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Palaeography (British) or paleography (American) (from the Greek παλαιός palaiós, "old" and γράφειν graphein, "to write") is the study of ancient handwriting, independent of the language (Koine Greek, Classical Latin, Medieval Latin, Old English, etc. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval ), preserved in papyrus, parchment, paper, wood, waxed tablet, etc. Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ (Rhymes -aɪrəs)is a thick paper-like material produced from the Pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. A tablet is a mixture of active substances and Excipients usually in powder form pressed or compacted into a solid

Palaeography is in many ways a prerequisite for philology, and it tackles two main difficulties: first, since the style of a single alphabet has evolved constantly (Carolingian minuscule, Gothic, etc. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized ), it is necessary to know how to decipher the individual characters. Second, scribes often used many abbreviations, usually so that they could write the text more quickly, and sometimes to save space, so the palaeographer must know how to interpret them. For the HTML tag see HTML element. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short" Knowledge about individual letter-forms, ligatures, punctuation, and abbreviations, enables the palaeographer to read the text as the scribe intended it to be read.

The first time the term "palaeography" was used was perhaps in 1703 by Bernard de Montfaucon, a Benedictine monk. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Bernard de Montfaucon ( January 13, 1655, Aube, France - December 21, 1741) was a French Benedictine monk Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in During the 19th century palaeography fully separates from the science of diplomatics. Diplomatics is Forensic Palaeography. Specifically diplomatics is a branch of study that seeks clues as to the Provenance of written documents especially Wilhelm Wattenbach and Leopold Delisle greatly contributed to this separation with their studies between the relationship to the human hand and writing. Wilhelm Wattenbach ( September 22, 1819 &ndash September 20, 1897) was a German Historian. Their efforts were mainly the directed at Reconstiting "the ductus" i. e. the movement of the pen in forming letter, and to establish a genealogy of writing based on the historical developments of its forms[1].

The palaeographer must know the language of the texts, the abbreviations used, and the various styles of handwriting. Knowledge of writing materials is essential to the ancient study of handwriting and the identification of the periods in which they are written. [2]. The fundamental work of the palaeographer is to decipher the writings of the past and to assign them a date and a place of origin. This is why the palaeographer must take into account the style and formation of the manuscript or text. [3]

Contents

Ancient Near East

Main article: History of writing
Further information: Epigraphy

Greek palaeography

Main article: History of the Greek alphabet

Indian palaeography

North Indian palaeography

South Indian palaeography

Main article: History of writing in South India

The earliest attested form of writing in South India is inscriptions found in caves, associated with the Chalukya and Chera dynasties. The history of writing encompasses the various Writing systems that evolved in the Early Bronze Age (late 4th millennium BC) Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved Hittite cuneiform refers to the implementation of Cuneiform script used in writing the Hittite language. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek Anatolian hieroglyphs are an indigenous Logographic script native to central Anatolia, consisting of some 500 signs The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral The History of the Greek alphabet starts with the adoption of Phoenician letter forms and continues to the present day The Inscriptiones Graecae (IG ( Latin for Greek inscriptions) is an academic project originally begun by the Prussian Academy of Science, and The History of the Greek alphabet starts with the adoption of Phoenician letter forms and continues to the present day The Cumae alphabet, was a western variant of the early Greek alphabet, used between the 8th to 5th centuries BC The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Chera may refer to Chera Valencia, Spain Chera Dynasty, ancient Tamil dynasty in southern India Chera (clan These are in variants of what is known as the Cave character, and their script differs from the Northern version in being more angular. Most of the modern scripts of South India have evolved from this script, with the exception of Vatteluttu, whose exact origins are unknown, and Nandinagari, which is a variant of Devanagari that developed due to later Northern influence. Vatteluttu () or "rounded writing" is an Abugida Writing system originating from the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and

Aramaic palaeography

Latin palaeography

Main article: History of the Latin alphabet

Antiquity

See the following articles:

Middle Ages

Prior to the time of Charlemagne several parts of Europe had their own handwriting style. Grantha ( Tamil: கிரந்த ௭ழுத்து Bengali: গ্রন্থলিপি Malayalam: ml ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി Sanskrit The The Malayalam script is an Abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write the Malayalam language. Telugu script, an Abugida from the Brahmic family of scripts is used to write Telugu language, a Dravidian Language found in the Southern The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. The Mandaic alphabet is based on the Aramaic alphabet, and is used for writing the Mandaic language. The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, which belongs to the Iranian family The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2500 years before emerging as one of the dominant Writing systems in use today Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum ( CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin Inscriptions It forms an authoritative source Roman square capitals, also called inscriptional capitals, elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing and Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of Handwriting (or a script) used in Ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages Rustic capitals (in Latin capitalis rustica) is an ancient Roman calligraphic script Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his His rule over a large part of the continent provided an opportunity to unify these writing styles in the hand called Carolingian minuscule. Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized Simplistically speaking, the only scripts to escape this unification were the Visigothic (or Mozarabic), which survived into the twelfth or thirteenth century, the Beneventan, which was still being written in the middle of the sixteenth, and the one that continues to be used in traditional Irish handwriting, which has been in severe decline since the early twentieth century and is now almost extinct (the printed form was abolished by the Irish government in the 1950s). Visigothic script was a type of medieval script, so called because it originated in the Visigothic kingdom in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula Beneventan script was a medieval script, so called because it originated in the Duchy of Benevento in Southern Italy. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Government of Ireland (Rialtas na hÉireann n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ is the Cabinet that exercises executive authority in Ireland. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive

In the twelfth century Carolingian minuscule underwent a change in its appearance to bold and broken Gothic letter-forms. This style remained predominant with some regional variants until the fifteenth century when the humanistic scripts revived a version of Carolingian minuscule and it spread from the Italian Renaissance all over Europe. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

Further medieval scripts

Modern period

These humanistic scripts are the base for the antiqua and the handwriting forms in western and southern Europe. Beneventan script was a medieval script, so called because it originated in the Duchy of Benevento in Southern Italy. The term Gaelic script, a translation of the Irish phrase cló Gaelach ( pronounced /kɫ̪oː ˈgeːɫ̪əx/ refers to a family of insular Insular script was a medieval script system used in Ireland and Britain (Latin insula, "island" Merovingian script was a medieval script so called because it was developed in France during the Merovingian dynasty Uncial is a Majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek Scribes From the 8th century to the Visigothic script was a type of medieval script, so called because it originated in the Visigothic kingdom in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula Antiqua Typefaces are those designed between about 1470 and 1600 specifically those by Nicholas Jenson and the Aldine roman commissioned by Aldus Manutius In Germany and Austria, the Kurrentschrift was rooted in the cursive handwriting of the later Middle Ages. Kurrent is an old form of German handwriting based on late medieval cursive writing For the indie rock band see Cursive (band. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing down notes and With the name of the calligrapher Ludwig Sütterlin, this handwriting counterpart to the blackletter typefaces was abolished by Hitler in 1941. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Sütterlinschrift (Sütterlin script or Sütterlin for short is the last widely used form of the old German blackletter handwriting ("Spitzschrift" Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately After World War II it was taught as alternative script in schools only in some areas until the 1970s; it is no longer being taught. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.

See also

External links

Further reading

Western palaeography

Indian palaeography

References

  1. ^ R. Marichal, “Paleography” in New Encyclopaedia New York: Gale-Thomson, 2003 Vol. X, p. 773.
  2. ^ Robert P. Gwinn, "Paleography" in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, Vol. IX, 1986, p. 78.
  3. ^ Fernando De Lasala, Exercise of Latin Paleography (Gregorian University Rome, 2006) p. 7.
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters
ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7- Bit character code from which several national standards are derived The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2500 years before emerging as one of the dominant Writing systems in use today Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Unicode as of version 51 defines the following ranges for encoding the Latin alphabet and derived characters See also Mapping of Unicode characters List of Latin letters. Basic alphabet Extensions and ligatures Letters with diacritics Digraphs trigraphs and tetragraphs

Dictionary

palaeography

-noun

  1. (UK) Ancient forms of writing, as in a manuscript or document.
  2. (UK) The study of ancient forms of writing.
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