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Map of the Pale of Settlement
Map of the Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости, cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border, in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish residence was generally prohibited. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ It extended from the pale or demarcation line to near the border with central Europe. A pale is a territory or Jurisdiction (possibly non-territorial under a given authority or the limits of such a jurisdiction

Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to historical borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Additionally, a number of cities within the pale were excluded from it. A limited number of categories of Jews were allowed to live outside the pale.

The word pale derives ultimately from the Latin word palus, meaning stake. (Palisade is derived from the same root. palisade is a steel or wooden Fence or wall of variable height usually used as a defensive structure ) From this derivation came the figurative meaning of 'boundary', and the concept of a pale as an area within which local laws were valid. The phrase "beyond the pale" derives from this meaning, referring originally to the English Pale in Ireland. The Pale ( An Pháil in Irish) or the English Pale ( An Pháil Sasanach) was the English-controlled part of Ireland that had reduced by the late

Contents

History

For more information about life in the Pale, see: History of the Jews in Poland and History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union

The Pale was first created by Catherine the Great in 1791, after several failed attempts by her predecessors, notably the Empress Elizabeth, to remove Jews from Russia entirely unless they converted to Russian Orthodoxy. The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 ( The reasons for its creation were primarily economic and nationalist. While Russian society had traditionally been divided mainly into nobles, serfs, and clergy, industrial progress led to the emergence of a middle class, which was rapidly being filled by Jews, who did not belong to any sector. The Russian Nobility (Дворянство Dvoryanstvo) arose in the 14th century and essentially governed Russia until the October Revolution Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. By limiting their area of residence, the imperial powers attempted to ensure the growth of a non-Jewish middle class.

The institution of the Pale became especially important to the Russian authorities following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the While Russia's Jewish population had, until then, been rather limited, the annexation of Polish-Lithuanian territory increased the Jewish population substantially. At its heyday, the Pale, which included the new Polish and Lithuanian territories, had a Jewish population of over 5 million, which represented the largest concentration (40 percent) of world Jewry at that time.

Between 1791 and 1917, when the Pale officially ceased to exist, there were various reconfigurations of its boundaries, so that certain areas were open or shut to Jewish settlement, such as the Caucasus. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Similarly, Jews were forbidden to live in agricultural communities (as well as in Kiev, Sevastopol and Yalta), and forced to move to small provincial towns, fostering the rise of the shtetls (from Yiddish שטעטל shtetl "little town/little city", from שטאָט shtot "town/city"; cf. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. A shtetl (שטעטל diminutive form of Yiddish shtot שטאָט "town" pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutive "Städtle" "little Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Standard German Stadt "town/city", Städtchen/Städtlein "little city/little town", dialectal German Städtl/Städtel "little town/city"). Standard German ( German: Hochdeutsch) is the standard varieties of the German language used as a Written language, in formal contexts German dialect is dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the Dialect continuum that connects the German with Jewish merchants of the 1st guild, people with higher or special education, artisans, soldiers, drafted in accordance with the Recruit Charter of 1810, and their descendants had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In some periods, special dispensations were given for Jews to live in the major imperial cities, but these were tenuous, and several thousand Jews were expelled to the Pale from Saint Petersburg and Moscow as late as 1891. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

During the Second World War, the whole area of the former Pale found itself within the furthest extent of Nazi German control on the Eastern front, resulting in many mass killing sites by the Einsatzgruppen in one of the Nazis' largest planned systematic operation of Jewish extermination, as part of the Holocaust. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Einsatzgruppen ( German: "task forces" "intervention groups" were Paramilitary groups formed by Heinrich Himmler and The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as This led to the virtual disappearance of Jewish life in the area of its once greatest concentration.

Life in the Pale

Life in the shtetls (Yiddish שטעטלעך shtetlekh "townlets/little towns/little cities"; דאָרף dorf "village", דערפֿער derfer "villages") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and stricken by poverty. A shtetl (שטעטל diminutive form of Yiddish shtot שטאָט "town" pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutive "Städtle" "little Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High A sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population, following the time-honored Jewish tradition of tzedakah (charity). "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide Tzedakah ( צדקה) is a Hebrew word commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning Justice Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewish soldiers conscripted into the Czar's army, dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History, no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations[1].

The concentration of Jews in the Pale made them an easy target for pogroms and massive (and often government-sponsored), anti-Jewish riots. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses These, along with the repressive May Laws, often devastated whole communities. The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O Though pogroms were staged throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating attacks occurred from 1881-1883 and from 1903-1906, targeting hundreds of communities, killing thousands of Jews, and causing tens of thousands of rubles in property damage. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The ruble or rouble (in Russian: рубль rubl') is a unit of currency

A Jewish father in 19th-century Podolia.
A Jewish father in 19th-century Podolia. The region of Podolia (also spelled Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine,

A positive outgrowth of the concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern yeshiva system. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n Until the beginning of the 19th century, each town supported its own advanced students who learned in the local synagogue with the rabbinical head of the community. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Each student would eat his meals in a different home each day, a system known as "essen teg" ("eating days").

The Jewish quota existed for education: since 1886, the percentage of Jewish students could be no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals (Moscow, St. Jewish quota was a percentage that limited the number of Jews in various establishments Petersburg, Kiev). The quotas in the capitals were slightly increased in 1908 and 1915.

Despite the difficult conditions under which the Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of Hasidic dynasties flourished in the Pale. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Thousands of followers of rebbes such as the Gerrer Rebbe Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (known as the Sfas Emes), the Chernobyler Rebbe and the Vizhnitzer Rebbe flocked to their towns for the Jewish holidays and followed their rebbes' minhagim (Jewish practices) in their own homes. Rebbe (רבי (pronounced in English which means master teacher or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word Rabbi Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter (1847 - 1905 also known by the title of his Torah books as the Sfas Emes ( שפת אמת) was born in Warsaw, For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. Minhag ( Hebrew: מנהג "custom" pl minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism.

The tribulations of Jewish life in the Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholom Aleichem, whose stories of Tevye der Milchiger (Tevye the Milkman) in the fictional shtetl of Anatevka form the basis of Fiddler on the Roof. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Sholem Aleichem (שלום־עליכם Шолом-Алейхем &ndash May 13, 1916) was the Pen name of Sholem Naumovich Rabinovich the popular Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, Lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set Because of the harsh conditions of day-to-day life in the Pale, some 2 million Jews emigrated from there between 1881 and 1914, mainly to the United States (see History of the Jews in the United States). Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The history of the Jews in the United States has been influenced by waves of immigration primarily from Europe inspired by the social and economic opportunities of the United However, this exodus did not affect the stability of the Jewish population of the Pale, which remained at 5 million people due to the high birthrate. Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year

During World War I, the Pale lost its rigid hold on the Jewish population when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All On March 20 (April 2), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the Provisional Government decree, On abolition of confessional and national restrictions (Об отмене вероисповедных и национальных ограничений). Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication A decree is an order made by a Head of state or government and having the force of Law. A large portion of the Pale, together with its Jewish population, became part of Poland (see History of the Jews in Poland). The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. The Bolshevik Revolution and the wars of 1918-1920 also resulted in many pogroms and military excesses—over 1,236 of them in the Ukraine alone during which, conservatively, 31,000 Jews were killed (Abramson, Henry). The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution

Territories of the Pale

The Pale of Settlement included the following areas.

1791

The Ukase of Catherine II of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to:

1794

After the Second partition of Poland, the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added:

1795

After the Third Partition of Poland, the following areas were added:

1805–1835

After 1805 the Pale gradually shrinks, by the exclusion of the following areas:

Rural areas for 50 verst (kilometers) from the western border were closed from new settlement. Ukase (указ ukaz) in Imperial Russia was a proclamation of the Tsar, government or a religious leader ( Patriarch) that had the force of Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually Polotsk ( Polatsk, По́лацк Полоцк Polockas Połock is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk ( Belarusian: Ві́цебск 'vʲitsʲepsk Russian: Ви́тебск Vitebsk Novorossiya (Новоро́ссия literally New Russia) is a historic area now mostly located in southern Ukraine, in southern Russia, in Bessarabia Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровськ Днепропетро́вск Dnepropetrovsk; formerly Yekaterinoslav, ru Екатериносла́въ is Namestnik (наме́стник) was an office position in the history of Russia. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. The Taurida Governorate (Таврическая губернiя modern spelling Таврическая губерния Таврiйська губернiя Tavrida guberniyası or Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Minsk Governorate (Минская губерния or Government of Minsk was a Governorate ( Guberniya) of the Russian Empire Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually Polotsk ( Polatsk, По́лацк Полоцк Polockas Połock is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river Little Russia, sometimes Little or Lesser Rus’ ( Malorossiya; Mala Rus’) was the name applied to parts of the territory of modern-day Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Izyaslav of Kiev may refer to Iziaslav I of Kiev Iziaslav II of Kiev Iziaslav III The region of Podolia (also spelled Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, Bratslav should not be confused with cities of Wrocław, Břeclav or Bratislava. Chernihiv, also referred to as Chernigov (Чернігів Чернигов Чарнігаў is a historic city in northern Ukraine. Novhorod-Siversky (Новгород-Сіверський Новгород-Северский Novgorod-Seversky is a historic city in the Chernihiv Oblast ( province Poltava (Полтава Połtawa is a City in central Ukraine. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Not to be confused with Kiev Governorate. Southwestern Krai (Юго-западный край also known as Kiev General Governorate Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Little Russia, sometimes Little or Lesser Rus’ ( Malorossiya; Mala Rus’) was the name applied to parts of the territory of modern-day Chernihiv, also referred to as Chernigov (Чернігів Чернигов Чарнігаў is a historic city in northern Ukraine. Novorossiya (Новоро́ссия literally New Russia) is a historic area now mostly located in southern Ukraine, in southern Russia, in Bessarabia Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye A verst (Russian versta, верста is an obsolete Russian Unit of length.

Final

In 1882 it was forbidden for Jews to settle in rural areas. The Chernigov Governorate (Черниговская губернiя translit Bryansk Oblast (Бря́нская о́бласть Bryanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Poltava (Полтава Połtawa is a City in central Ukraine. The Taurida Governorate (Таврическая губернiя modern spelling Таврическая губерния Таврiйська губернiя Tavrida guberniyası or Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Administrative divisions From 1809 the governorate consisted of five Uyezds Kherson Aleksandriya (''Oleksandriia'', Ovidiopol, Tiraspol Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Velizh (Велиж is a town in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is situated on the bank of the Western Dvina, 134 km from Smolensk, at Population Uyezd or uezd (уе́зд uˈjɛst was an admistrative subdivision of Rus', Muscovy, and Russian Empire used from the 13th century originally Smolensk Oblast (Смол́енская о́бласть Smolenskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Northwestern Krai (Северозападный край a part of the Western Krai, was a subdivision ( Krai) of Imperial Russia. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Vilnа Governorate (1801-1840 often named Lithuania-Vilna Governorate) (Виленская губерния Vilenskaya guberniya, Vilniaus gubernija or The Kovno Governorate (Ковенская губеpния or Kovenskaja Gubernija; Kauno gubernija or Government of Kovno was a governorate ( Guberniya The Grodno Governorate, ( Гро́дненская губе́рнiя, gubernia grodzieńska Gardino gubernija was a Governorate ( Guberniya Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk ( Belarusian: Ві́цебск 'vʲitsʲepsk Russian: Ви́тебск Vitebsk Pskov Oblast (Пско́вская о́бласть Pskovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Not to be confused with Kiev Governorate. Southwestern Krai (Юго-западный край also known as Kiev General Governorate Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Płock is a city in central Poland, on the Vistula river with 131011 inhabitants Kalisz is a City in central Poland with 109800 inhabitants (1995 Piotrków Trybunalski {{IPA-pl|t|r|y|b|u|'|n|a|l|s|k|i}} (also known by alternative names) is a City in central Poland with 80738 inhabitants (2005 Kielce is a city in central Poland with 202609 inhabitants (2006 Radom is a city in central Poland with 227309 inhabitants It is located on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Siedlce (שעדליץ Shedlits, Sedlets (Latinized is a town in eastern Poland with 77092 inhabitants ( As of 2005) Augustów is a town in north-eastern Poland with 29600 inhabitants (1995 Suwałki ( Lithuanian: Suvalkai, Yiddish: Suwałk; German: Suwalken and Sudauen between 1939-1944 is a town Łomża is a town in north-eastern Poland, approximately 90 Miles (150 km) from Warsaw and 50 miles (81 km from Białystok.

The following cities within the Pale were excluded from it:

References

  1. ^ An area of Russia where Jews were most oppressed, the Pale of Settlement gave rise to amazingly good things.

See also

External links

The Pale ( An Pháil in Irish) or the English Pale ( An Pháil Sasanach) was the English-controlled part of Ireland that had reduced by the late Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. The Jewish Virtual Library is an online Encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls.

Dictionary

Pale of Settlement

-proper noun

  1. A particular region of Russia from 1791 to 1917, designated for Jews.
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