbreviation ms is one thousandth of a Second.

After being lowered into the cockpit in Lockerbie before it was moved, and while the bodies of the flight crew were still inside it, investigators from the U. S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) concluded that no emergency procedures had been started. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of The pressure control and fuel switches were both set for cruise, and the crew had not used their oxygen masks, which would have descended within five seconds of a rapid depressurisation of the aircraft. Cabin pressurization is the active pumping of compressed Air into an Aircraft cabin when flying at altitude to maintain a safe and comfortable environment for crew Cruise is the level portion of aircraft travel where flight is most fuel efficient An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer breathing Oxygen gas from a storage tank to the Lungs. ^[8]

The nerve centre of a 747, from which all the navigation and communication systems are controlled, is below the cockpit, separated from the forward cargo hold by a bulkhead wall. Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way A cockpit is the area usually near the front of an Aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft Investigators concluded that the force of the explosion broke through this wall and shook the flight-control cables, causing the front section of the fuselage to begin to roll, pitch, and yaw. Aircraft flight control systems consist of Flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls connecting linkages and the necessary operating mechanisms to control Section 41 is the forward portion of a Boeing aircraft from the nose to aft of the cockpit. Flight dynamics is the science of air and space vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions

These violent movements snapped the reinforcing belt that secured the front section to the row of windows on the left side and it began to break away. At the same time, shock waves from the blast ricocheted back from the fuselage skin in the direction of the bomb, meeting pulses still coming from the initial explosion. For the music album by Converter see Shock Front For the 1977 horror film see Shock Waves A shock wave (also called A ricochet (ˈrɪkəʃeɪ RICK-uh-shay) is a rebound bounce or skip off a surface particularly in the case of a Projectile. Pulsed power is the term used to describe the science and technology of accumulating Energy over a relatively long period of time and releasing it very quickly thus increasing This produced Mach stem shock waves, calculated to be 25% faster than, and double the power of, the waves from the explosion itself. In Fluid dynamics, a Mach wave is a pressure wave traveling with the Speed of sound caused by a slight change of Pressure added to a Compressible flow In Physics, power (symbol P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted or the amount of energy required or expended for ^[8] These shock waves rebounded from one side of the aircraft to the other, running down the length of the fuselage through the air-conditioning ducts and splitting the fuselage open. HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or occasionally " H-vak " is an Initialism or Acronym that stands for " Heating ^[11] A section of the 747's roof several feet above the point of detonation peeled away. Detonation is a process of Supersonic Combustion in which a Shock wave is propagated forward due to energy release in a reaction zone behind it The Mach stem waves pulsing through the ductwork bounced off overhead luggage racks and other hard surfaces, jolting the passengers. Luggage is any number of Bags cases and containers which hold a Traveller s articles during transit.

The power of the explosion was increased by the difference in air pressure between the inside of the aircraft, where it was kept at breathable levels, and outside, where it was about a quarter of that at sea level. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface The nose of the aircraft, containing the flight crew and the first class section, broke away, striking the No. First class is the most luxurious class of accommodation on a Train, Passenger ship, Airplane, or other conveyance 3 Pratt & Whitney engine as it snapped off. Pratt & Whitney is an American Aircraft engine manufacturer of products widely used in both civil and military aircraft.

Investigators believe that within three seconds of the explosion, the cockpit, fuselage, and No. 3 engine were falling separately. The fuselage continued moving forward and down until it reached 19,000 ft (6000 m), at which point its dive became almost vertical. In Astronomy, Geography, Geometry and related sciences and contexts a direction passing by a given point is said to be vertical if ^[12]

As it descended, the fuselage broke into smaller pieces, with the section attached to the wings landing first in Sherwood Crescent, where the aviation fuel inside the wings ignited, causing a fireball that destroyed several houses, and which was so intense that nothing remained of the left wing of the aircraft. Aviation fuel is a specialized type of Petroleum -based fuel used to power Aircraft. Investigators were able to determine that both wings had landed in the crater after counting the number of large steel flap drive jackscrews that were found there. In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 A leadscrew is a screw specialized for the purpose of translating rotational to linear motion ^[8]

Victims

Passengers and crew

All 243 passengers and 16 crew members were killed. A Scottish Fatal Accident Inquiry, which opened on October 1, 1990, heard that, when the cockpit broke off, tornado-force winds tore through the fuselage, tearing clothes off passengers and turning insecurely fixed items like food and drink trolleys into lethal objects. A fatal accident inquiry (FAI is a unique aspect of the Scottish legal system, which is requested by a Procurator Fiscal when a fatal accident has occurred Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Because of the sudden change in air pressure, the gases inside the passengers' bodies would have expanded to four times their normal volume, causing their lungs to swell and then collapse. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive People and objects not fixed down would have been blown out of the aircraft into the −46 °C (−50 °F) outside air, their 31,000-ft (9400 m) fall lasting about two minutes. ^[8] Some passengers remained attached to the fuselage by their seat belts, landing in Lockerbie strapped to their seats.

Although the passengers would have lost consciousness through lack of oxygen, forensic examiners believe some of them might have regained consciousness as they fell toward oxygen-rich lower altitudes. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data Forensic pathologist Dr. Forensic pathology is a branch of Pathology concerned with determining the Cause of death by examination of a cadaver William G. Eckert, director of the Milton Helpern International Center of Forensic Sciences at Wichita State University, who examined the autopsy evidence, told Scottish police he believed the flight crew, some of the flight attendants, and 147 other passengers survived the bomb blast and depressurization of the aircraft, and may have been alive on impact. Wichita State University (WSU is an American state-supported university located in the city of Wichita Kansas. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination None of these passengers showed signs of injury from the explosion itself, or from the decompression and disintegration of the aircraft. The inquest heard that a mother was found holding her baby, two friends were holding hands, and a number of passengers were found clutching crucifixes. A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus

Dr Eckert told Scottish police that distinctive marks on Captain MacQuarrie's thumb suggested he had been hanging onto the yoke of the plane as it descended, and may have been alive when the plane crashed. A yoke, alternatively known as control column, is a device used for Piloting in most Fixed-wing aircraft, analogous to a Steering wheel The captain, first officer, flight engineer, a flight attendant, and a number of first-class passengers were found still strapped to their seats inside the nose section when it crashed in a field by a tiny church in the village of Tundergarth. Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as stewards air hosts/hostesses or stewardesses) are members of an Aircrew Lockerbie ( Scottish Gaelic: Logarbaidh) is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. The inquest heard that the flight attendant was alive when found by a farmer's wife, but died before her rescuer could summon help. A male passenger was also found alive, and medical authorities believe he might have survived had he been found earlier. ^[8]

See also: Free-fall#Surviving falls

Nationalities

^[13]

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
Argentina	3	0	3
Belgium	1	0	1
Bolivia	1	0	1
Canada	3	0	3
France	2	1	3
Germany	3	1	4
Hungary	4	0	4
India	3	0	3
Ireland	3	0	3
Israel	1	0	1
Italy	2	0	2
Jamaica	1	0	1
Japan	1	0	1
Philippines	1	0	1
Spain	0	1	1
South Africa	1	0	1
Sweden	2	1	3
Switzerland	1	0	1
Trinidad and Tobago	1	0	1
United Kingdom	40	1	41
United States	169	11	180
Total	243	16	259

Students and families

Thirty-five students from Syracuse University, four from Colgate University, and two from the State University of New York at Oswego were on board, flying home from overseas study in London. Free fall is motion with no Acceleration other than that provided by Gravity. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Syracuse University (SU is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York. Colgate University is a private liberal arts college located in the Village of Hamilton in Madison County New York, USA Ten of the victims were residents of Long Island—including father and son, John and Sean Mulroy—and were returning home for seasonal celebrations with families and friends, as reported by Newsday of December 27, 1988. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Five members of the Dixit-Rattan family, including 3-year-old Suruchi Rattan, were flying to Detroit from New Delhi. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. They were supposed to be on PA67, which had left Frankfurt earlier in the day, but one of the children had fallen ill with breathing difficulties, and the pilot had taken the plane back to the gate to allow the family to disembark. The boy soon recovered, and the family was transferred to PA103 instead. Suruchi was wearing a bright red kurta and salwar—a knee-length tunic and matching trousers—for her journey. A kurta ( Persian / Urdu: کرتا, Hindi: कुरता কুর্তা also called a panjabi in Bengali (or kurti Salwar kameez ( also spelled shalwar kameez or shalwar qameez) is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Southern Asia. She became associated with a note left with flowers outside Lockerbie town hall:

"To the little girl in the red dress who lies here who made my flight from Frankfurt such fun. You didn't deserve this. God Bless, Chas. "

Paul Avron Jeffreys, former bass player with the UK group Cockney Rebel, was on the flight with his new wife Rachel, en route to their honeymoon celebration. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel are an English rock band from the early 1970s Jonathan White, aged 33, the son of actor David White (Larry Tate on Bewitched) was also killed on Pan Am Flight 103. David White ( April 4 1916 – November 27 1990) was an American stage film and television actor Bewitched is an American Situation comedy originally broadcast for eight seasons on ABC from 1964 to 1972.

American intelligence officers

There were at least four U. S. intelligence officers on the passenger list, with rumours, never confirmed, of a fifth. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities The presence of these men on the flight later gave rise to a number of conspiracy theories, in which one or more of them were said to have been the bombers' targets. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment Matthew Gannon, the CIA's deputy station chief in Beirut, Lebanon, was sitting in Clipper Class seat 14J. Matthew Kevin Gannon ( August 11, 1954 - December 21, 1988) was a CIA Officer killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Major Chuck "Tiny" McKee,^[14] a senior army officer on secondment to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) in Beirut, sat behind Gannon in the center aisle in seat 15F. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Two Diplomatic Security Service Special Agents, believed to be acting as bodyguards to Gannon and McKee, were sitting in economy: Ronald Lariviere, a security officer from the U. S. Embassy in Beirut, was in 20H, and Daniel O'Connor, a security officer from the U. S. Embassy in Nicosia, Cyprus, sat five rows behind Lariviere in 25H, both men seated over the right wing. Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

The four men had flown together out of Cyprus that morning. Major McKee is believed to have been in Beirut trying to locate the American hostages held at that time by Hezbollah. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation After the bombing, sources close to the investigation told journalists that a map had been found in Lockerbie showing the suspected locations of the hostages, as marked by McKee, though this discovery was not confirmed in court.

Also on board, in seat 53K at the back of the plane, was 21-year-old Khalid Nazir Jaafar, who had moved from Lebanon to Detroit with his family, where his father ran a successful auto-repair business. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Because of his Lebanese background, and because he was returning from having visited relatives there, Jaafar's name later figured prominently in the investigation into the bombing, as well as in a number of conspiracy theories that developed. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment

Lockerbie residents

On the ground, 11 Lockerbie residents were killed when the wing section hit 13 Sherwood Crescent at more than 500 mph (800 km/h) and exploded, creating a crater 47 metres (155 ft) long and with a volume of 560 m³ (730 yd³),^[15] vaporising several houses and their foundations, and damaging 21 others so badly they had to be demolished. Four members of one family, Jack and Rosalind Somerville and their children Paul and Lynsey, died when their house at 15 Sherwood Crescent exploded. A fireball rose above the houses and moved toward the nearby Glasgow–Carlisle A74 main road, scorching cars in the southbound lanes, leading motorists and local residents to believe that there had been a meltdown at the nearby Chapelcross nuclear power station. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. The A74 was a major Trunk road in the United Kingdom, linking Glasgow in Scotland to Carlisle in the North West of The only house left standing intact in the area belonged to Father Patrick Keegans, Lockerbie's Roman Catholic priest. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities ^[16]

For many days, Lockerbie residents lived with the sight of bodies in their gardens and in the streets, as forensic workers photographed and tagged the location of each body to help determine the exact position and force of the on-board explosion, by coordinating information about each passenger's assigned seat, type of injury, and where they had landed. Local resident Bunty Galloway told authors Geraldine Sheridan and Thomas Kenning (1993):

"A boy was lying at the bottom of the steps on to the road. A young laddie with brown socks and blue trousers on. BOY is a Canadian Indie pop band The band consists of vocalist and general instrumentalist Stephen Kozmeniuk, drummer Maurie Kaufmann, Later that evening my son-in-law asked for a blanket to cover him. I didn't know he was dead. I gave him a lamb's wool travelling rug thinking I'd keep him warm. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Two more girls were lying dead across the road, one of them bent over garden railings. It was just as though they were sleeping. The boy lay at the bottom of my stairs for days. Every time I came back to my house for clothes he was still there. 'My boy is still there,' I used to tell the waiting policeman. Eventually on Saturday I couldn't take it no more. 'You got to get my boy lifted,' I told the policeman. That night he was moved. "

Despite being advised by their governments not to travel to Lockerbie, many of the passengers' relatives, most of them from the U. S. , arrived there within days to identify their loved ones. Volunteers from Lockerbie set up and manned canteens, which stayed open 24 hours a day, where relatives, soldiers, police officers and social workers could find free sandwiches, hot meals, coffee, and someone to talk to. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales (administration of Police matters Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies A sandwich is a food item made of two or more slices of Bread with one or more layers of a filling CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom The people of the town washed, dried, and ironed every piece of clothing that was found, once the police had determined they were of no forensic value, so that as many items as possible could be returned to the relatives. The BBC's Scottish correspondent, Andrew Cassel, reported on the tenth anniversary of the bombing that the townspeople had "opened their homes and hearts" to the relatives, bearing their own losses "stoically and with enormous dignity", and that the bonds forged then continue to this day. An anniversary (from the Latin anniversarius, from the words for year and to turn meaning (returning yearly known in English since c. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC This brief article is about how the term dignity is used The article presents dignity as it is used by international organizations governments bioethicists academics and ^[17]

Helsinki warning

On December 5, 1988 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a security bulletin saying that on that day a man with an Arabic accent had telephoned the U. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language S. Embassy in Helsinki, Finland, and had told them that a Pan Am flight from Frankfurt to the United States would be blown up within the next two weeks by someone associated with the Abu Nidal Organization. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Abu Nidal (أبو نضال (May 1937&ndashAugust 16 2002 born Sabri Khalil al-Banna, (Arabic صبري خليل البنا was a Palestinian political leader He said a Finnish woman would carry the bomb on board as an unwitting courier.

The anonymous warning was taken seriously by the U. S. government. The State Department cabled the bulletin to dozens of embassies. The FAA sent it to all U. S. carriers, including Pan Am, which had charged each of the passengers a five-dollar security surcharge, promising a "program that will screen passengers, employees, airport facilities, baggage and aircraft with unrelenting thoroughness" (The Independent, March 29, 1990); the security team in Frankfurt found the warning hidden under a pile of papers on a desk the day after the bombing. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) ^[8] One of the Frankfurt security screeners, whose job it was to spot explosive devices under X-ray, told ABC News that she had first learned what Semtex (a plastic explosive) was during ABC's interview with her 11 months after the bombing (Prime Time Live, November 1989). This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American Semtex is a general-purpose Plastic explosive containing RDX and PETN. Plastic explosive (or the obsolete term plastique) is a specialised form of Explosive material.

On December 13, the warning was posted on bulletin boards in the U. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life S. Embassy in Moscow, and eventually distributed to the entire American community there, including journalists and businessmen. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of As a result, a number of people allegedly booked on carriers other than Pan Am, leaving empty seats on PA103 that were later sold cheaply in "bucket shops". PA103 investigators subsequently said the telephone warning had been a hoax and a chilling coincidence. A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that Coincidence is the noteworthy alignment of two or more events or circumstances without obvious causal connection

Flight reservations

After the bombing, a number of stories emerged of people with reservations on PA103 who missed the flight. Some of them include:

• American musical quartet The Four Tops were returning to the States for Christmas, but were late getting out of a recording session. The Four Tops are an American vocal Quartet, whose repertoire has included Doo-wop, Jazz, Soul music, R&B, Disco Angry at being too late to catch the flight, they were arguing about it when they heard it had exploded (ABC News Prime Time Live, November 30, 1989);
• Sex Pistols band member John Lydon and his wife, Nora, also had a narrow escape. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 John Joseph Lydon (born 31 January 1956 in London England also known as Johnny Rotten, is a British Rock musician best known as lead vocalist for the Punk "Nora and I should have been dead," he told the Scottish Sunday Mirror. The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 "We only missed the flight because Nora hadn't packed in time. The minute we realized what happened, we just looked at each other and almost collapsed. "^[18]
• Anne Applebaum was booked on the flight. Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born 25 July 1964 is a journalist and Pulitzer Prize -winning Author who has However, a week before take-off, she postponed her journey by a day in order to visit Oxford^[19]
• Kim Cattrall was supposed to be on this flight, but changed it in order to buy a Christmas present for her mother, she later flew back to New York on TWA. Kim Victoria Cattrall ( rhyming with shall; born 21 August 1956) is an English born actress who grew up in Canada and now lives Trans World Airlines ( TWA) renamed TWA Airlines LLC in 2001 was a major U
• Jaswant Basuta, an American of Indian descent, got drunk in the passenger lounge after checking in, and sprinted to the gate to find the aircraft's doors had just been closed. He pleaded for the doors to be re-opened, but Pan Am duty manager Christopher Price refused. Just over an hour later, two police officers arrived in the passenger lounge to tell Basuta the flight was down and that he was a suspect, because his suitcase had been on the plane but he had not — a breach by the airline of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rules, which insist that the checked baggage of any passenger who failed to board be removed from the aircraft's hold. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Checked baggage refers to items of Baggage delivered to an Airline or Train for transportation in the hold of an Aircraft or baggage car ^[20] While he was being questioned, his wife, Surinder, who believed he was on the flight, made a promise to the image of a Sikh Guru on the clock in the kitchen at home that she would hire priests to perform a special 48-hour prayer session if her husband survived. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Sikhism was established by Guru Nanak over the period of 1469 to 1708. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit On a Friday morning two months later, she and her husband Jaswant went to a Sikh temple in New York, and with the priests she had invited prayed from 10:00 a. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous m. on Friday until 10:00 a. m. on Sunday. "On one side of the door was death," Surinder told authors Matthew Cox and Tom Foster, "on the other, life. It's like someone pulled him back". ^[8]
• Lynne Rutter, a muralist from San Francisco, narrowly missed the flight having spent the previous night partying in London at a friend's wedding. A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface She took a flight on another airline that left only 45 minutes later, and like the rest of the passengers on that flight, was not informed of the disaster until she had cleared customs in San Francisco.

Others known or rumoured to have cancelled reservations on PA103 include:

• Pik Botha (former South African foreign minister), who was travelling to UN headquarters to sign the New York Accords which granted independence to Namibia; (Bernt Carlsson, the UN Commissioner for Namibia, who was travelling to the same ceremony, died on board the flight^[21]);
• John McCarthy, then U. Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha (born April 27, 1932, in Rustenburg, Transvaal) is a former South African politician who served The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United Nations Headquarters is a distinctive complex in New York City that has served as the headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1950 The New York Accords granted independence to Namibia and ended the direct involvement of foreign troops in the Angolan Civil War. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast Bernt Wilmar Carlsson ( 1938 - December 21, 1988) was Assistant-Secretary-General of the United Nations and UN Commissioner for Namibia United Nations Commissioner for South-West Africa was a post created by the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) in 1967 to assert the UN's direct responsibility S. Ambassador to Lebanon;
• Chris Revell, the son of Oliver "Buck" Revell, then executive assistant director of the CIA; and,
• Steven Greene, assistant administrator in the Office of Intelligence of the U. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all S. Drug Enforcement Administration. The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and

Claims of responsibility

According to a CIA analysis dated December 22, 1988, several groups were quick to claim responsibility in telephone calls in the United States and Europe:

• A male caller claimed that a group called the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution had destroyed the plane in retaliation for the U. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) S. shootdown of an Iranian passenger airliner the previous July. Iran Air Flight 655, also known as IR655, was a civilian Airliner shot down by US missiles on Sunday July 3, 1988, over
• A caller claiming to represent the Islamic Jihad organization told ABC News in New York that the group had planted the bomb to commemorate Christmas.
• The Ulster Defense League allegedly issued a telephonic claim.
• Another anonymous caller claimed the plane had been downed by Mossad, the Israeli Intelligence service. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations

After finishing this list, the author stated, "We consider the claims from the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution as the most credible one received so far". The analysis concluded, "We cannot assign responsibility for this tragedy to any terrorist group at this time. We anticipate that, as often happens, many groups will seek to claim credit". ^[22][23]

Investigation

Further information: Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103

The initial investigation into the crash site by Dumfries and Galloway police involved military and civilian helicopter surveys, satellite imaging, and a fingertip search of the area by police and soldiers. The investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 1903 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary is the Police service for the council area of Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland. More than 10,000 pieces of debris were retrieved, tagged and entered into a computer tracking system.

The fuselage of the aircraft was reconstructed by air accident investigators, revealing a 20-inch (510 mm) hole consistent with an explosion in the forward cargo hold. Examination of the baggage containers revealed that the container nearest the hole had blackening, pitting, and severe damage indicating a "high-energy event" had taken place inside it. A series of test explosions were carried out to confirm the precise location and quantity of explosive used.

Fragments of a Samsonite suitcase believed to have contained the bomb were recovered, together with parts and pieces of circuit board identified as part of a Toshiba Bombeat radio cassette player, similar to that used to conceal a Semtex bomb seized by West German police from the Palestinian militant group Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command two months earlier. The Samsonite company makes Luggage with its products ranging from large Suitcases to small toiletries bags ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Semtex is a general-purpose Plastic explosive containing RDX and PETN. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - القيادة Items of baby clothing, which were subsequently proven to have been made in Malta, were also thought to have come from the same suitcase.

The clothes were traced to a Maltese merchant, Tony Gauci, who became a key prosecution witness, testifying that he sold the clothes to a man of Libyan appearance, whom he later identified as Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Tony Gauci is a former proprietor of a clothes shop in Malta. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi (عبد الباسط محمد علي المقرحي (not المقراحي as commonly misspelled by the media (born April 1 1952 is a former Libyan Tony Gauci's testimony was discredited in 2007, however, by an official report providing information not available during the original trial, that Gauci had seen a picture of al-Megrahi in a magazine which connected al-Megrahi to the bombing, a fact which could have distorted his judgement. ^[24]

A circuit board fragment, allegedly found embedded in a piece of charred material, was identified as part of an electronic timer similar to that found on a Libyan intelligence agent who had been arrested 10 months previously, carrying materials for a Semtex bomb. The timer allegedly was traced through its Swiss manufacturer, Mebo, to the Libyan military, and Mebo employee Ulrich Lumpert identified the fragment at al-Megrahi's trial. Mebo Telecommunications AG (formed in 1969 and registered in Zürich on March 24, 1971) is owned by Swiss businessmen Erwin Meister The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on May 3, 2000, which was 11 years four months and 13 days after the blowing up of Pan Am Flight 103 on The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on May 3, 2000, which was 11 years four months and 13 days after the blowing up of Pan Am Flight 103 on On July 18, 2007, however, Lumpert admitted he had lied at the trial. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[25] In a sworn affidavit before a Zurich notary, Lumpert stated that he had stolen a prototype MST-13 timer PC-board from Mebo and gave it without permission on June 22, 1989, to "an official person investigating the Lockerbie case". An affidavit is a formal sworn statement of fact, signed by the declarant (who is called the affiant or deponent) and witnessed (as to the veracity of the Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the A notary public is an officer who can administer Oaths and Statutory Declarations Witness and authenticate documents A prototype is an original type form or instance of something serving as a typical example basis or standard for other things of the same category A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electronic components using conductive pathways or traces Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) ^[26] Dr Hans Köchler, UN observer at the Lockerbie trial, who was sent a copy of Lumpert's affidavit, said: "The Scottish authorities are now obliged to investigate this situation. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Not only has Mr Lumpert admitted to stealing a sample of the timer, but to the fact he gave it to an official and then lied in court".

Investigators also discovered that an unaccompanied bag had been routed onto PA 103, via the interline baggage system, from Luqa airport on Air Malta flight KM180 to Frankfurt, and then by feeder flight PA 103A to Heathrow. Frankfurt am Main International Airport, known in German as Flughafen Frankfurt am Main or Rhein-Main-Flughafen and in rest of Europe This unaccompanied bag was shown at the trial to have been the suitcase that contained the bomb.

Trial and appeals

Further information: Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial

On May 3, 2000, the trial of the two Libyans, Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, accused of the 1988 PA103 bombing, began. The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on May 3, 2000, which was 11 years four months and 13 days after the blowing up of Pan Am Flight 103 on Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi (عبد الباسط محمد علي المقرحي (not المقراحي as commonly misspelled by the media (born April 1 1952 is a former Libyan Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah (الأمين خليفة فحيمة (born April 4 1956) is a former station manager for Libyan Arab Airlines Megrahi was convicted of murder on January 31, 2001, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. His co-accused, Fhimah, was acquitted. Megrahi's appeal against conviction was rejected on March 14, 2002. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

On September 23, 2003 Megrahi's lawyers applied to the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC) to have his case referred back to the Court of Criminal Appeal for a fresh appeal against conviction. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC is a non-departmental public body in Scotland, established by the Criminal Procedure (Scotland Act 1995 The Court of Criminal Appeal is the name of existing courts of Scotland and Ireland, and an historic court in England and Wales. The application to the SCCRC followed the publication of two reports in February 2001 and March 2002 by Hans Köchler, who had been an international observer at Camp Zeist, Netherlands appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman The Scottish court in the Netherlands was the name given to the special High Court of Justiciary set up under Scots law in a disused United States Air Force The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Köchler described the decisions of the trial and appeal courts as a "spectacular miscarriage of justice". ^[27] Köchler also issued a series of statements in 2003, 2005, and 2007 calling for an independent international inquiry into the case and accusing the West of "double standards in criminal justice" in relation to the Lockerbie trial on the one hand and the HIV trial in Libya on the other. The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on May 3, 2000, which was 11 years four months and 13 days after the blowing up of Pan Am Flight 103 on The HIV trial in Libya (or Bulgarian nurses affair) concerns the trials appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect ^[28][29][30]

On June 28, 2007 the SCCRC announced its decision to refer Megrahi's case to the High Court for a second appeal against conviction. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[31] The SCCRC's decision was based on facts set out in an 800-page report that determined that "a miscarriage of justice may have occurred". ^[32] Köchler criticised the SCCRC for exonerating police, prosecutors and forensic staff from blame in respect of Megrahi's alleged wrongful conviction. He told the Glasgow Herald of June 29, 2007:

"No officials to be blamed, simply a Maltese shopkeeper. The Herald is a national Broadsheet newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "^[33]

The second appeal will be heard by five judges in 2008 at the Court of Criminal Appeal. The Court of Criminal Appeal is the name of existing courts of Scotland and Ireland, and an historic court in England and Wales. A procedural hearing at the Appeal Court in Edinburgh took place on October 11, 2007 when prosecution and defence lawyers discussed a number of legal issues with a panel of three judges. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[34] One of the issues concerned a number of CIA documents that were shown before the trial to the prosecution, but were not disclosed to the defence. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The documents are understood to relate to the Mebo MST-13 timer that allegedly detonated the PA103 bomb. Mebo Telecommunications AG (formed in 1969 and registered in Zürich on March 24, 1971) is owned by Swiss businessmen Erwin Meister ^[35] Megrahi's lawyers are also asking for documents relating to an alleged payment of $2 million made to Maltese merchant, Tony Gauci, for his testimony at the trial, which led to the conviction of Megrahi. Tony Gauci is a former proprietor of a clothes shop in Malta. ^[36]

Alleged motive

Libya has never formally admitted carrying out the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. In a letter to the United Nations it "accepted responsibility for the actions of its officials". The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[37]

The motive that is generally attributed to Libya can be traced back to a series of military confrontations with the US Navy that took place in the 1980s in the Gulf of Sidra, the whole of which Libya claimed as its territorial waters. Gulf of Sidra is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea on the northern coast of Libya; it is also known as Gulf of Sirte. First, there was the Gulf of Sidra incident (1981) when two Libyan fighter aircraft were shot down. The first Gulf of Sidra incident, August 19 1981, was an incident in which two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22 Fitter attack aircraft were shot down by two Then, two Libyan radio ships were sunk in the Gulf of Sidra. Radio Nordsee International ( RNI) also known as Radio North Sea International in English and Radio Noordzee International in Later, on March 23, 1986 a Libyan Navy patrol boat was sunk in the Gulf of Sidra,^[38] followed by the sinking of another Libyan vessel on March 25, 1986. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ^[39] The Libyan leader, Muammar al-Gaddafi, was accused of retaliating to these sinkings by ordering the bombing of West Berlin nightclub, La Belle, that was frequented by U. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi The Berlin discotheque bombing of April 5, 1986 was a terrorist attack on the La Belle discotheque West Berlin, Germany, that was S. soldiers and which killed three and injured 230. ^[40]

The CIA's alleged interception of an incriminatory message from Libya to its embassy in East Berlin provided U. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 S. president Ronald Reagan with the justification for USAF warplanes to launch Operation El Dorado Canyon on April 15, 1986 from British bases^[41][42]—the first U. The United States bombing of Libya (code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon) comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy and Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) S. military strikes from Britain since World War II—against Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Benghazi or Bengasi ( Arabic بنغازي, transliterated Banġāzī,) is the second largest city in Libya and the Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Among dozens of Libyan military and civilian casualties, the air strikes killed Hanna Gaddafi, a baby girl Gaddafi said he adopted. To avenge his daughter's death, Gaddafi is said to have sponsored the September 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi, Pakistan. Pan American World Airways ' Pan Am Flight 73 was hijacked on September 5, 1986, by four armed men of the Abu Nidal Organization. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[43]

Compensation from Libya

On May 29, 2002, Libya offered up to US$2. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 7 billion to settle claims by the families of the 270 killed in the Lockerbie bombing, representing US$10 million per family. The Libyan offer was that:

• 40% of the money would be released when United Nations sanctions, suspended in 1999, were cancelled;
• another 40% when U. S. trade sanctions were lifted; and
• the final 20% when the U. S. State Department removed Libya from its list of states sponsoring terrorism.

Jim Kreindler of New York law firm, Kreindler & Kreindler, which orchestrated the settlement, said:

"These are uncharted waters. It is the first time that any of the states designated as sponsors of terrorism have offered compensation to families of terror victims. "

The U. S. State Department maintained that it was not directly involved. "Some families want cash, others say it is blood money," said a State Department official.

Compensation for the families of the PA103 victims was among the steps set by the UN for lifting its sanctions against Libya. Other requirements included a formal denunciation of terrorism—which Libya said it had already made—and "accepting responsibility for the actions of its officials". ^[44][45]

Over 18 months later, on December 5, 2003, Jim Kreindler revealed that his Park Avenue law firm would receive an initial contingency fee of around US$1 million from each of the 128 American families Kreindler represents. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Park Avenue (formerly Fourth Avenue) is a wide boulevard that carries north and southbound traffic in New York City Borough of Manhattan The firm's fees could exceed US$300 million eventually. But Kreindler argued:

"Over the past seven years we have had a dedicated team working tirelessly on this and we deserve the contingency fee we have worked so hard for, and I think we have provided the relatives with value for money. "

Another top legal firm in the U. S. , Speiser Krause, which represented 60 relatives, of whom half were UK families, was understood to have concluded contingency deals securing them fees of between 28 and 35% of individual settlements. Frank Granito of Speiser Krause commented:

"Sure the rewards in the U. S. are more substantial than anywhere else in the world but nobody has questioned the fee whilst the work has been going on, it is only now as we approach a resolution when the criticism comes your way. "

On August 15, 2003, Libya's UN ambassador, Ahmed Own, submitted a letter to the UN Security Council formally accepting "responsibility for the actions of its officials" in relation to the Lockerbie bombing. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[46] The Libyan government then proceeded to pay compensation to each family of US$8 million (from which legal fees of about US$2. 5 million were deducted) and, as a result, the UN cancelled the sanctions that had been suspended four years earlier, and U. S. trade sanctions were lifted. A further US$2 million would have gone to each family had the U. S. State Department removed Libya from its list of states regarded as supporting international terrorism, but as this did not happen by the deadline set by Libya, the Libyan Central Bank withdrew the remaining US$540 million in April 2005 from the escrow account in Switzerland through which the earlier US$2. Escrow is a legal arrangement in which an asset (such as Cash, Real property or other tangible assets is deposited into safekeeping (e Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation 16 billion compensation for the victims' families had been paid. ^[47] The United States announced resumption of full diplomatic relations with Libya after deciding to remove it from its list of countries that support terrorism on May 15, 2006. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[48]

Libya's acceptance of responsibility may have amounted to a business deal aimed at having the sanctions overturned, rather than an admission of guilt. On February 24, 2004, Libyan Prime Minister Shukri Ghanem stated in a BBC Radio 4 interview that his country had paid the compensation as the "price for peace" and to secure the lifting of sanctions. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Shukri Mohammed Ghanem ( Arabic: شكرى محمد غانم) (born 1942 is the former General Secretary of the People's Committee in Libya ( Prime Asked if Libya did not accept guilt, he said, "I agree with that. " He also said there was no evidence to link Libya with the April 1984 shooting of police officer Yvonne Fletcher outside the Libyan Embassy in London. Yvonne Joyce Fletcher (1959&ndash 17 April 1984) was a British Woman Police Constable (WPC who was shot and killed in London 's Gaddafi later retracted Ghanem's comments, under pressure from Washington and London. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[49]

A civil action against Libya continues on behalf of Pan Am, which went bankrupt partly as a result of the attack. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against The airline is seeking $4. 5 billion for the loss of the aircraft and the effect on the airline's business. ^[50]

In the wake of the SCCRC's June 2007 decision, there have been suggestions that, if Megrahi's second appeal is successful and his conviction is overturned, Libya could seek to recover the $2. 16 billion compensation paid to the relatives. ^[51] Interviewed by French newspaper Le Figaro on December 7, 2007, Saif al-Gaddafi said that the seven Libyans convicted for the Pan Am Flight 103 and the UTA Flight 772 bombings "are innocent". Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi ( سيف الإسلام القذافي, translation Sword of Islam) (born June 25, 1972) is a UTA Flight 772 of the French airline Union des Transports Aériens, was a scheduled flight operating from Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo When asked if Libya would therefore seek reimbursement of the compensation paid to the families of the victims ($2. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 33 billion in total), Saif al-Gaddafi replied: "I don't know". ^[52]

Following discussions in London in May 2008, US and Libyan officials agreed to start negotiations to resolve all outstanding bilateral compensation claims including those relating to UTA Flight 772, the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing and Pan Am Flight 103. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. UTA Flight 772 of the French airline Union des Transports Aériens, was a scheduled flight operating from Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo The Berlin discotheque bombing of April 5, 1986 was a terrorist attack on the La Belle discotheque West Berlin, Germany, that was ^[53]

Alternative theories

Main article: Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103

Controversial material presented in the article includes:

• Rationale for reopening the case
• "Framing" of Libya
• Seven alternative theories
  • CIA in Lockerbie
  • Iran, the PFLP-GC, and operation Autumn Leaves
  • Iran and the London angle
  • Libya and Abu Nidal
  • CIA-protected suitcase theory
  • Radio detonation
  • South Africa luggage swap theory

Haseldine petition

In October 2007, former British diplomat Patrick Haseldine submitted an e-petition to prime minister Gordon Brown, putting forward his conspiracy theory that apartheid South Africa was responsible for the bombing. Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 suggest that Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, a Libyan agent who was convicted on 270 counts of murder for the bombing Patrick Haseldine is a former British FCO official who was dismissed in August 1989 by the then foreign secretary, John Major, for "various WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa However, the petition did not secure the minimum 200 votes required for a response. ^[54]

Epilogue from the President's Commission

On September 29, 1989, President Bush appointed Ann McLaughlin Korologos, former Secretary of Labor, as chair of the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism (PCAST) to review and report on aviation security policy in the light of the sabotage of flight PA103. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Mrs Korologos and the PCAST team (Senator Alfonse D'Amato, Senator Frank Lautenberg, Representative John Paul Hammerschmidt, Representative James Oberstar, General Thomas Richards, deputy commander of U. Alfonse Marcello D'Amato (born August 1 1937 is a former New York Politician. Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (born January 23 1924 is an American businessman and Democratic Party Politician. John Paul Hammerschmidt (born May 4, 1922) is an American politician from the U James Louis "Jim" Oberstar (born September 10 1934) is a United States politician S. forces in West Germany, and Edward Hidalgo, former Secretary of the U. S. Navy) submitted their report, with its 64 recommendations, on May 15, 1990. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The PCAST chairman also handed a sealed envelope to the President which was widely believed to apportion blame for the PA103 bombing. Extensively covered in The Guardian the next day, the PCAST report concluded:

"National will and the moral courage to exercise it are the ultimate means of defeating terrorism. The Commission recommends a more vigorous policy that not only pursues and punishes terrorists, but also makes state sponsors of terrorism pay a price for their actions. "

Before submitting their report, the PCAST members met a group of British PA103 relatives at the U. S. embassy in London on February 12, 1990. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Twelve years later, on July 11, 2002, Scottish M. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. P. Tam Dalyell reminded the House of Commons of a controversial statement made at that 1990 embassy meeting by a PCAST member to one of the British relatives, Martin Cadman:

"Your government and ours know exactly what happened. Sir Thomas Dalyell of the Binns 11th Baronet (born 9 August 1932) known as Tam Dalyell (diːˈɛl is a Scottish Politician The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords But they're never going to tell. "

The statement first came to public attention in the 1994 documentary film The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie and was published in both The Guardian of July 29, 1995, and a special report from Private Eye magazine entitled Lockerbie, the flight from justice May/June 2001. The Maltese Double Cross — Lockerbie is a documentary film about the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Private Eye is a fortnightly British satirical Magazine, edited by Ian Hislop. Dalyell asserted in Parliament that the statement had never been refuted.

Memorials

There are a number of private and public memorials to the PA103 victims. Syracuse University (SU is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York. Dark Elegy is the work of sculptor Susan Lowenstein of Long Island, whose son Alexander, then 21, was a passenger on the flight. The work consists of 43 nude statues of the wives and mothers who lost a husband or a child. Inside each sculpture there is a personal memento of the victim. ^[55]

U. S. President Bill Clinton dedicated a Memorial Cairn to the victims at Arlington National Cemetery on November 3, 1995,^[56] and there are similar memorials at Syracuse University; Dryfesdale Cemetery, near Lockerbie; and in Sherwood Crescent, Lockerbie. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Syracuse University (SU is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York.

Syracuse University holds a memorial week every year called "Remembrance Week" to commemorate its 35 lost students. Every December 21, a service is held in the university's chapel at 2:03 p. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian m. (19:03 UTC), marking the moment the aircraft exploded. The university also awards university tuition fees to two students from Lockerbie Academy each year, in the form of its Lockerbie scholarship. In addition, the university annually awards 35 scholarships to seniors to honor each of the 35 students killed. The Remembrance Scholarships are among the highest honors a Syracuse undergraduate can receive. SUNY Oswego also gives out scholarships in memorial of Colleen Brunner to a student who is studying abroad. A local sorority at SUNY Oswego also gives out an award every spring to a Junior who best represents the way Colleen was because she is a sister of Alpha Sigma Chi. Hamburg High School, her alma mater, also gives out a scholarship to a deserving senior.

The main UK memorial is at Dryfesdale Cemetery about a mile west of Lockerbie. There is a semicircular stone wall in the garden of remembrance with the names and nationalities of all the victims along with individual funeral stones and memorials. Inside the chapel at Dryfesdale there is a book of remembrance. There are memorials in Lockerbie and Moffat Roman Catholic churches, where plaques list the names of all 270 victims. Lockerbie ( Scottish Gaelic: Logarbaidh) is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. Moffat is a former Burgh and Spa town in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, lying on the River Annan, with a population of around In Lockerbie Town Hall Council Chambers, there is a stained-glass window depicting flags of the 21 different countries whose citizens lost their lives in the disaster. There is also a book of remembrance at Lockerbie public library and another at Tundergarth Church.

Depictions in media

A drama-documentary made by Granada Television for the United Kingdom ITV network, Why Lockerbie?, depicts the events leading to the bombing, and was first screened on November 26 1990. A Docudrama is a Dramatization of actual historical events Generalities Docudramas tend to demonstrate some or most of the following characteristics Granada Television is the United Kingdom ITV contractor for North West England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent It was screened in the United States by HBO on December 9 1990 as The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story. ^[57]

Aftermath depicted in the stage play The Women of Lockerbie by Deborah Brevoort was awarded the silver medal in the Onassis International Playwriting Competition in 2001. A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters

The plane wreckage appears in the montage-painting "View from the Hill" by Mark Wilkinson featured in the gatefold sleeve of Fish's first solo album Vigil in a Wilderness of Mirrors. Mark Wilkinson (born in Windsor, England on October 3[[ 952]] is best known for his detailed surrealistic cover art that he created for a number of Derek William Dick, better known as Fish (born 25 April 1958, in Dalkeith, Midlothian) is a Scottish Progressive Vigil in a Wilderness of Mirrors ( 1990) was the first solo album that rock singer Fish released after he departed Marillion in 1988

It was announced in March 2007 that a movie based on the novel The Boy Who Fell Out of the Sky by Ken Dornstein based on the events of the bombing will be produced. The Boy Who Fell Out of the Sky is a book by Ken Dornstein about his older brother David Dornstein. ^[58]

Hip-hop artist GZA makes reference to the event in the song "Gold" off of his 1995 solo release Liquid Swords. Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Gary Grice, better known as GZA ( Genius/GZA, or The Genius, (born August 22, 1966 in Brooklyn, New York See also 1995 in music (UK Musical groups established in 1995 Record Liquid Swords is the second Solo album by Wu-Tang Clan member GZA, a

References

See also

• Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870
• Air India Flight 182
• Alternative theories of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
• Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
• Korean Air Flight 858
• List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
• List of terrorist incidents
• Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial
• Hans Köchler's Lockerbie trial observer mission
• Pan Am Flight 73
• UTA Flight 772

Sources

Further reading

• Cohen, Dan and Susan. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman The International Progress Organization (IPO is a Vienna -based Think tank dealing with world affairs (2000) Pan Am 103: the Bombing, the Betrayals, and a Bereaved Family's Search for Justice, ISBN 0-451-20270-8
• Dornstein, Ken. (2006) The Boy Who Fell Out of the Sky, ISBN 0-375-50359-5
• Leppard, David. (1992) On the Trail of Terror
• Marquise, Richard A. (2006) Scotbom: Evidence and the Lockerbie Investigation, ISBN 978-0-87586-449-5
• Köchler, Hans, and Jason Subler (eds. ). (2002) The Lockerbie Trial. Documents related to the I. P. O. Observer Mission. Studies in International Relations, XXVII, ISBN 390070421X
• Report of the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism, May 15, 1990, U. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) S. Government Printing Office, 0-266-884

External links

• Archive.org cache of The Pan Am 103 Crash Website Collected information on Pan Am 103 1995–2002
• Syracuse University Pan Am Flight 103 archive
• Syracuse College of Law Lockerbie trial website
• A PA103 timeline, The Washington Post
• A PA103 timeline, Syracuse University
• Article about victim Gretchen Dater and 9/11 victim Jeremy Glick, who both attended the same New Jersey school
• A private investigator's view that terrorism did not destroy PA103
• "Report on and evaluation of the Lockerbie trial conducted by the special Scottish Court in the Netherlands at Kamp van Zeist" by Dr. Hans Köchler, February 3, 2001
• "Report on the appeal proceedings at the Scottish Court in the Netherlands (Lockerbie Court)" by Dr. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Hans Köchler, International Progress Organization, March 26, 2002
• Police chief—Lockerbie evidence was faked, The Scotsman August 28, 2005
• Defense Intelligence Agency Redacted Pan Am Report (response to a FOIA, 11 MB PDF)
• From Lockerbie to Camp Zeist: The Pan Am 103 Trial
• Pan Am Flight 103, CBS News
• "The New York Times on the Libya-Pan Am 103 Case: A Study in Propaganda Service" Center for Research on Globalization, Québec, Canada
• Inconvenient Truths, Hugh Miles, London Review of Books
• The Lockerbie disaster
• Pre-disaster photos of N739PA, Airliners.net
• Seat map of Pan Am 103
• Lockerbie bombing suspects arraigned in Netherlands, CNN
• "BYTE OUT OF HISTORY: Solving a complex case of international terrorism," Federal Bureau of Investigation
• "Full wording of initial charges," BBC

The International Progress Organization (IPO is a Vienna -based Think tank dealing with world affairs Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Scotsman is a Scottish national Newspaper, published in Edinburgh. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. The London Review of Books (or LRB) is a Fortnightly British literary and political magazine Airlinersnet is an Aviation website founded by Johan Lundgren in 1997 evolving from his previous Pictures of Modern Airliners site started in 1994 Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner

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