46 rhodium ← palladium → silver Ni ↑ Pd ↓ Pt Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	palladium, Pd, 46
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	10, 5, d
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight	106.42(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 0
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	12. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Properties Group ten metals are white to light grey in color and possess a high Luster, a resistance to tarnish( Oxidation) at STP, are highly A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 023  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	10. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 38  g·cm−3
Melting point	1828. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 05 K (1554. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 9 °C, 2830. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 82 °F)
Boiling point	3236 K (2963 °C, 5365 °F)
Heat of fusion	16. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 74  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	362  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 98  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1721 1897 2117 2395 2753 3234
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	2, 4 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 20 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 804. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 4 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1870 kJ/mol
	3rd: 3177 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	140  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	169  pm
Covalent radius	131  pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 105. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 4 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 71. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 8  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 11. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 8  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3070 m/s
Young's modulus	121  GPa
Shear modulus	44  GPa
Bulk modulus	180  GPa
Poisson ratio	0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 39
Mohs hardness	4. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 75
Vickers hardness	461  MPa
Brinell hardness	37. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece 3  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-05-3
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of palladium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 100Pd syn 3.63 d ε - 107Rh γ 0. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Naturally-occurring Palladium ( Pd) is composed of six Isotopes The most stable Radioisotopes are 107Pd with a Half-life Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different Times this page lists times between 105 seconds and 106 seconds (approximately 27 Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 084, 0. 074, 0. 126 - 102Pd 1. 02% 102Pd is stable with 56 neutrons 103Pd syn 16.991 d ε - 103Rh 104Pd 11. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds and 107 seconds (approximately 11 Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol 14% 104Pd is stable with 58 neutrons 105Pd 22. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 33% 105Pd is stable with 59 neutrons 106Pd 27. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 33% 106Pd is stable with 60 neutrons 107Pd syn 6.5×106 y β- 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 3 In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 033 107Ag 108Pd 26. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen 46% 108Pd is stable with 62 neutrons 110Pd 11. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 72% 110Pd is stable with 64 neutrons
References

Palladium (pronounced \pe-‘lä-dē-em\) is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the asteroid Pallas, which in turn, was named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew the giant Pallas. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages William Hyde Wollaston FRS ( August 6, 1766 &ndash December 22, 1828) was an English Chemist and physicist TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest An epithet (from Greek ἐπίθετον - epitheton, neut of ἐπίθετος - epithetos, "attributed added" is a Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. See Gigantes y cabezudos for the giant figures of Spanish culture Pallas was one of the Gigantes born of the blood which spilled onto Gaia when Cronus castrated his father Uranus. The symbol for palladium is Pd, and its atomic number is 46. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton

Palladium, along with platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ruthenium (ruːˈθiːniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ru and Atomic number 44 Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements PGMs share similar chemical properties, but palladium is unique in that it has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of these precious metals. Incredibly, when palladium is at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, it can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, which makes palladium an efficient and safe storage medium for hydrogen and hydrogen isotopes. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Palladium is also tarnish resistant, electrically stable and resistant to chemical erosion as well as intense heat.

The unique properties of palladium and other PGMs account for their widespread use. One in four goods manufactured today either contain PGMs or had PGMs play a key role during their manufacturing process. Over half of the supply of palladium and its sister metal platinum goes into catalytic converters, which convert up to 90% of harmful gases from auto exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide) into less harmful substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor). Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Palladium’s precious metal qualities and appearance generate significant consumption in the luxury jewelry market. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Palladium is found in many electronics including computers, mobile phones, multi-layer ceramic capacitors, component plating, low voltage electrical contacts, and SED/OLED/LCD televisions. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Palladium is also used in dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and it plays a key role in the technology used for fuel cells, which combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat and water. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the

Palladium bullion has ISO currency codes of XPD and 964. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Palladium is one of only four metals to have such codes, the others being gold, silver and platinum.

Ore deposits of palladium and other PGMs are rare, and the most extensive deposits have been found in the norite belt of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in the Transvaal in South Africa, the Stillwater Complex in Montana, USA, the Sudbury District of Ontario, Canada, and the Norilsk Complex in Russia. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining The Bushveld Igneous Complex (or BIC) is a large Igneous Intrusion within the Earth's crust which has been tilted and eroded and now For the Russian theme park see Transvaal Park. The Transvaal (Afrikaans lit The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Stillwater igneous complex is a large ultramafic to mafic layered intrusion located in southern Montana in Stillwater, Sweet Grass and Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Sudbury District is a District in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In addition to mining, recycling is also a source of palladium, mostly from scrapped catalytic converters. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce The numerous applications and limited supply sources of palladium result in palladium drawing considerable investment interest. Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in Business management, Finance and Economics, related to saving

Contents 1 History 2 Occurrence 3 Characteristics 3.1 Isotopes 4 Applications 4.1 Electronics 4.2 Technology 4.3 Catalysis 4.4 Hydrogen storage 4.5 Jewelry 4.6 Photography 4.7 Art 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

History

Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803. William Hyde Wollaston FRS ( August 6, 1766 &ndash December 22, 1828) was an English Chemist and physicist 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a ^[1][2] This element was named by Wollaston in 1804 after the asteroid Pallas, which had been discovered two years earlier. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest ^[3]

Wollaston found palladium in crude platinum ore from South America by dissolving the ore in aqua regia, neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide, and precipitating platinum as ammonium chloroplatinate with ammonium chloride. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac He added mercuric cyanide to form the compound palladium cyanide, which was heated to extract palladium metal. Mercury(II cyanide, also known as mercuric cyanide is a salt of mercury.

Palladium chloride was at one time prescribed as a tuberculosis treatment at the rate of 0. Submit WARNING template loop detected to get this template --> Palladium(II chloride, also known as palladium dichloride, are the Chemical compounds Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common 065g per day (approximately one milligram per kilogram of body weight). This treatment did have many negative side-effects, and was later replaced by more effective drugs. In Medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as Chemotherapy or Surgery.

Palladium's affinity for hydrogen led it to play an essential role in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989, also known as cold fusion. Cold fusion, sometimes called low energy nuclear reactions (LENR or condensed matter nuclear science, is a set of effects reported in controversial laboratory experiments Cold fusion, sometimes called low energy nuclear reactions (LENR or condensed matter nuclear science, is a set of effects reported in controversial laboratory experiments

In the run up to 2000, Russian supply of palladium to global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted^[4] because the export quota was not granted on time, due to political reasons. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The ensuing market panic buying drove the palladium price to an all-time high of $1100 per ounce, reached in January, 2001. ^[5] During the time period, the Ford Motor Company, fearing auto vehicle production disruption due to a possible palladium shortage, stockpiled large amounts of the metal, purchased near the price high. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following As prices subsequently fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly $1 billion U.S. dollars. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

World demand for palladium increased from 100 tons in 1990 to nearly 300 tons in 2000. The global production from mines was 222 metric tons in 2006 according to USGS data. ^[6] Most palladium is used for catalytic converters in the automobile industry. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. ^[7]

Occurrence

In 2005, Russia was the top producer of palladium, with at least 50% world share, followed by South Africa, USA and Canada, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental

Palladium may be found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other platinum group metals in placer deposits of the Ural Mountains, Australia, Ethiopia, South and North America. Placer mining (pronounced "plass-er" refers to the mining of alluvial deposits for Minerals This may be done by open-pit (also called open-cast Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a It is commercially produced from nickel-copper deposits found in South Africa, Ontario, and Siberia; the huge volume of ore processed makes this extraction profitable despite the low proportion of palladium in these ores. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The world's largest single producer of palladium is MMC Norilsk Nickel produced from the Norilsk–Talnakh nickel deposits. MMC Norilsk Nickel () (ГМК «Норильский Никель» is a Nickel and Palladium Mining and Smelting operator in the Norilsk (Нори́льск is a major city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa contains significant palladium in addition to other platinum group elements. The Merensky Reef, is a layer of Igneous rock in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC in the Transvaal which together with an underlying layer the Upper The Bushveld Igneous Complex (or BIC) is a large Igneous Intrusion within the Earth's crust which has been tilted and eroded and now The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements The Stillwater igneous complex of Montana also contains mineable palladium. The Stillwater igneous complex is a large ultramafic to mafic layered intrusion located in southern Montana in Stillwater, Sweet Grass and Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern

Palladium is also produced in nuclear fission reactors and can be extracted from spent nuclear fuel, see Synthesis of noble metals, though the quantity produced is insignificant. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing Free neutrons and other smaller nuclei which may Synthesis of noble metals refers to the realization of the age-old dream of alchemists —to artificially produce Noble metals The goal of this could be to achieve

Palladium is found in the rare minerals cooperite and polarite. Cooperite is a grey mineral consisting of Platinum Sulfide (PtS general in combinations with sulfides of other elements such as Palladium and Nickel Polarite (Pd(BiPb is an opaque, yellow-white mineral Its crystals are Orthorhombic to Pyramidal, but can only be seen through a Microscope

Characteristics

Palladium is a soft silver-white metal that resembles platinum. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 It is the least dense and has the lowest melting point of the platinum group metals. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements It is soft and ductile when annealed and greatly increases its strength and hardness when it is cold-worked. Annealing, in Metallurgy and Materials science, is a Heat treatment wherein a material is altered causing changes in its properties such as strength Palladium dissolves slowly in sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water ^[3] This metal also does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures (and thus does not tarnish in air). Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Palladium heated to 800°C will produce a layer of palladium(II) oxide (PdO). It lightly tarnishes in moist atmosphere containing sulfur.

This metal has the uncommon ability to absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen at room temperatures. Absorption, in Chemistry, is a physical or chemical Phenomenon or a process in which Atoms Molecules, or Ions enter some Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 It is thought that this possibly forms palladium hydride (PdH₂) but it is not yet clear if this is a true chemical compound. Palladium hydride is metallic Palladium that contains a substantial quantity of Hydrogen within its Crystal lattice. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. ^[3]

When palladium has absorbed large amounts of hydrogen, it will expand slightly in size. ^[8]

Common oxidation states of palladium are 0,+1, +2 and +4. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Although originally +3 was thought of as one of the fundamental oxidation states of palladium, there is no evidence for palladium occurring in the +3 oxidation state; this has been investigated via X-ray diffraction for a number of compounds, indicating a dimer of palladium(II) and palladium(IV) instead. X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystallographic structure chemical composition A dimer is a Chemical or Biological entity consisting of two subunits called Monomers which are held together by either Intramolecular forces Recently, compounds with an oxidation state of +6 were synthesised.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of palladium

Naturally-occurring palladium is composed of six isotopes. Naturally-occurring Palladium ( Pd) is composed of six Isotopes The most stable Radioisotopes are 107Pd with a Half-life Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰⁷Pd with a half-life of 6. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Palladium -107 is the second longest lived ( Halflife of 65 million years and least radioactive ( Decay energy only 33 KeV, Specific activity Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 5 million years, ¹⁰³Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and ¹⁰⁰Pd with a half-life of 3. Palladium-103 is a Radioisotope of the element Palladium which has uses in Radiation therapy for Prostate cancer and Uveal melanoma 63 days. Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 92. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 936 u (⁹³Pd) to 119. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 924 u (¹²⁰Pd). Most of these have half-lives that are less than a half-hour, except ¹⁰¹Pd (half-life: 8. 47 hours), ¹⁰⁹Pd (half-life: 13. 7 hours), and ¹¹²Pd (half-life: 21 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁰⁶Pd, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay product before ¹⁰⁶Pd is rhodium and the primary product after is silver. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen

Radiogenic ¹⁰⁷Ag is a decay product of ¹⁰⁷Pd and was first discovered in the Santa Clara, California meteorite of 1978. A radiogenic Nuclide is one that is produced by a process of Radioactive decay. Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) ^[9] The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from preexisting Nucleons (protons and neutrons ¹⁰⁷Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since accretion of the solar system, must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early solar system. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. ^[10]

Applications

Palladium is used in dentistry,^[11][12] watch making, in blood sugar test strips, in aircraft spark plugs and in the production of surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or Bracelet. A spark plug (also very rarely nowadays in British English: a sparking plug) is an electrical device that fits into the Cylinder A surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a Surgery or operation such as modifying An electrical connector is a conductive device for joining Electrical circuits together Palladium is also used to make professional transverse flutes. A transverse flute or side-blown flute is a Flute which is held horizontally when played

Electronics

The biggest application of palladium in electronics is making the multilayer ceramic capacitor. A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors ^[13] Palladium (and palladium-silver alloys) are used as electrodes in multi-layer ceramic capacitors. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Practical capacitors are often classified according to the material used as the dielectric with the dielectrics divided into two broad categories bulk insulators and metal-oxide ^[11] Palladium (sometimes alloyed with nickel) is used in connector platings in consumer electronics. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28

It is also used in plating of electronic components and in soldering materials. The electronic sector consumed 1. 07 million troy ounces of palladium in 2006, according to a Johnson Matthey report. Johnson Matthey plc ( is a British chemical company which has its headquarters near Holborn in central London. ^[14]

Technology

Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium; thus, it provides a means of purifying the gas. ^[3] Membrane reactors with Pd membranes are therefore used for the production of hydrogen. A membrane reactor is a piece of chemical equipment that combines a Catalyst -filled reaction chamber with a membrane to add Reactants or remove products of the reaction Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1

It is a part of the palladium-hydrogen electrode in electrochemical studies. The Palladium-Hydrogen electrode (Abbreviation Pd/H2 is one of the common Reference electrodes used in electrochemical study. Palladium (II) chloride can absorb large amounts of carbon monoxide gas, and is used in carbon monoxide detectors. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the Toxic gas Carbon monoxide (CO a colorless and odorless compound

Catalysis

When it is finely divided, such as in palladium on carbon, palladium forms a good catalyst and is used to speed up hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, as well as in petroleum cracking. Palladium on carbon, often referred to as Pd/C, is a form of Palladium used for Catalysis. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2 Dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of Hydrogen (H2 In Petroleum geology and Chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic Molecules such as Kerogens or heavy Hydrocarbons A large number of carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in organic chemistry (such as the Heck and Suzuki coupling) are facilitated by catalysis with palladium compounds. A carbon-carbon bond is a Covalent bond between two Carbon Atoms. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation The Heck reaction (also called the Mizoroki-Heck reaction) is the Chemical reaction of an unsaturated Halide (or Triflate) with an Alkene The Suzuki reaction is the Organic reaction of an Aryl - or Vinyl - Boronic acid with an Aryl - or Vinyl - Halide The largest use of palladium today is in catalytic converters. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. ^[11]

Pd is also a versatile metal for homogeneous catalysis. Homogeneous catalysis is a Chemistry term which describes Catalysis where the Catalyst is in the same phase (ie It is used in combination with a broad variety of ligands for highly selective chemical transformations. In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally

Hydrogen storage

Main article: palladium hydride

Palladium hydride is metallic palladium that contains a substantial quantity of hydrogen within its crystal lattice. Palladium hydride is metallic Palladium that contains a substantial quantity of Hydrogen within its Crystal lattice. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, palladium can absorb up to 935 times its own volume of hydrogen in a reversible process. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface Absorption, in Chemistry, is a physical or chemical Phenomenon or a process in which Atoms Molecules, or Ions enter some This property has been investigated because hydrogen storage is of such interest and a better understanding of what happens at the molecular level could give clues to designing improved metal hydrides. Hydride is the name given to the negative Ion of Hydrogen, H− A palladium based store, however, would be prohibitively expensive due to the cost of the metal. ^[15]

Jewelry

Palladium itself has been used as a precious metal in jewelry since 1939, as an alternative to platinum or white gold. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 White gold is an Alloy of Gold and at least one White metal, usually Nickel or Palladium. This is due to its naturally white properties, giving it no need for rhodium plating. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol It is slightly whiter, much lighter and about 12% harder than platinum. Similar to gold, palladium can be beaten into a thin leaf form as thin as 100 nm (1/250,000 in). ^[3] Like platinum, it will develop a hazy patina over time. Patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as Oxides or Carbonates formed on the surface of metal during exposure to Weathering. Unlike platinum, however, palladium may discolor at high soldering temperatures, become brittle with repeated heating and cooling, and react with strong acids. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Soldering is a process in which two or more Metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint the filler metal having a relatively low

It can also be used as a substitute for nickel when making white gold. Palladium is one of the three most popular metals used to plate gold, making white gold. ^[11] (Nickel and silver can also be used. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen ) Palladium-gold is a more expensive alloy than nickel-gold, but it's naturally hypoallergenic and holds its white color better. Hypoallergenic is a term coined by advertisers (based on the Greek prefix Hypo meaning "below normal" or "slightly" and first used in a cosmetics

When platinum was declared a strategic government resource during World War II, many jewelry bands were made out of palladium. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including As recently as September 2001,^[16] palladium was more expensive than platinum and rarely used in jewelry also due to the technical obstacle of casting. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which However the casting problem has been resolved, and its use in jewelry has increased because of a large spike in the price of platinum and a drop in the price of palladium. ^[17]

Prior to 2004, the principal use of palladium in jewelry was as an alloy in the manufacture of white gold jewelry, but, beginning early in 2004 when gold and platinum prices began to rise steeply, Chinese jewelers began fabricating significant volumes of palladium jewelry. Johnson Matthey estimated that in 2004, with the introduction of palladium jewelry in China, demand for palladium for jewelry fabrication was 920,000 ounces, or approximately 14% of the total palladium demand for 2004 - an increase of almost 700,000 ounces from the previous year. This growth continued during 2005, with estimated worldwide jewelry demand for palladium of about 1. 4 million ounces, or almost 21% of net palladium supply, again with most of the demand centered in China. The popularity of Palladium jewelry is expected to grow in 2008 as the world's biggest producers embark on a joint marketing effort to promote Palladium jewelry worldwide ^[18]

Photography

Main article: Palladium processing

With the platinotype printing process photographers make fine-art black-and-white prints using platinum or palladium salts. Palladium processing is a process in which one coats their paper with Palladium before printing a photographic image Often used with platinum, palladium provides an alternative to silver. ^[19]

Art

Main article: Palladium processing

Palladium leaf is one of several alternatives to silver leaf used in manuscript illumination. Palladium processing is a process in which one coats their paper with Palladium before printing a photographic image An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and The use of silver leaf is problematic due to its predisposition to tarnish. Aluminium leaf is a very inexpensive alternative, however aluminium is much more difficult to work than gold or silver and results in less than optimal results when employing traditional metal leafing techniques, and so palladium leaf is considered the best substitute despite its considerable cost. Platinum leaf may be used to the same effect as palladium leaf with similar working properties, but it is not as readily available in leaf form commercially. ^[20][21]

See also

• Palladium coin
• Precious metal
• Palladium as an investment
• Palladium compounds
• Platinum
• Periodic Table

References

External links

• Current and Historical Palladium Price

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