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A typical pale ale
A typical pale ale

Pale ale is a term used to describe a variety of beers which use ale yeast and predominantly pale malts. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a Species of Budding Yeast. It is perhaps the most useful Yeast owing to its use since ancient times Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further It is widely considered to be one of the major beer style groups. Beer style is a term used to differentiate and categorize Beers by various factors such as colour flavour strength ingredients production method recipe history or origin All of the major ale producing countries have a version of Pale Ale: Britain has Bitter, America has American pale ale, France has Bière de Garde, Germany has Altbier, etc. Bitter is a British term for a style of Beer or Pale ale. The expression first appeared in the UK in the early 19th century as part of the development American Pale Ale (APA is a style of American beer based at least originally on beers of the British Pale ale tradition Bière de Garde, or "keeping beer" is a style of Ale traditionally brewed in the Pas-de-Calais region of France. Altbier (often abbreviated to Alt) is the name given to a form of German top-fermenting beer that originated in Westphalia and spread to parts of the Rhineland Pale ales generally over 6% ABV tend to be grouped as Strong Pale Ales under such names as Scotch Ale, Saison, or American Pale Ale. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as abv or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( Ethanol) is contained in an Alcoholic beverage Pale ale is a term used to describe a variety of Beers which use Ale yeast and predominantly pale Malts It is widely considered to be one of the major Saison ( French, "season" is the name originally given to refreshing low-alcohol Pale ales brewed seasonally in farmhouses in Wallonia, the French-speaking American Pale Ale (APA is a style of American beer based at least originally on beers of the British Pale ale tradition

Contents

Definition

A pale ale has two basic characteristics:

  1. It is an ale, that is, it is fermented using a top-fermenting yeast. Ale is a type of Beer brewed from Malted Barley using a top-fermenting Brewers' yeast.
  2. It is pale, that is, generally between 8 and 14 degrees SRM in colour. Standard Reference Method or SRM is a system modern brewers use to measure Color intensity roughly darkness of a Beer or malted While this colour is not "pale" compared to, say, a golden ale or Pilsener, the pale malts used in making pale ale at its inception gave the beer a far lighter colour than the porters common in England at the time. Pilsner, sometimes pilsener or simply pils, is a Pale lager, developed in the 19th century in the city of Pilsen, Bohemia ( Mash ingredients or grain bill are those materials used in Brewing from which a Wort can be obtained for fermenting into alcohol Porter is a dark-coloured style of Beer. The history and development of Stout and porter are intertwined

Brief history

Pale ale was a term used for beers made from malt dried with coke. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. Coke had been first used for roasting malt in 1642, but it wasn't until around 1703 that the term pale ale was first used. By 1784 advertisements were appearing in the Calcutta Gazette for "light and excellent" pale ale. Founded by James Augustus Hickey or Hicky, a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years in gaol for debt Hickey's Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta By 1830 onward the expressions bitter and pale ale were synonymous. Breweries would tend to designate beers as pale ale, though customers would commonly refer to the same beers as bitter. It is thought that customers used the term bitter to differentiate these pale ales from other less noticeably hopped beers such as porter and mild. Porter is a dark-coloured style of Beer. The history and development of Stout and porter are intertwined Mild ale is a low- gravity, malty beer that originated in the United Kingdom in the 1600s or earlier By the mid to late 20th century, while brewers were still labeling bottled beers as pale ale, they had begun identifying cask beers as bitter. While the two terms are still used interchangeably in the UK, the preference is for the term bitter to be used for both bottled and cask beer, and use of the term pale ale has declined.

Types of Pale ales

Altbier

Main article: Altbier
A Diebels Alt
A Diebels Alt

Altbier (often abbreviated to Alt) is the name given to a form of pale ale that originated in Düsseldorf and the Rhineland region in Germany. Altbier (often abbreviated to Alt) is the name given to a form of German top-fermenting beer that originated in Westphalia and spread to parts of the Rhineland Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

The name Altbier, which literally means old beer, refers to the pre-lager brewing method of using a warm top-fermenting yeast like British pale ales. Lager (storage camp bearing etc is the more popular of two main types of Beer; the other being Ale. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a Species of Budding Yeast. It is perhaps the most useful Yeast owing to its use since ancient times [1] Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures, and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation, leading to a cleaner, crisper beer than is the norm for an ale.

Commercial examples of Altbier are Uerige and Diebels Alt.

Amber ale

An Amber Ale
An Amber Ale

Amber ale is the term sometimes used in North America for pale ales which range from light copper to light brown in colour[2]. A small amount of crystal[3] or other coloured malt[4] may be added to the basic pale ale base to produce a slightly darker colour, as in some Irish and British pale ales [5]. In France the term used is Ambrée, and the hop bitterness is modest. In North America, American-variety hops are used in varying degrees of bitterness[6], though few examples are particularly hoppy. Hops are the female Flower cones of the hop plant ( Humulus lupulus)

The term is not used much outside France and North America, apart from North American-style brewpubs[7].

Commercial examples include: Mac & Jack's African Amber[8], Rogue American Amber, Full Sail Amber Ale, Anderson Valley's Boont Amber Ale[9], Pelforth Ambrée, Jenlain Ambrée, and Fischer Amber[10]. Rogue Ales is an American craft brewery founded in 1988 in Ashland Oregon. Full Sail Brewing Company is a Craft brewery in Hood River, Oregon, United States. Pelforth is a French Brewery founded in 1914 in Mons-en-Baroeul. Jenlain is a Village and commune in the Nord département of northern France.

American Pale Ale

Main article: American Pale Ale

In the USA, the Association of Brewers has defined an American-style pale ale as ranging in colour from deep golden to copper, with a bitterness, flavour, and aroma dominated by hops. American Pale Ale (APA is a style of American beer based at least originally on beers of the British Pale ale tradition Pale ales have medium body, and low-to-medium maltiness. [11]

Bière de Garde

Main article: Bière de Garde
A Bière de Garde
A Bière de Garde

Bière de Garde, or "keeping beer", is a pale ale traditionally brewed in the Pas-de-Calais region of France. Bière de Garde, or "keeping beer" is a style of Ale traditionally brewed in the Pas-de-Calais region of France. Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France. Its name is the French language equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. These beers were usually brewed by farmhouses in the winter and spring, to avoid unpredictable problems with the yeast during the summertime.

The origins of the name lies in the tradition that it was matured/cellared for a period of time once bottled (and most sealed with a cork), to be consumed later in the year, akin to a Saison. Saison ( French, "season" is the name originally given to refreshing low-alcohol Pale ales brewed seasonally in farmhouses in Wallonia, the French-speaking

There are a number of beers named Bière de Garde in France, but some of the better known brands include:

Burton Pale Ale

Later in the second half of the nineteenth century, the recipe for pale ale was put into use by the Burton upon Trent brewers, notably Bass; ales from Burton were considered of a particularly high quality due to synergy between the malt and hops in use and local water chemistry, especially the presence of gypsum. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as abv or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( Ethanol) is contained in an Alcoholic beverage The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Burton upon Trent, also known as Burton-on-Trent or simply Burton, is a large town straddling the River Trent in the east of Staffordshire, Bass (ˈbæs is the name of a former Brewery and the brand name for several English Beers originally brewed in Burton upon Trent at Bass Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 Burton retained absolute dominance in pale ale brewing until a chemist, C. W. Vincent discovered the process of Burtonisation to reproduce the chemical composition of the water from Burton-upon-Trent, thus giving any brewery the capability to brew pale ale. Burtonisation is the act of adding sulfate, often in the form of Gypsum, to the water used for the Brewing of Beer, in order to bring out the

English Bitter

Main article: Bitter (beer)

The expression first appears in the UK in the early 19th century as part of the development and spread of Pale Ale. Bitter is a British term for a style of Beer or Pale ale. The expression first appeared in the UK in the early 19th century as part of the development The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Breweries would tend to designate beers as pale ale, though customers would commonly refer to the same beers as bitter. It is thought that customers used the term bitter to differentiate these pale ales from other less noticeably hopped beers such as porter and mild. Porter is a dark-coloured style of Beer. The history and development of Stout and porter are intertwined Mild ale is a low- gravity, malty beer that originated in the United Kingdom in the 1600s or earlier Drinkers tend to loosely group modern bitter into Session or Ordinary bitter (up to 4. 1% ABV), Best or Regular bitter (between 4. 2% and 4. 7% ABV) and Premium or Strong bitter (4. 8% ABV and over). Hop levels will vary within each sub group, though there is a tendency for the hops in the Session Bitter group to be more noticeable. But again, there is a wide variation in hopping rates for modern beers calling themselves "bitter".

India Pale Ale

Main article: India Pale Ale

India Pale Ale was a British October pale ale beer bought for export to India. India Pale Ale, abbreviated IPA, is an ale that is light amber to copper in color medium to medium-high Alcohol by volume, with hoppy, bitter and sometimes This beer made prominent use of hops, which helped to preserve the beer on the long voyage. Hops are the female Flower cones of the hop plant ( Humulus lupulus)

Irish red ale

Irish red ale, red ale, or Irish ale gains its slightly reddish colour from the use of a small amount of roasted barley. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for The term red ale or red beer is used by brewers in countries other than Ireland; however, the name Irish Red is typically used when roasted material is used.

In America the name can describe a darker amber ale, and some breweries may produce a "red" beer that is a lager with caramel colouring. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Lager (storage camp bearing etc is the more popular of two main types of Beer; the other being Ale.

Saison

Main article: Saison (ale)

Saison is the name given to pale ales brewed in Wallonia, the French-speaking region of Belgium. Saison ( French, "season" is the name originally given to refreshing low-alcohol Pale ales brewed seasonally in farmhouses in Wallonia, the French-speaking The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Saisons are considered to be a farmhouse ale, because saisons were originally brewed in farmhouses for farm workers who were entitled to a half dozen pints of ale or more throughout the workday during harvest season. Saisons are generally bottle conditioned ales, with an average alcohol by volume range of 5 to 8%.

Although saison has been described as an endangered beer, there has been a rise in interest in this pale ale in recent years, with Saison Dupont being named “the Best Beer in the World” by the magazine Men’s Journal in July 2005. Men's Journal is an American men's lifestyle magazine focused on outdoor recreation

Examples of pale ales

Strong pale ale

Strong Pale Ale is a designation relating to contemporary abv strengths of pale ale - nineteenth century pale ales would have a different range of abv.

The alcohol strength may start around 5%, though typically starts a bit higher at 7 or 8% by volume and may go up to 12%, though brewers have been pushing the alcohol strength higher. In 1994 the Hair of the Dog Brewing Company produced a Strong Pale Ale with an ABV of 29%. Hair of the Dog Brewing Company is an American Microbrewery based in Portland Oregon. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as abv or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( Ethanol) is contained in an Alcoholic beverage [12]

American Strong Ale

American strong ale is a broad category used in America to describe ales of 7. Ale is a type of Beer brewed from Malted Barley using a top-fermenting Brewers' yeast. 0% ABV or higher. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as abv or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( Ethanol) is contained in an Alcoholic beverage Beers in this category may also be classified as double India Pale Ales, barley wines, or old ale depending on the style. India Pale Ale, abbreviated IPA, is an ale that is light amber to copper in color medium to medium-high Alcohol by volume, with hoppy, bitter and sometimes Barley wine or Barleywine is a style of strong Ale originating in England in the nineteenth century (derived from the March or October beers Old ale is a term commonly applied to dark malty beers in the UK, usually above 5% Abv, often also called Winter Warmers also to dark ales of any strength in

English Strong Ale

English Strong Ale is the name given to strong pale ale brewed in England above the strength of 5% abv but which are not quite as strong as a barley wine. Barley wine or Barleywine is a style of strong Ale originating in England in the nineteenth century (derived from the March or October beers They are malty and usually sweet with some fruity esters. [13] Some oxidative notes may be present, similar to those found in port or sherry. In colour they tend to range from medium amber up to a dark red-amber. Alcoholic strength is usually felt, though not overwhelming. They are medium to full body, with the alcohol contributing some warmth. They may sometimes be marketed as winter warmers. [14]

Scotch ale

Scotch Ale is the name given to a strong pale ale believed to have originated in Edinburgh in the 19th century[15]. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Beers using the designation Scotch Ale are popular in Belgium and the USA where most examples are brewed locally. Examples of Scotch Ale brewed in Scotland are exported to the USA, though may be available in Scotland under a different name. For example, Caledonian's Edinburgh Scotch Ale is sold from the cask in Scotland as Edinburgh Strong Ale or as Edinburgh Tattoo[16]. Caledonian Brewery is a Scottish Brewery founded in 1869 in the Slateford area of Edinburgh, Scotland.

Strong Scotch Ale is also known as Wee Heavy. Examples of beers brewed in the USA under the name Wee Heavy tend to be 7% ABV and higher, while Scottish brewed examples, such as Belhaven's Wee Heavy, are typically between 5. 5% and 6. 5% ABV. As with other examples of strong pale ales, such as Barley Wine, these beers tend toward sweetness and a full body, with a low hop flavour. Barley wine or Barleywine is a style of strong Ale originating in England in the nineteenth century (derived from the March or October beers Examples from the Caledonian brewery would have toffee notes from the caramelising of the malt from the direct fired copper. This caramelising of Caledonian's beers is popular in America and has led many American brewers to produce toffee sweet beers which they would label as a Scotch Ale.

Even though the malt used by brewers in Scotland is not dried by peat burning, the Scottish whisky distilleries use low nitrogen barley dried by peat burning. The distinctive flavour of these smoked malts when used in beers is reminiscent of whisky, and such beers are popular in France, Belgium and America. These beers are often named Whiskey Ale or Scotch Ale by the brewers[17]. The most popular French example is Fischer's Adelscott, while the most popular American example is Samuel Adams Scotch Ale. The Boston Beer Company ( is an American Brewing company founded in 1985 by Jim Koch in Boston Massachusetts, USA. The brewer Douglas Ross of the Bridge of Allan brewery made the first Scottish example of one of these Whiskey Ales for the Tullibardine Distillery in 2006. [18]

Winter warmer

Winter warmer is a traditional malty-sweet English Strong Ale that is brewed in the winter months. Winter Warmers can be quite dark from the use of crystal malts, but not so dark as a stout. Stout and porter are dark Beers made using roasted Malts or roast Barley. Sometimes, winter warmer has a few spices, especially in the United States. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The alcohol content by volume ranges from 6. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon 0% to 8. 0%.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Copper-bottom ales halt lager tide in Germany
  2. ^ http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-001393.html Michael Jackson, Oct, 2001: "The designation Amber Ale is to be taken seriously". Beer style is a term used to differentiate and categorize Beers by various factors such as colour flavour strength ingredients production method recipe history or origin Michael Jackson ( 27 March 1942 – 30 August 2007) was an English writer and journalist
  3. ^ Crystal Malt
  4. ^ Guide to Specialty Grains Used in Homebrewing
  5. ^ http://www.beertown.org/events/acbw/amber.html Beertown, 2007: "The typical example presents more mouth-filling body and tongue-pleasing malt flavor than the typical English and American pale ales. Amber ales may also offer a more floral, hop accented take on Irish Red Ale. "
  6. ^ 10. American Ale - BJCP Style Guidelines
  7. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewpub
  8. ^ http://www.macandjacks.com
  9. ^ Anderson Valley Brewing Co. - Boont Amber Ale
  10. ^ http://www.brasseriefischer.com/brasserie-fischer.htm
  11. ^ Welcome to the Brewers Association
  12. ^ Hair of the Dog Dave from Hair of the Dog Brewing Company, a Barley Wine style beer: An unofficial page for Hair of the Dog Dave from Hair of the Dog Brewing Company in Portland, Oregon , United States of America
  13. ^ Beer Styles - BeerPal.com. www. beerpal. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  14. ^ RateBeer.com -- Beer Style Guide. www. ratebeer. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  15. ^ http://www.allaboutbeer.com/style/scottish.html
  16. ^ http://www.ratebeer.com/beer/caledonian-edinburgh-tattoo-strong-ale/2812/
  17. ^ http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2005/Art/0505/featu2.php
  18. ^ beer-pages.com - all you need to know about beer. www. beer-pages. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.

Bibliography

External links

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