Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear) is a term for an anti-communist and anti-authoritarian^[1] right wing movement that stresses tradition, civil society and classical federalism, along with familial, religious, regional, national and Western identity. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to Authoritarianism, which is defined as a "political doctrine advocating the principle of absolute rule absolutism autocracy despotism In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings ^[2] Chilton Williamson, Jr. describes paleoconservatism as "the expression of rootedness: a sense of place and of history, a sense of self derived from forebears, kin, and culture — an identity that is both collective and personal. ”^[3] Paleoconservativism is not expressed as an ideology and its adherents do not necessarily subscribe to any one party line. ^[4]

Paleoconservatives in the 21st century often focus on their points of disagreement with neoconservatives, especially on issues like immigration, affirmative action, U. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically S. funding of Israeli military actions, foreign wars, and welfare. ^[2] They also criticize social democracy, which some refer to as the therapeutic managerial state,^[5] the welfare-warfare state^[6] or polite totalitarianism. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Managerial state is a Paleoconservative concept used in critiquing modern Social democracy in Western countries ^[7] They see themselves as the legitimate heir to the American conservative tradition. ^[8]

Paul Gottfried (and possibly A. Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient F. Seabrook as well) is credited with coining the term in the 1980s. ^[9] He says the word originally referred to various Americans, such as traditionalist Catholics and agrarian Southerners, who turned to anticommunism during the Cold War. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the ^[10] They then began referring to the conservative opposition as neoconservatism. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism

Paleoconservative thought incubated within the pages of the Rockford Institute's Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture. Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. ^[11] Patrick Buchanan was heavily influenced by its articles^[10] and helped create another paleocon publication, The American Conservative. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist The American Conservative (TAC is a biweekly US opinion magazine founded in 2002 by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki ^[12] Its concerns overlap those of the Old Right that opposed the U. In the United States, the Old Right, were a faction of American conservatives who both opposed New Deal domestic programs and were also non-interventionists S. New Deal in the 1930s and 1940s,^[13] as well as the American social conservatism of the late 20th century expressed, for example, in the book Single Issues by Joseph Sobran. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Social conservatism is a political or moral ideology that affirms the government's role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or behaviors in the belief that these are what M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently

Contents 1 Core beliefs 1.1 Paleo and conservative 1.2 The conservative heritage 1.3 A better guide than reason 1.4 Against abstraction 1.5 Federalism 1.6 Family 1.6.1 A universal rule 1.6.2 The "post-family order" 2 Paleoconservative intellectuals 2.1 The coalition 2.2 The Kirkian legacy 2.3 Precursors of paleo 2.4 The Southern tradition 2.5 Beyond fusionism 2.5.1 The Cold War coalition 2.5.2 The Burnham revolution 2.6 Foreign echoes 2.7 Heredity and human nature 2.7.1 Biology, genes and behavior 3 Foreign Aid and foreign policy 4 Cultural and national preservation 5 Affirmative Action 6 Paleocons vs. neocons 7 Individual Liberty 8 Prominent paleoconservatives 9 Paleoconservative organizations 10 References and further reading 10.1 About the right 10.2 Paleocon Critiques of neoconservatism 10.3 Immigration 10.4 Anti-intervention 10.5 Culture, history and social issues 10.6 Critical views 11 External links 11.1 Magazines 11.2 Talk Radio 11.3 Misc 12 References

Core beliefs

Paleo and conservative

The prefix paleo derives from the Greek root palaeo- meaning "ancient" or "old. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. " It is somewhat tongue-in-cheek — and refers to the paleocon's claim to represent a more historic, authentic conservative tradition than that found in neoconservative. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Adherents of paleoconservatism often describe themselves simply as "paleo-. " Rich Lowry of National Review claims the prefix “is designed to obscure the fact that it is a recent ideological creation of post-Cold War politics. Richard A Lowry (born 22 August 1968) is editor of National Review and a syndicated columnist National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F The Post-Cold War era began immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union and according to differing accounts ended on September 11 2001 or is still ”^[14]

The paleoconervatives use the suffix conservative somewhat differently from some American opponents of Leftism. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined It refers specifically to their stated desire to restore the culture and heritage of Christendom. Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon Paleocons reject attempts by Rush Limbaugh and others to graft short-term policy goals — such as school choice, enterprise zones, and faith-based initiatives — into the core of conservatism. Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (born January 12, 1951) is an American radio host and conservative Political commentator. School choice is a term used to describe a wide array of programs aimed at giving families the opportunity to choose the school their children will attend The White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives ( OFBCI) is a department under the Office of the President of the United States that was established ^[15]

Moreover, Samuel Francis, Thomas Fleming and some other paleocons de-emphasized the "conservative" part of the "paleoconservative" label, saying that they do not want the status quo preserved. Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist Thomas Fleming is a Roman Catholic writer president of the Rockford Institute, and editor of Chronicles A Magazine of American Culture, a ^[16][17] Fleming and Paul Gottfried called such thinking "stupid tenacity" and described it as "a series of trenches dug in defense of last year's revolution. "^[18] Francis defined authentic conservatism as “the survival and enhancement of a particular people and its institutionalized cultural expressions. ”^[19] He said of the paleoconservative movement:

What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones. ^[20]

The earliest mention of the word paleoconservative listed in Nexis is a use in the October 20, 1984, issue of The Nation, referring to academic economists who allegedly work to redefine poverty. LexisNexis (sometimes simply called "Lexis" or "Nexis" among users is a popular searchable Archive of content from Newspapers Magazines Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. ^[21] The American Heritage Dictionary (fourth edition) lists a generic, informal use of the term, meaning "extremely or stubbornly conservative in political matters. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD) is an American Dictionary of the English language published by " Outside of the United States, the word is sometimes spelled palaeoconservative. ^[22]

The conservative heritage

Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the Old Right Republicans of the interwar period^[23] which helped keep the U. S. out of the League of Nations, reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and oppose Franklin Roosevelt. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United They often look back even further, to Edmund Burke, as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of Thomas Jefferson to John C. Calhoun. Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during ^[24]

Paleoconservatives question the supposition that European culture and mores can ever be transplanted or even forced upon non-Western cultures, due to separate cultural heritages. The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures ^[25] As a result, paleocons are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open immigration by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term S. intervention overseas for the purposes of exporting democracy. They are also strongly critical of American neoconservative and their sympathizers in print media, talk radio and cable TV news. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism ^[26] Paleocons often say they are not conservatives in the sense that they necessarily wish to preserve existing institutions or seek merely to slow the growth of liberalism. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal ^[27] They do not wish to be closely identified with the U. S. Republican Party. ^[26] Rather, they seek the renewal of "small-r" republican society in the context of the Western heritage, customs and civilization. ^[28] Joseph Scotchie wrote.

Republics mind their own business. Their governments have very limited powers, and their people are too busy practicing self-government to worry about problems in other countries. Empires not only bully smaller, defenseless nations, they also can’t leave their own, hapless subjects alone. . . Empires and small government aren’t compatible, either. ^[29]

By contrast, paleocons see neoconservatives as empire-builders and themselves as defenders of the republic, pointing to Rome as an example of how an ongoing campaign of military expansionism can destroy a republic. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism ^[30]

On some issues, many paleocons are hard to distinguish from others on the conservative spectrum. For example, they tend to oppose abortion on demand^[31] and gay marriage,^[32][33] while supporting capital punishment,^[34] handgun ownership^[35] and an original intent reading of the U.S. Constitution. An Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. ^[36] On the other hand, paleocons are often more sympathetic to environmental protection,^[37] animal welfare,^[38] and anti-consumerism^[39] than others on the American Right. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism.

A better guide than reason

Paleoconservatives argue that since human nature is limited and finite, any attempt to create a man-made utopia is headed for disaster and potential carnage. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the They also see social democracy, ideology, and managerial society as malevolent attempts to remake humanity. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Instead, they lean toward tradition, family, customs, religious institutions and classical learning to provide wisdom and guidance. ^[40]

Thomas Fleming stated this opposition to abstract ideals in a way that critic David Brooks called a "startling crescendo":

Among the most dangerous of our theoretical illusions are the political fantasies that can be summed up in words like democracy; equality, and natural rights; the principle of one man, one vote and the American tradition of self-government. Thomas Fleming is a Roman Catholic writer president of the Rockford Institute, and editor of Chronicles A Magazine of American Culture, a David Brooks (born August 11, 1961) is a Canadian-American political and cultural commentator No one who lives in the world with his eyes open can actually believe in any of this. ^[41]

Historian W. Wesley McDonald explains the opposition to ideology this way:

In a humane social order, a community of spirit is fostered in which generations are bound together. According to [Russell] Kirk, this link is achieved through moral and social norms that transcend the particularities of time and place and, because they form the basis of genuine civilized existence, can only be neglected at great peril. These norms, reflected in religious dogmas, traditions, humane letters, social habit and custom, and prescriptive institutions, create the sources of the true community that is the final end of politics. ^[42]

Along these lines, Joseph Sobran, in his "Pensees", argues that Western civilization relies on civility at the center of the society:

Civility is the relationship among citizens in a republic. M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently It corresponds to the condition we call "freedom", which is not just an absence of restraint or coercion, but the security of living under commonly recognized rules of conduct. Not all these rules are enforced by the state; legal institutions of civility depend on the ethical substratum and collapse when it is absent. And in fact the colloquial sense of civility as good manners is relevant to its political meaning: citizens typically deal with each other by consent, and they have to say "please" and "thank you" to each other. ^[43]

Paleocons often say that tradition is a better guide than reason. For example, Mel Bradford wrote that certain questions are settled before any serious deliberation concerning a preferred course of conduct may begin. Melvin E "Mel" Bradford (1934-March 3 1993 was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. This ethic is based in a "culture of families, linked by friendship, common enemies, and common projects. " So a good conservative keeps "a clear sense of what Southern grandmothers have always meant in admonishing children, we don't do that. "^[44]

Thomas Fleming calls tradition "a body of wisdom and truth and a set of attitudes and behavior handed down from one generation to another. Thomas Fleming is a Roman Catholic writer president of the Rockford Institute, and editor of Chronicles A Magazine of American Culture, a It is our parents' respect for their grandfathers that we reflect when we refuse to think ourselves wiser than our ancestors and do not presume to condemn their shortcomings. " By following tradition, Joseph Sobran said that society can maintain continuity with the past, through words, rituals, records, commemorations, and laws:

There is no question of "resisting change. " The only question is what can and should be salvaged from "devouring time. " Conservation is a labor, not indolence, and it takes discrimination to identify and save a few strands of tradition in the incessant flow of mutability. In fact conservation is so hard that it could never be achieved by sheer conscious effort. Most of it has to be done by habit, as when we speak in such a way as to make ourselves understood by others without their having to consult a dictionary, and thereby give a little permanence to the kind of tradition that is a language. ^[43]

Furthermore, James Kalb argues that tradition succeeds where ideology fails because it includes habits and attitudes about things that are hard to articulate rationally. Many aspects of social life resist clear definition, so technocratic approaches to social policy deserve suspicion:

Our knowledge is partial and attained with difficulty. The effects of political proposals are difficult to predict and as the proposals become more ambitious their effects become incalculable. We can't evaluate political ideas without accepting far more beliefs, presumptions and attitudes than we could possibly judge critically. ^[45]

Against abstraction

Many paleocons also say that Westerners have lost touch with their classical and European heritage, to the point that they are in danger of losing their civilization. ^[46] Robert S. Griffin notes that paleocons fear the United States becoming a "secularized, homogenized, de-Europeanized, pacified, deluded, manipulated, lowest-common-denominator-leveled, popular-culture-dopified country"^[47]

The decadence of a civilization by loss of faith and vigour can be observed more than once in history. What is extraordinary about the American situation is the stupidity. The Romans, such is my impression, did not become stupid and incompetent with their decadence. Americans have not lost faith in their cultural inheritance—they have been entirely separated from it. How this happened is one of the few topics still worth exploring in this Twilight. ^[48]

Paleocons tend to dislike abstract principles presented without connection to concrete roots, like religion, heritage or traditional institutions. This distaste for universalism includes the doctrinal conclusions by socialists, neo-Thomists and Straussians. For example, Mel Bradford wrote in "A Better Guide Than Reason" (citing Michael Oakeshott) that:

The only freedom which can last is a freedom embodied somewhere, rooted in a history, located in space, sanctioned by genealogy, and blessed by a religious establishment. Michael Joseph Oakeshott ( 11 December 1901 &ndash 19 December 1990) was an English Philosopher with particular interests in The only equality which abstract rights, insisted upon outside the context of politics, are likely to provide is the equality of universal slavery. It is a lesson which Western man is only now beginning to learn. ^[49]

Some paleocons also profess a conservative value-centered historicism, which Gottfried defines as “the belief that historical circumstances set values. Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also ” This is distinguished from nihilism, postmodernism and moral relativism. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism This article attempts to confine itself to discussion of relativism in morals and ethics Samuel Francis argued that this position is a “Burkean appeal to tradition. ”^[50] For example, Edmund Burke wrote in his "Reflections on the Revolution in France. Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and "

I cannot stand forward, and give praise or blame to anything which relates to human actions, and human concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it stands stripped of every relation, in all the nakedness and solitude of metaphysical abstraction. Circumstances (which with some gentlemen pass for nothing) give in reality to every political principle its distinguishing color and discriminating effect. The circumstances are what render every civil and political scheme beneficial or noxious to mankind. ^[51]

Claes Ryn says that life has “an enduring purpose, but one that manifests itself differently as individuals and circumstances are different. Claes Gösta Ryn, PhD (born 12 June 1943) is Professor of Politics at The Catholic University of America. ”^[52] He writes:

For the conservative, the universal imperative that binds human beings does not announce its purpose in simple, declaratory statements. How, then, does one discern its demands? Sometimes only with difficulty. Only through effort can the good or true or beautiful be discovered, and they must be realized differently in different historical circumstances. The same universal values have diverse manifestations. Some of the concrete instantiations of universality take us by surprise. Because there is no simple roadmap to good, human beings need freedom and imagination to find it. Universality has nothing to do with uniformity. ^[53]

Federalism

Federalism is another key aspect of paleoconservatism, which they use as an antitype to the managerial state. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing The paleocon flavor urges honoring the principle of subsidiarity, that is, decentralism, local rule, private property and minimal bureaucracy. ^[54] In an American context, this view is called anti-federalism and paleocons often look to John Calhoun for inspiration. ^[55]

As to the role of statecraft in society, Thomas Fleming says it should not be confused with soulcraft. He gives his summary of the paleocon position:

Our basic position on the state has always been twofold: 1) a recognition that man is a social and political animal who cannot be treated as an "individual" without doing damage to human nature. In this sense libertarian theory is as wrong and as potentially harmful as communism. The commonwealth is therefore a natural and necessary expression of human nature that provides for the fulfillment of human needs, and 2) the modern state is a cancerous form of polity that has metastasized and poisoned the natural institutions from which the state derives all legitimacy—family, church, corporation (in the broadest sense), and neighborhood. Thus, it is almost always a mistake to try to use the modern state to accomplish moral or social ends. ^[56]

Russell Kirk, for example, argued that most government tasks should be performed at the local or state level. Russell Kirk ( 19 October 1918 &ndash 29 April[[ 994]] was an American Political theorist, Historian, Social This is intended to ward off centralization and protect community sentiment by putting the decision-making power closer to the populace. He rooted this in the Christian notion of original sin; since humanity is flawed, society should not put too much power in a few hands. Gerald J. Russello concluded that this involved “a different way of thinking about government, one based on an understanding of political society as beginning in place and sentiment, which in turn supports written laws. ”^[57]

This federalism extends to culture too. In general, this means that different regional groups should be able to maintain their own distinct identity. For example, Thomas Fleming and Michael Hill argue that the American South and every other region have the right to “preserve their authentic cultural traditions and demand the same respect from others. ” In their Southern context they call on citizens to “take control of their own governments, their own institutions, their own culture, their own communities and their own lives” and “wean themselves from dependence on federal largesse. ” They say that:

A concern for states' rights, local self-government and regional identity used to be taken for granted everywhere in America. But the United States is no longer, as it once was, a federal union of diverse states and regions. National uniformity is being imposed by the political class that runs Washington, the economic class that owns Wall Street and the cultural class in charge of Hollywood and the Ivy League. ^[58]

In a similar fashion, Pat Buchanan argued during the 1996 campaign that the social welfare should be left to the control of individual states. He also called for abolishing the U. S. Department of Education and handing decision-making over to parents, teachers and districts. Controversies such as evolution, busing and curriculum standards would be settled on a local basis. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. ^[59]

In addition, he opposed a 1998 Puerto Rican statehood plan on the grounds that the island would be ripped from its cultural and linguistic roots: "Let Puerto Rico remain Puerto Rico, and let the United States remain the United States and not try to absorb, assimilate and Americanize a people whose hearts will forever belong to that island. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} "^[60]

Family

A universal rule

Paleocons often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families. Allan C. Carlson, former president of the Rockford Institute, argues that

The family is the natural and fundamental social unit, inscribed in our nature as human beings, rooted in marriage, rooted in the commitment to bring new life into the world, and rooted in a deep respect for both ancestors and posterity. Allan C Carlson (born Des Moines Iowa, 1949 is a scholar of the family and is the president of the Howard Center, a director of the Family in America Studies Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. ^[61]

He calls this a universal rule of human nature, true for Westerners and non-Westerners alike. He also argues that happiness "comes through natural family bonds" and that the "the future of any nation shall be by way of the family. "^[62] He defines family as "a man and a woman living in a socially sanctioned bond called marriage for the purposes of propagating and rearing children, sharing intimacy and resources, and conserving lineage, property, and tradition. "^[63]

To be human is to be familial. Any significant departure from the family rooted in stable marriage, the welcoming of children, and respect for ancestors and posterity—any deviation from this social structure makes us in a way less “human”: that is, I think it fair to say, the true message of modern science. ^[61]

Joseph Sobran picks up this same theme, saying that heterosexual marriage is hard-coded into human nature:

[Even] the Pope can’t change the nature of marriage. M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently It existed, by necessity of human nature, long before Jesus or even Abraham. . . This has nothing to do with mere disapproval of sodomy. Even societies that were indifferent to sodomy saw no reason to treat same-sex domestic partnerships as marriages. Why not? Because such unions don’t produce children. . . . To put it as unromantically as possible, people who have children should be stuck with each other, sharing the responsibility. ^[64]

Paleocons also question the validity of gender feminism in similar ways, some questioning feminism in both its radical and moderate forms. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate They say that the push for total gender equality dehumanizes both men and women, damaging the nuclear family and sacralizing abortion. Certain attitudes toward feminism also create room for the managerial state to try engineering sexual equality. Gottfried described this position, which was influenced by scholar Allan Carlson, thus:

The change of women’s role, from being primarily mothers to self-defined professionals, has been a social disaster that continues to take its toll on the family. Rather than being the culminating point of Western Christian gentility, the movement of women into commerce and politics may be seen as exactly the opposite, the descent by increasingly disconnected individuals into social chaos. ^[65]

The "post-family order"

Allan C. Carlson says that we live in a “post-family order,” in which elites no longer accept the centrality of family life. Allan C Carlson (born Des Moines Iowa, 1949 is a scholar of the family and is the president of the Howard Center, a director of the Family in America Studies ^[66][67] In response, he calls for a pro-active social conservatism that seeks “real alternatives to the centralized ‘corporate state’ that are compatible with liberty and family life. " He argues that there is a permanent tension between the family and “individualist, industrialized society. ”^[68] He says the modern “abstract state” too often sees the family as “its principal rival” and tries to suppress it. It can also hurt family living by the unintended consequences of public policy with good intentions. Unintended consequences are outcomes that are not (or not limited to what the actor intended in a particular situation ^[68] He also chides U. S. Republicans “for consistently favoring Wall Street over Main Street. ”^[69]

As an alternative to the "abstract state", Carlson argues the state must recognize that men and women "are different in reproductive, economic, and social functions", even though they share political and property rights. ^[63] He says that churches and other religious bodies must step in and help rebuild “family-centered communities. ”^[68] As for common people, he says,

Men and women are both called home to rebuild families with an inner sanctity, to relearn the authentic meanings of the ancient words husbandry and housewifery, and to exercise the natural family functions of education, the care of the weak, charity, and a common economic life. ^[68]

Carlson argues that the family's greatest challenge in the early 21st century comes from what he calls "“soft totalitarianisms", which are "packaged around a militant secular individualism, but still seeking to build a marriage-free, post-family order. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private "^[70] This includes same-sex marriage, the Left's association of family values with fascism, abortion,^[71] and "equity feminism. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology An "^[63] Samuel Francis uses similar ideas to argue that society should regulate sexual behavior, specifically laws against sodomy and gays in the military. Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist ^[72]

Paleoconservative intellectuals

The coalition

Paleoconservatives come from all walks of life, including Evangelical Christians, Calvinists, Traditionalist Catholics, monarchists, libertarian individualists, Midwestern agrarians, Reagan Democrats, and Southern conservatives. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Reagan Democrat is an American political term used by political analysts to denote traditionally Democratic voters especially white working-class Politics of the Southern United States (or Southern politics) refers to the political landscape of the Southern United States. Other contemporary luminaries include Donald Livingston, a Professor of Philosophy at Emory and corresponding editor for Chronicles;^[73] Paul Craig Roberts, an attorney and former Reagan administration Treasury official; commentator Joseph Sobran, a columnist and contributing editor for Chronicles;^[73] novelist and essayist Chilton Williamson, senior editor for books at Chronicles;^[73] classicist Thomas Fleming, editor of Chronicles;^[74] and historian Clyde N. Wilson, long-time contributing editor for Chronicles. Donald Livingston is an American philosophy professor based at Emory University with an expertise in the writings of David Hume. Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. Paul Craig Roberts (born April 3, 1939, in Atlanta Georgia) is an Economist and a nationally syndicated columnist for Creators Syndicate M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. Thomas Fleming is a Roman Catholic writer president of the Rockford Institute, and editor of Chronicles A Magazine of American Culture, a Clyde N Wilson (born 1941) is a Distinguished Professor of History at the University of South Carolina, U ^[73] Another prominent paleoconservative, Theodore Pappas,^[75] is the current executive editor of Encyclopædia Britannica. Theodore N "Ted" Pappas is the current executive editor of Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc ^[76]

The movement combines disparate people and ideas that might seem incompatible in another context. ^[77] Such diversity of thought echoes the paleo opposition to ideology and political rationalism, reflecting the influence of thinkers like Russell Kirk^[78] and Michael Oakeshott. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Russell Kirk ( 19 October 1918 &ndash 29 April[[ 994]] was an American Political theorist, Historian, Social Michael Joseph Oakeshott ( 11 December 1901 &ndash 19 December 1990) was an English Philosopher with particular interests in ^[79]

In addition, while paleoconservatism is not a doctrinal movement, supporters typically sympathize with the Christian Right's attacks on moral relativism, big government and secular humanism, even as they complain that the movement is obsessed with the Middle East and the Republican Party's short-term goals. This article attempts to confine itself to discussion of relativism in morals and ethics Big government (sometimes capitalized as Big Government) is a Pejorative term generally used by political conservatives, Laissez-faire Secular humanism is a humanist philosophy that upholds Reason, Ethics and Justice, and specifically rejects the Supernatural The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Pat Buchanan argues that a good politician must "defend the moral order rooted in the Old and New Testament and Natural Law" — and that "the deepest problems in our society are not economic or political, but moral. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that ^[80] On the other hand, Samuel Francis complained that the "Religious Right" focuses on certain social issues and neglects other civilizational crises. ^[81]

The Kirkian legacy

Russell Kirk is a key figure, in that several of his books present an outline of a pervasive Anglo-American conservative tradition that exists despite many other distinctions. Russell Kirk ( 19 October 1918 &ndash 29 April[[ 994]] was an American Political theorist, Historian, Social His own career stretched long enough to for him to defend Robert Taft in the 1950s, write for National Review during the Cold War, criticize neoconservatism in the 1980s, and give speeches supporting Buchanan in 1992. National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F One neoconservative writer, Dan Himmelfarb, even refers to Kirk's The Conservative Mind as "the seminal work of paleoconservatism", even though it was first published in 1953. ^[82]

Kirk developed six "canons" of conservatism. Gerald J. Russello described them thus:

1. a belief in a transcendent order, which Kirk described variously as based in tradition, divine revelation, or natural law;
2. an affection for the "variety and mystery" of human existence;
3. a conviction that society requires orders and classes that emphasize "natural distinctions;"
4. a belief that property and freedom are closely linked;
5. a faith in custom, convention and prescription, and
6. a recognition that innovation must be tied to existing traditions and customs, which is a respect for the political value of prudence. ^[83]

In addition, Kirk said Christianity and Western Civilization are “unimaginable apart from one another. ”^[47] He said that "all culture arises out of religion. When religious faith decays, culture must decline, though often seeming to flourish for a space after the religion which has nourished it has sunk into disbelief. "^[84]

Kirk called libertarians "chirping sectaries", quoting T. S. Eliot, and said that they and conservatives have nothing in common. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. He called the movement "an ideological clique forever splitting into sects still smaller and odder, but rarely conjugating. " He said a line of division exists between believers in "some sort of transcendent moral order" and "utilitarians admitting no transcendent sanctions for conduct. " He put libertarians in the latter category. ^[85]

Kirk also popularized the Anglo-Irish statesman Edmund Burke as the prototypical conservative — and many paleocons consider him a hallowed ancestor. " Anglo-Irish " was a term used historically to describe a privileged Social class in Ireland, whose members were the descendants and successors of the Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and ^[86] For them, he represents a vital link between the American right and the greater tradition of British customs and common law. ^[87] As such, his ideas are a touchstone for a conservatism that respects tradition, while rejecting authoritarianism.

Precursors of paleo

In the United States, the Southern Agrarians,^[88] John T. Flynn,^[89] Albert Jay Nock,^[90] Garet Garrett,^[91] Robert R. McCormick,^[92] Felix Morley,^[93], and Richard M. Weaver among others, articulated positions that have proved influential among contemporary paleoconservatives. The Southern Agrarians (also known as the Vanderbilt Agrarians or Nashville Agrarians) were a group of twelve American writers and poets with roots in the John Thomas Flynn ( 25 October 1882, Bladensburg Maryland – 1964) was a U Albert Jay Nock ( October 13, 1870 or 1872 August 19, 1945) was an influential American libertarian author Garet Garrett (1878&ndash1954 born Edward Peter Garrett, was an American journalist and author who was noted for his critiques of the New Deal Robert Rutherford McCormick ( July 30, 1880 &ndash April 1, 1955) was a Chicago newspaper baron and owner of the Chicago Felix Morley (1894 - 1982 was a Pulitzer Prize -winning Journalist from the United States. Richard Malcolm Weaver Jr ( March 3, 1910 – April 1, 1963) was an American scholar who taught English at the Some paleocons enthusiastically embrace the decentralizing tenets of the Anti-Federalists,^[94] such as John Dickinson^[95] and George Mason. John Dickinson ( November 8 1732 – February 14 1808) was an American Lawyer and Politician from Philadelphia George Mason IV ( December 11, 1725 &ndash October 7, 1792) was a United States patriot, statesman and delegate from ^[96] Neoconservative critic David Brooks lists William Jennings Bryan, T. S. Eliot, Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, and Walker Percy as major paleo influences. David Brooks is the name of David Allen Brooks (born 1947 American film and television actor who played archaeologist Max Eilerson on the science-fiction For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. John Orley Allen Tate ( November 19, 1899 - February 9, 1979) was an American Poet, essayist and social commentator and John Crowe Ransom ( April 30, 1888, Pulaski Tennessee - July 3, 1974, Gambier Ohio) was an American Poet Cleanth Brooks ( October 16, 1906 - May 10, 1994) was an influential American literary critic and professor Walker Percy ( May 28, 1916 &ndash May 10, 1990) was an American Southern author whose interests included Philosophy ^[41] The German-born Johannes Althusius and his tract Politica, with its core emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity, has proven influential as well. Johannes Althusius ( 1563 - August 12, 1638) was a Calvinist philosopher and theologian Subsidiarity is an Organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest lowest or least centralized competent authority

Paul Gottfried once noted an "occasional paleo association with over-the-top Catholicism. "^[97] In fact, counter-revolutionary (Roman Catholic) European precursors to the paleoconservatives include Joseph de Maistre, Charles Maurras, Donoso Cortes, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and Pope Pius IX, though they tend to carry influence limited to the Roman Catholic traditionalist subset of paleoconservatism. Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher __FORCETOC__ Charles Maurras ( 20 April 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – 16 November 1952) was Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 G. K. Chesterton^[98] and Hillaire Belloc^[99] are also popular Catholic forebears of paleo thought. Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936 was an influential English writer of the early 20th century Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc (27 July 1870 &ndash 16 July 1953 was a French -born Writer who became a Naturalised British subject ^[100] As for Chesteron and Belloc, Joseph Sobran explained their relevance:

This new, paganized Western society under the comprehensive state would have come as much less of a surprise to us if we’d paid more attention to the two great English Catholic writers of the pre-Bolshevik period. . . . In 1912, Belloc predicted the rise of a new form of tyranny, which he called “the Servile State,” neither capitalist nor socialist, in which one part of the population would be forced to support the other. He was not always accurate in detail, but he was right in principle. He saw that the cellular structure of Christian society was under assault. Chesterton agreed. Together both men resisted modernity in religion, morality, politics, economics, and art. They celebrated the Middle Ages, small private property, and above all Catholicism. In a famous epigram, typically defiant in its simplicity, Belloc proclaimed: “Europe is the Faith, and the Faith is Europe. ”^[101]

Some non-Catholic paleocons, such as Sam Francis, complained that this tradition is overrepresented among conservative intellectuals, thus putting the movement out of step with Middle America. He reluctantly acknowledged the Southern Presbyterian influence upon his own thinking. ^[102] In addition, precursors of a Protestant paleoconservatism can be seen in 19th century figures such as Robert Lewis Dabney, Charles Hodge, Friedrich Julius Stahl, Abraham Kuyper and Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer. Robert Lewis Dabney ( March 5, 1820 &ndash January 3, 1898) was an American Christian Theologian, a Southern Charles Hodge (1797 – 1878 was the principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878 Friedrich Julius Stahl ( January 16, 1802 - August 10, 1861) German ecclesiastical lawyer and politician was born at Munich Abraham Kuijper ( Maassluis, 29 October 1837 Den Haag, 8 November 1920 generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch Politician Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer ( August 21, 1801 - May 19, 1876) Dutch Politician and Historian, was born at

Many paleocons also look to more modernist or historicist sources, such as Machiavelli, Hobbes and even Gramsci for intellectual ammunition. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Contrarian Leftists such as Eugene Genovese, Christopher Lasch and Paul Piccone also influenced the movement. Eugene Dominic Genovese (born May 19, 1930) is an award-winning and noted historian of the American South and American slavery Christopher (Kit Lasch ( June 1, 1932, Omaha Nebraska – February 14, 1994, Pittsford New York) was a well-known American Paul Piccone ( January 17, 1940 – July 12, 2004) was the founder and long-time editor of the journal ''TELOS''. ^[103] Samuel Francis even explored the nihilistic fiction of H. P. Lovecraft. Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy ^[104] To them, such thinkers help explain modernity, power relationships, and show how managerial society subverted Western traditions. ^[105]

Some modern European continental conservatives, such as Frenchmen Jacques Barzun, Alain de Benoist, and René Girard, have a mode of thought and cultural criticism esteemed by many paleoconservatives. Jacques Martin Barzun (born Alain de Benoist (born 11 December 1943) is a French academic philosopher a founder of the Nouvelle Droite (New Right and head René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon, France) is a world-renowned French Historian, Literary critic

The Southern tradition

The southern conservative thread of paleoconservatism embodies the statesmanship of nineteenth-century figures such as John Randolph of Roanoke,^[106] John Taylor of Caroline and John C. Calhoun. John Randolph ( June 2, 1773 &ndash May 24, 1833) known as John Randolph of Roanoke, was a leader in Congress from Virginia John Taylor ( December 19, 1753 &ndash August 21, 1824) of Caroline County Virginia was a politician and writer John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during It found modern expositors in the late Richard M. Weaver and Mel Bradford. Richard Malcolm Weaver Jr ( March 3, 1910 – April 1, 1963) was an American scholar who taught English at the Melvin E "Mel" Bradford (1934-March 3 1993 was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. Historian Paul V. Murphy argues that paleoconservatism is rooted in a group of intellectuals fascinated by antebellum culture and the Southern Agrarians, including Thomas Fleming, Clyde Wilson and Bradford. In the 1970s, Fleming, Wilson and Samuel Francis attended the University of North Carolina together, becoming what Walker Percy called "the Chapel Hill conspiracy. "^[47]

Murphy wrote that they developed “a particularistic politics of states' rights and localism, which they combine with a cultural and social criticism defined by Christian and patriarchal organicism. ”^[107] He also says the Southern traditionalist worldview evolved into what appeared in "Chronicles" from the mid-1980s onward, a focus on national identity mixed with regional particularity, plus skepticism of abstract theory and centralized power. They also said the mainstream view of the old South was distorted. For example, Bradford said:

The way to look at the institution of slavery is not backward from 1991 but forward from the hundred years before 1860. Slavery was like the rising and setting of the sun, a fixture of life. In pre-Colonial times, everyone was racist, except a few Quakers. Jefferson thought that Negroes were not capable of taking care of themselves, that they were somewhere between helpless children and orangutans. ”^[108]

In the 1995 "New Dixie Manifesto", Fleming and Michael Hill argued that Southerners are pelted with ethnic slurs, denied self-government and stripped of their symbols, including the Confederate flag. ^[109] Like any other people, they have the right to their history and cultural identity. “After so many decades of strife,” they wrote, “black and white Southerners of good will should be left alone to work out their destinies, avoiding, before it is too late, the urban hell that has been created by the lawyers, social engineers and imperial bureaucrats who have grown rich on programs that have done nothing to help anyone but themselves. ”

Thomas DiLorenzo revisited the Southern paleo critique of Abraham Lincoln in his book, The Real Lincoln. Thomas J DiLorenzo (born 1954 is an American Economics Professor at Loyola College in Maryland. The Real Lincoln A New Look at Abraham Lincoln His Agenda and an Unnecessary War is a biography of Abraham Lincoln written by Thomas DiLorenzo in 2002 He gives it a paleolibertarian twist, saying the president followed mercantilism, protectionism and the example of Alexander Hamilton. Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American Libertarianism founded by Lew Rockwell and Murray Rothbard, and closely associated ^[110] He also said that the Civil War was about destroying the right of secession, not freeing slaves. Furthermore, he claims that the praise Lincoln commonly receives from conservatives is misguided:

The Gettysburg Address was brilliant oratory, but it was also political subterfuge. As H. L. Mencken pointed out, it was the Southerners who were fighting for the consent of the governed and it was Lincoln’s government that opposed them. They no longer consented to being governed by Washington, DC. Lincoln’s admonition that government "of the people, by the people, for the people" would perish from the earth if the right of secession were sustained was equally absurd. The United States remained a democracy, and the Confederate States of America would have been a democratic country as well. Lincoln’s notion that secession would "destroy" the government of the United States is also bizarre in light of the fact that after secession took place the US government fielded the largest and best-equipped army and navy in the history of the world up to that point for four long years. ^[111]

As for the 1861-1865 conflict, Clyde Wilson suggest it be referred to as "The War to Preserve Southern Independence. " Fleming argues that secession was legal:

Those who hold the opinion (false and easy to refute) that the United States in 1860 were an amalgamated central state believe that the secession of South Carolina and the other Southern states was illegal, an act of wickedness that can be explained only by the desire of evil Southerners to defend slavery. Thus, in the upside-down and fact-free world of leftists like Harry Jaffa, the war was a “civil war” between the citizens of the same state or, better yet, a rebellion. Abolitionists clearly did not believe this, because after the War, they insisted that Southern states had left the Union and needed to be reconstructed. Everybody knew that it is a basic principle of international law, going back to Grotius at least, that in a confederated state the members have a right to leave. ^[112]

Francis, while endorsing “authentic federalism,”^[113] stopped short at supporting a contemporary return to Southern secessionism, saying it is impractical and that the main political line of division in the United States is not between the regions of North and South (insofar as such regions can still be said to exist) but between elite and nonelite. He said that Middle Americans in both regions face the same threats. ^[114]

David Brooks, a neoconservative critic, says that paleocons do not dream of seeing slavery reborn. Instead, he concludes that they link rural communities to a transcendent order and ancient institutions:

They do not shy away from expressing their true beliefs, and if they supported slavery they would probably say so. They merely believe in the social hierarchies. In those southern communities, they say, social roles were crucial to happiness and ordered sociability. "Aristotle recognized that a well-ordered society protected an ascending order of good through the institutionalization of rank", Fleming and co-author Paul Gottfried wrote in their book The Conservative Movement. Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient They are talking about the social pecking order in old-time towns — the folks who live on the hill, the merchants on Main Street, the village idiot on the green. On a larger scale, the paleocons contrast the virtues of the republic with the corruptions of empire. The empire throws its weight around in the world; the republic minds its own business. ^[41]

Beyond fusionism

The Cold War coalition

William F. Buckley, Jr. was an unwitting influence on paleoconservatism. Fusionism is an American political term for the combination or "fusion" of Libertarians and traditional conservatives in the American conservative movement William Frank Buckley Jr ( November 24 1925  – February 27 2008) was an American Author and conservative ^[115] During the Cold War, his National Review magazine^[116] vowed to stand "athwart history, yelling Stop. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F "^[117] It promoted both Burke and Kirk, along with Frank Meyer's theory of fusionism;^[118] it suggested that conservatives and libertarians reduce arguments with one another and present a united front against Communism. ^[119] Many first-generation paleocons were National Review supporters,^[120] but slowly grew weary as the journal reflected more and more neoconservative influence,^[121] starting in the 1970s. ^[122] Chronicles founder Leopold Tyrmand complained that the movement gave political solutions to cultural problems. Leopold Tyrmand ( May 16, 1920 in Warsaw ( Poland) - March 19, 1985) was a Polish - Jewish novelist and ^[123]

Open hostility broke out in the mid-1980s and was never resolved. ^[121] Some paleocons argued that fusionism failed^[124] and suggested a new alliance on the right to stand outside the neoconservative consensus. ^[125] Pat Buchanan's statement that "We are old church and old right, antimperialist and antinterventionist, disbelievers in Pax Americana" reflects this new coalition. ^[126][41] William Rusher, former publisher of Buckley's magazine, claims that paleocons are not "representative" conservatives. "The break between the National Review and the paleoconservatives is no tempest in a teapot", he says. "It may well determine the direction of American foreign policy for decades to come. "^[127]

One problem, according to Paul Gottfried and Samuel Francis, was that this was an “archaic conservatism. ” This means it saw too much continuity between ancient traditions and the contemporary West, which was in "mortal combat" with Communists and other enemies. Gottfried says the problem with this mindset, which he finds even in Russell Kirk, is that it missed that "the U. S. was then clearly on its way to becoming a self-identified multicultural society overseen by a post-Christian managerial elite. " So these conservatives became too optimistic about modern-day civic virtue. ^[128] Looking back, Thomas Fleming remarked that “In theory, the Cold Warriors were protecting the people of Britain, France, and the United States against the expansion of an evil empire, but nations can only be successfully defended by people who believe in nationhood, which is anathema to the liberal assumptions that are the foundation of most Western states. ”

One notable group, the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI), still follows the old fusionism. The Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc or (ISI, is a non-profit educational organization founded in 1953 as the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists ^[129] It showcases both neoconservative and Old Right ideas, such as anti-interventionism, limited government and cultural regionalism, in its publications and conferences. Nonintervention or non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct While they favor free-market solutions they tend to recognize the limitations of the market, or as economist Wilhelm Roepke says, "the market is not everything. Wilhelm Röpke ( October 10, 1899 in Schwarmstedt – February 12, 1966 in Geneva) was one of the most important spiritual " ISI scholarship includes analysis of agrarian and distributist works, along with the idea of an "humane economy. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Distributism, also known as distributionism and distributivism, is a third-way economic philosophy formulated by such Roman Catholic "^[130]

The Burnham revolution

One fusionist, James Burnham, left an important influence on paleocons, especially on Samuel Francis. Paul Gottfried said that the two men believed that social forces create ideologies — and that “moral visions are the mere accompaniments of the process by which classes make themselves economically dominant and try to control other groups. ”^[131] Burmham wrote in 1967:

In real life, men are joined on a much less than universal scale into a variety of groupings — family, community, church, business, club, party, etc. — which on the political scale reach the maximum significant limit in the nation. Since there is at present time no Humanity or Mankind (socially and historically speaking), there cannot be a World Government - though conceivably there could be a world empire. ^[132]

Burnham presented a theory of managerial bureaucracy, presenting a class of elites that gain power in government, business and the media, based on technical skill. Here’s how Francis, who said this theory inspired George Orwell’s "1984", explained it:

Those who hold such skills are able to dominate the state, the economy, and the culture because the structures of these sectors of modern society require technical functions that only specially skilled personnel can provide. The older elites simply lack those skills and eventually lose actual control over the key institutions of modern mass society. As the new, managerial elites take over, society is reconfigured to reflect and support their interests as a ruling class—interests radically different from those of the older elites. Generally, the interests of the new managerial elites consist in maintaining and extending the institutions they control and in ensuring that the needs for and rewards of the technical skills they possess are steadily increased, that society become as dependent on them and their functions as possible. ^[133]

Francis, unlike some other paleocons, argued that the existence of managers alone is harmless. Rather, the multiculturalist ideology they adopted drives it toward tyranny. . He said that “white, Christian, male-oriented, bourgeois values and institutions” are the principal restraints of managerial power, which this class seeks to undermine. He explained:

If we could somehow take out the ideology, change the minds of those who control the state, and convert them into paleo-conservatives, the state apparatus itself would be neutral. What really animates its drive toward a totalitarian conquest and reconfiguration of society and the human mind itself comes from the ideology that the masters of the managerial state have adopted, a force that is entirely extraneous and largely accidental to the structure by which they exercise power. ^[133]

Francis also said, however, that ideology helps the managerial elite increase its grip on scoiety:

It is in the long-term interest of the overclass (not of anyone else) to managerialize society so that all aspects of life are organized, packaged, routinized and subjugated to manipulation by the technical skill the overclass possesses, and that interest requires the undermining of institutions and norms that are independent of, and impediments to, overclass control. ^[134]

Foreign echoes

As paleoconservatism germinated as a reaction to neoconservatism, most of its development has been in the United States, although it has echoes in other Western nations. British conservatives such as Peter Hitchens,^[135] Auberon Waugh,^[136] Anthony Flew (whom the Rockford Institute awarded the Ingersoll Prize),^[137] and Roger Scruton^[138] as well as Scruton's Salisbury Review and Derek Turner's Right Now!^[139] magazines, may be considered broadly sympathetic to paleo ideas. Peter Jonathan Hitchens (born 28 October 1951 in Sliema, Malta) is a British Journalist and Author, noted Roger Vernon Scruton (born 27 February 1944) is an English Conservative Philosopher. The Salisbury Review is a British conservative Magazine, published quarterly and founded in 1982. Derek Turner (born 1964 in Dublin, Ireland) is a Freelance Journalist. Right Now! was a bimonthly British political magazine It reflected Right wing, Nationalist views For example, Hitchens wrote, in opposition to the Iraq War,

There is nothing conservative about war. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign For at least the last century war has been the herald and handmaid of socialism and state control. It is the excuse for censorship, organized lying, regulation and taxation. It is paradise for the busybody and the nark. It damages family life and wounds the Church. It is, in short, the ally of everything summed up by the ugly word ‘progress. ’^[140]

The One Nation movement in 1990s Australia,^[141] Germany's Junge Freiheit,^[142] and Italy's Lega Nord^[143] reflect many paleo concerns. Not to be confused with the One Nation program of infrastructure works carried out from 1991 to 1996 by the Keating Labor Government The Junge Freiheit ( JF, Young Freedom) is a German weekly newspaper for politics and culture Lega Nord (Northern League LN whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for Independence of Padania) is an Italian Former Provisional IRA member Gerry McGeough's magazine The Hibernian may be considered the voice of Paleoconservatism in Ireland. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Gerry McGeough (born 1958 near Dungannon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) is a prominent Irish Republican who was a volunteer in The Hibernian was a monthly Irish magazine with the subtitle “Faith Family and Country” Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world So may former Russian dissidents Andrei Navrozov^[144] and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Andrei Navrozov, poet and writer was born in Moscow in 1956 grandson of the playwright Andrei Navrozov (1899–1941 son of the essayist and translator Lev Navrozov (1928- Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn ( Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын) (December 11 1918 – August 3 2008 was a Russian Novelist ^[145] German ordoliberalism, represented by Wilhelm Ropke, influenced some paleocon thinkers (see below). Ordoliberalism (also called German neoliberalism) is a school of Liberalism emphasizing the need for the state to ensure that the Free market produces results Paleocons also tend to be euroskeptics. Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process

Heredity and human nature

Biology, genes and behavior

While in the past, many paleocons have criticized Darwinism, as such theories become widely accepted in society, many paleoconservative intellectuals have become interested in the findings of anthropology, genetics, and sociobiology for insight into human behavior. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution. ^[146] Murphy says that Thomas Fleming was influenced by the works of writers like E. Evans-Pritchard and Edward O. Wilson. Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist researcher ( Sociobiology, Biodiversity) theorist ( ^[147] While criticizing evolutionary biologists like the left-wing Stephen Jay Gould^[148] and Richard Dawkins,^[149] they see evidence for traditional values in these fields. Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science The Rockford Institute even awarded sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson a 1989 Ingersoll Prize.

Thomas Fleming takes a view of human nature that mixes classical philosophy with sociobiology. He said, "the laws and decrees enacted by human government are mutable and sometimes tyrannical,” yet "the laws of human nature, worked tight within the spirals of the genetic code, are unchanging and just. ”^[150] Critic Tony Glaister describes the attitude thus:

For Fleming, human nature is rooted in the biological family; consequently, the extension of state power he sees as thoroughly deleterious. Family adhesion is the glue of our biologically determined natural social environment. From John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau to existentialism (and by implication, nihilism) and social fragmentation, the way is shorter than we think. The principle that society consists of a social bond created contractually between each member and every other, is in accordance with the existentialist belief that existence precedes essence. For the existentialist, man creates his nature and his history by existing and the actions which constitute that existence and not by virtue of a biological inheritance or the unfolding of an inherent “human nature”. If there is no God which precedes Man, there is no essence to which his reactions refer. This implies a rejection of essential or immutable human nature.

In this way, Fleming sees both the sexual revolution and reproductive rights as “a revolution against human nature and against the most basic elements of human society. ”

Do not look for parallels in ancient Greek bisexuality (a much misinterpreted phenomenon) or Roman decadence. Ordinary people in the ancient world lived as most ordinary people have always lived, dividing their time between worrying about crops and chasing after the children who are supposed to be tending the livestock or working in the fields. The tiny elite classes might become as decadent as they liked without influencing the rest of us whose lives are shaped by natural necessities. Yes, in 18th century Europe an anti-ethic of irresponsible hedonism reached its peak in figures like Voltaire and Sade, but the sexual antics of the Palais Royal were not being imitated by peasants in the Vendée. Only in the 20th century have we universalized the rebellion against nature and God and communicated it to the common man. ^[151]

On race, Fleming wrote:

Race and ethnicity are partly rooted in genetics and partly social constructions. There was a time when the English looked at the Irish as another race and a barely human one, and when Germans had the same view of Slavs. Some notion of the people as an extended family is natural to humanity and makes an important part of any sane society. ^[152]

Differing views exist on the specific question of intelligent design. Fleming says it is “a boneheaded piece of pseudo-science, almost as simplistic as the naive materialism that Darwinists teach. "^[153] Pat Buchanan says that “science itself points to intelligent design,” such that the existence of natural laws, such as in gravity, physics or chemistry, implies “the existence of a lawmaker. ”^[154]

Foreign Aid and foreign policy

Paleo-conservatives generally debate over whether supporting other countries is in the United States' interests. Paleo-conservatives are generally against wars of aggression, upon the basis of their illegal and unconstitutional nature, and are generally cautious about military action or sanctions against foreign entities. Paelo-conservatism is generally viewed as a kind of shelter for those, generally in the Republican party, who feel that neo-conservative ideology has hijacked the traditional Republican position. . Unlike the paleolibertarians, some paleoconservatives like Buchanan supported the Cold War. Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American Libertarianism founded by Lew Rockwell and Murray Rothbard, and closely associated Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Most paleo-conservatives believe that any support of other countries, such as Israel, South Korea, Germany, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, for instance, over American neutrality is not in the United States' interests while also viewing such aid is illegal and immoral. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Cultural and national preservation

Paleoconservatives support the traditionally conservative concept of a nation: one built upon kith and kin, blood and soil, genophilia (instinctive attachment to family and tribe), ancestral obligations, and ethnic solidarity. Many paleoconservatives bemoan what they see as a critical failure of will amongst Western nations to preserve their ethnic heritage and their cultures.

The main threat to Western nations is seen to be large-scale non-Western immigration, and paleoconservatives therefore support immigration restriction. While demanding that a wall be built along America's southern border, they also insist that immigrants who are already within the country be forced to assimilate and learn English, as other migratory groups have done in the past. Some paleoconservatives also view the mass influx of Muslims into Europe as a major threat, citing that European birthrates are at an all-time low while Arabs and especially Africans are quickly growing in numbers. Some paleoconservatives, including Bat Ye'or, Thomas Fleming, Paul Belien, Fjordman, Paul Gottfried, Joel LeFevre and Serge Trifkovic, fear not only that the Christian identity of Europe will soon disappear, but that the continent will quickly become a breeding ground for radical Islam, and that by the end of this century Europe will be, as some have called it, "Eurabia. Bat Ye'or (בת יאור meaning "daughter of the Nile " a Pseudonym of Gisèle Littman, Thomas Fleming may refer to Thomas Fleming Earl of Wigtown (d Paul Belien, born 1959 is a Flemish journalist and founder of the conservative-libertarian Blog The Brussels Journal. Fjordman is an anonymous Norwegian blogger who writes about Islam and Muslim Immigration and the danger that he believes it poses to Western civilization Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient Joel T LeFevre is the editor-in-chief the Citizens Informer, a Quarterly Newspaper put Srđa Trifković (also Srdja Trifković; Serbian Cyrillic: Срђа Трифковић and as author Serge Trifkovic) (born July 19 Eurabia is a political Neologism used to refer to a Europe which allies itself to and becomes subsumed by the Arab World. "

Others, such as Charley Reese, Paul Craig Roberts, Jörg Haider, Pat Buchanan and Marcus Epstein view fears of an Islamic Europe as merely an excuse for neocon warmongering and horrifying Israeli atrocities against Palestinians. Charley Reese (born January 29 1937) is a syndicated columnist known for his plainspoken manner and paleoconservative views Paul Craig Roberts (born April 3, 1939, in Atlanta Georgia) is an Economist and a nationally syndicated columnist for Creators Syndicate Jörg Haider (January 26 1950 – October 11 2008 was an Austrian politician Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Marcus Epstein is executive director of Team America PAC a Political action committee founded by Tom Tancredo, and of The American Cause, a foundation Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn .

Affirmative Action

Paleoconservatives, unlike many neoconservatives, are firmly against the current affirmative action policies in universities. Many claim that as fact that the "white majority" is the most discriminated against,, particularly gentile ones, since Jews are overrepresented in most elite colleges. . In addition to its detrimental effects on White Americans, affirmative action has been demonstrated to negatively affect Asian-Americans ^[155] at many University campuses, and many Paleoconservatives oppose the suppression of Equal Protection for minority groups that have been generally successful in educational institutions. Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall… deny to any person

Some paleocons, such as Pat Buchanan, go further and demand that colleges have 70% of the student body be white non-Jews so that representation of ethnic groups are proportional.

Paleocons vs. neocons

The phrase paleoconservative ("old conservative") was originally a tongue-in-cheek rejoinder used in the 1980s to differentiate traditional conservatives from neoconservatives and Straussians. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical Pat Buchanan calls neoconservatism "a globalist, interventionist, open borders ideology. ”^[156] The paleoconservatives argue that the "neocons" are illegitimate interlopers in the conservative movement. As Stephen J. Tonsor said of former Marxists who, as "neocons", had joined the conservative movement: "It is splendid when the town whore gets religion and joins the church. Now and then she makes a good choir director, but when she begins to tell the minister what he ought to say in his Sunday sermons, matters have been carried too far. "

Further information: Neoconservative - Paleoconservative Conflict

Individual Liberty

Paleos are staunch constitutionalists and advocates of individual liberty. Starting in the 1980s two factions in the American Conservative movement began quarrelling with one another Neoconservatives and Paleoconservatives. Accordingly, most paleos are opposed to the USA Patriot Act, Military Commissions Act, and any curbing of individual freedom. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U The United States Military Commissions Act of 2006, also known as HR-6166 was an Act of Congress signed by President George W But paleos do support limits on lobbying groups, especially neoconservative ones. They are wary of lobbying groups supporting foreign countries.

Prominent paleoconservatives

• Virginia Abernethy^[157]
• Pat Buchanan^[158]
• Thomas Fleming ^[159]
• Samuel Francis^[160]
• Robert Novak^[161]
• Ron Paul ^[162]
• Richard Poe^[163]
• Justin Raimondo^[164]
• Joseph Sobran ^{[165] [166]}

Paleoconservative organizations

• Chronicles^[167]
• Rockford Institute^[168]

Coalition to Block the North American Union

References and further reading

About the right

• "What Is Paleoconservatism?", an editors' roundtable, Chronicles, January 2001. Virginia Deane Abernethy (born 1934 is an American Professor (emerita of Psychiatry and Anthropology at Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Thomas Fleming may refer to Thomas Fleming Earl of Wigtown (d Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist Robert David Sanders "Bob" Novak (born February 26, 1931) is a Conservative American political commentator syndicated columnist and journalist Richard Poe (born January 25, 1946 in Portola California, United States) is an American actor Justin Raimondo (born Dennis Raimondo on November 18, 1951) is a Paleoconservative / libertarian American Author M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute. Chronicles is a US monthly Magazine published by the paleoconservative Rockford Institute.
• "The State of Conservatism: A Symposium", Intercollegiate Review, Spring 1986.
• "What Libertarians and Conservatives Say About Each Other: An Annotated Bibliography", by Jude Blanchette, LewRockwell. com, October 27, 2004. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• Buchanan, Patrick J. , Where the Right Went Wrong: How Neoconservatives Subverted the Reagan Revolution and Hijacked the Bush Presidency, 2004. ISBN 0-312-34115-6
• Francis, Samuel T. , Beautiful Losers: Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism, 1993. ISBN 0-8262-0976-9
• "The Paleo Persuasion", by Samuel Francis, American Conservative, December 12, 2002. Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist The American Conservative (TAC is a biweekly US opinion magazine founded in 2002 by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• "How Russell Kirk (And The Right) Went Wrong", by Paul Gottfried, VDARE. Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient com.
• Gottfried, Paul E. , The Conservative Movement, 1993. ISBN 0-8057-9749-1
• Kirk, Russell, The Conservative Mind, 7th Ed. , 2001. ISBN 0-89526-171-5
• Kirk, Russell. The Politics of Prudence, 1993. ISBN 1-882926-01-3
• Nisbet, Robert, Conservatism: Dream and Reality, 2001. ISBN 0-7658-0862-5
• “What I Learned from Paleoism" by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. LewRockwell. com, May 2, 2002. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Scotchie, Joseph, ed. , The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right, 1999. ISBN 1-56000-427-4.

Paleocon Critiques of neoconservatism

• Response to Norman Podhoretz, by Patrick J. Buchanan, letter to The Wall Street Journal dated November 5, 1999. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
• "Whose War?", by Patrick J. Buchanan, American Conservative, March 24, 2003. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist The American Conservative (TAC is a biweekly US opinion magazine founded in 2002 by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• "Neo-Con Invasion", by Samuel Francis. Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist The New American, August 5, 1996
• "Notes on Neoconservatism", by Paul Gottfried, World and I, September 1986. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient
• "What’s In A Name? The Curious Case Of Neoconservative", by Paul Gottfried, VDare. Paul Edward Gottfried (*1941 is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown Pennsylvania, and a Guggenheim recipient com.
• "The Neoconservatives: An Endangered Species", by Russell Kirk. Russell Kirk ( 19 October 1918 &ndash 29 April[[ 994]] was an American Political theorist, Historian, Social Heritage Foundation, Heritage lecture 178, December 15, 1988. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)
• "Among the Neocons", by Scott McConnell, American Conservative, April 11, 2003. The American Conservative (TAC is a biweekly US opinion magazine founded in 2002 by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• "The Ideology of American Empire", by Claes G. Ryn, Orbis 47 2003. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• “Why I Too Am Not a Neoconservative" by Stephen J. Tonsor. National Review, June 20, 1986. National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)
• “What Is Paleoconservatism?" by Chris Woltermann. Telos issue 97, 1993. TELOS is an Academic journal published in the United States. It was founded in May 1968 to provide the New Left with a coherent theoretical perspective

Immigration

• Brimelow, Peter, Alien Nation: Common Sense About America's Immigration Disaster, 1996. Alien Nation Common Sense About America's Immigration Disaster is a 1995 national bestseller book by Peter Brimelow. ISBN 0-06-097691-8
• Buchanan, Patrick J. , The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization, 2001. ISBN 0-312-28548-5
• Buchanan, Patrick J. , State of Emergency: How Illegal Immigration Is Destroying America, 2006. ISBN 0-312-36003-7
• Fleming, Thomas, ed. , Immigration and the American Identity: Selections From Chronicles, 1985-1995, 1995. ISBN 0-9619364-7-9
• Francis, Samuel T. , "America Extinguished: Mass Immigration and the Disintegration of American Culture", 2002. ASIN B0006S696U
• "American Citizenship Is Precious", by Phyllis Schlafly, Phyllis Schlafly Report, November 2005. Phyllis Stewart Schlafly (born August 15, 1924, in St Louis Missouri) is an American conservative political activist known for her
• Streitz, Paul, "America First: Why Americans Must End Free Trade, Stop Outsourcing and Close Our Open Borders", 2006, ISBN 0-9713498-9-4.
• Williamson, Chilton, The Immigration Mystique: America's False Conscience, 1996. ISBN 0-465-03286-9
• "Nation or Notion?", by Patrick J. Buchanan, on the concept of the proposition nation.

Anti-intervention

• Buchanan, Patrick J. , A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America's Destiny, 1999. ISBN 0-89526-272-X
• "The Pornography of Compassion and The Cost of Empire", by Thomas Fleming, Chronicles Extra, September 18, 2001
• Kauffman, Bill, America First! Its History, Culture, and Politics, 1995. Thomas Fleming may refer to Thomas Fleming Earl of Wigtown (d Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-87975-956-9
• "Understanding Fourth Generation War" by William S. Lind, Antiwar. William S Lind (b July 9 1947) is an American expert on military affairs and a pundit on Cultural conservatism. com.
• Raimondo, Justin, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement, 1993. ISBN 1-883959-00-4.
• Ryn, Claes, America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire, 2003. ISBN 0-7658-0219-8
• "America the Abstraction", by J. P. Zmirak, American Conservative, January 13, 2003. The American Conservative (TAC is a biweekly US opinion magazine founded in 2002 by Scott McConnell, Pat Buchanan, and Taki Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Culture, history and social issues

• Bradford, M. E. , Remembering Who We Are: Observations of a Southern Conservative, 1985. ISBN 0-8203-0766-1
• "The Sad Suicide of Admiral Nimitz", by Patrick J. Buchanan, column dated January 18, 2002. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Fleming, Thomas, The Politics of Human Nature, 1988. ISBN 1-56000-693-5
• Kirk, Russell, America's British Culture, 1993. ISBN 1-56000-066-X
• Kopff, E. Christian, The Devil Knows Latin: Why America Needs the Classical Tradition, 2000. ISBN 1-882926-57-9
• Nisbet, Robert, The Quest for Community: A Study in the Ethics of Order and Freedom, 1990. ISBN 1-55815-058-7
• "The Missing Case for Free Trade", by Paul Craig Roberts, VDARE. Paul Craig Roberts (born April 3, 1939, in Atlanta Georgia) is an Economist and a nationally syndicated columnist for Creators Syndicate com, March 15, 2004. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• "Who Will Save America?", by Paul Craig Roberts, Counterpunch, February 6, 2006. Paul Craig Roberts (born April 3, 1939, in Atlanta Georgia) is an Economist and a nationally syndicated columnist for Creators Syndicate CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Roepke, Wilhelm. A Humane Economy: The Social Framework of the Free Market, ISI edition, 1998. ISBN 1-882926-24-2
• Roepke, Wilhelm. The Social Crisis of Our Time, 1991. ISBN 1-56000-580-7
• "Pensees: Notes for the Reactionary of Tomorrow" by Joseph Sobran, National Review, December 31, 1985. M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar)
• Sobran, Joseph, Single Issues: Essays on the Crucial Social Questions, 1983. ISBN 1-199-24333-7.
• Woods, Thomas E. Jr. , The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History , 2004. ISBN 0-89526-047-6

Critical views

• "Pat Buchanan In His Own Words", unbylined FAIR press release dated February 26, 1996. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)
• "Buchanan's White Whale", by Lawrence Auster, Frontpagemag. com,March 19, 2004. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• “Buchananism: An Intellectual Cause,” by David Brooks, The Weekly Standard, March 11, 1996. David Brooks is the name of David Allen Brooks (born 1947 American film and television actor who played archaeologist Max Eilerson on the science-fiction The Weekly Standard is an American opinion Magazine published 48 times per year Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)
• "Unpatriotic Conservatives", by David Frum, National Review, April 7, 2003. David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• "The Intellectual Incoherence of Conservatism", by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Mises Institute, March 2005. Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics
• "The Buchanan Doctrine", by John Judis, New York Times, October 3, 1999. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
• "The End of Paleoconservatism" by James Lubinskas, FrontPageMagazine, November 30, 2000
• "Buchanan and Market", by Jeffrey A. FrontPage Magazine (also known as FRONTPAGEMAGCOM) is an online conservative political magazine edited by David Horowitz and is published Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Tucker, Lew Rockwell. com, March 23, 2002. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• "Paleoconservatism", by The Emerging Right editorial team, Emergingright. blogspot. com, March 2008.

External links

Magazines

• The American Cause
• The American Conservative
• American Renaissance
• Chronicles Magazine
• Citizens Informer
• Conservative Heritage Times
• If Americans Knew
• InternetPundit.com
• Middle American News
• The Occidental Quarterly
• Right Now!
• Salisbury Review
• The University Bookman
• VDARE
• Taki's Top Drawer
• Liberty Watch Magazine
• White Civil Rights

Talk Radio

• The Ron Smith Show (Balitimore)
• The Charles Goyette Show (Phoenix paleolibertarian)
• The Politcal Cesspool (Memphis)
• The American View

Misc

• Abbeville Institute
• Breaking All the Rules (BATR)
• For the Cause
• James Kalb's Conservatism FAQ
• Council of Conservative Citizens
• Intercollegiate Studies Institute
• Old Right Topic News
• The Robert A. Taft Club
• William S. Lind on War
• The Paleo Conservatist

References

David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Jonah Jacob Goldberg (born March 21, 1969) is an American syndicated columnist and author National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F

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