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"Piute" redirects here. For other uses, see Piute (disambiguation).
Paiute women and children in Yosemite Valley 1891.
Paiute women and children in Yosemite Valley 1891. Yosemite Valley (joʊˈsɛməti yoh-SEM-it-ee) is a world-famous scenic location in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California.

Paiute (sometimes written Piute) refers to two related groups of Native Americans — the Northern Paiute of California, Nevada and Oregon, and the Southern Paiute of Arizona, southeastern California and Nevada, and Utah. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The Northern and Southern Paiute both spoke languages belonging to the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan family of Native American languages. Numic is a branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family It includes seven languages spoken by Native American peoples traditionally living in the Great Basin Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family.

Usage of the terms Paiute, Northern Paiute and Southern Paiute is most correct when referring to groups of people with similar language and culture and should not be taken to imply a political connection or even an especially close genetic relationship. The Northern Paiute speak the Northern Paiute language, while the Southern Paiute speak the Ute-Southern Paiute language. Northern Paiute (Northern Paiute Numu, also known as Paviotso) is a Western Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family which according to Marianne The Ute language (also Southern Paiute and Colorado River) of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family is actually a Dialect These languages are not as closely related to each other as they are to other Numic languages.

The Bannock, Mono, Timbisha and Kawaiisu people, who also speak Numic languages and live in adjacent areas are sometimes referred to as Paiute. The Bannock or Banate are a Native American people who traditionally lived in the northern Great Basin in what is now southeastern Oregon and Mono is a Native American language of the Numic group of Uto-Aztecan languages. The Timbisha ("red rock facepaint" are a Native American people who have lived in Death Valley California region of North America for over 1000 left to right Aunt Rosie Uncle Fred GGrandma Martina Collins lived to be 102 The Bannock speak a dialect of Northern Paiute, while the other three people speak separate Numic languages, with Mono being more closely related to Northern Paiute, Kawaiisu being more closely related to Ute-Southern Paiute, and Timbisha being more closely related to Shoshone. The Shoshone ( or) are a Native American tribe with three large divisions the Northern the Western and the Eastern

The origin of the word Paiute is unclear. Some anthropologists have interpreted it as "Water Ute" or "True Ute. " The Northern Paiute call themselves Numa (sometimes written Numu) ; the Southern Paiute call themselves Nuwuvi. Both terms mean "the people. " The Northern Paiute are sometimes referred to as Paviotso. Early Spanish explorers called the Southern Paiute "Payuchi" (they did not make contact with the Northern Paiute). Early Euro-American settlers often called both groups of Paiute "Diggers" (presumably because of their practice of digging for roots), although that term is now considered derogatory.

Captain John, Leader of the Yosemite-Mono Lake Paiutes
Captain John, Leader of the Yosemite-Mono Lake Paiutes

Contents

Northern Paiute

The Northern Paiute traditionally lived in the Great Basin in eastern California, western Nevada, and southeast Oregon. Mono Lake is an Alkaline and hypersaline lake in California, United States that is a critical nesting habitat for several bird species and is The Great Basin is a large arid region of the western United States. The Northern Paiute's pre-contact lifestyle was well adapted to the harsh desert environment in which they lived. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. Each tribe or band occupied a specific territory, generally centered on a lake or wetland that supplied fish and water-fowl. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog Rabbits and pronghorn were taken from surrounding areas in communal drives, which often involved neighboring bands. Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world The pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana) also pronghorn antelope or prong buck, is a species of Ungulate Mammal native to interior Individuals and families appear to have moved freely between bands. Pinyon nuts gathered in the mountains in the fall provided critical winter food. The pinyon (or piñon) Pine group grows in the southwestern United States and in Mexico. Grass seeds and roots were also important parts of their diet. The name of each band came from a characteristic food source. For example, the people at Pyramid Lake were known as the Cui Ui Ticutta (meaning "Cui-ui eaters"), the people of the Lovelock area were known as the Koop Ticutta (meaning "ground-squirrel eaters") and the people of the Carson Sink were known as the Toi Ticutta (meaning "tule eaters. The cui-ui, Chasmistes cujus, is a large sucker Fish endemic to Pyramid Lake in northwestern Nevada. Lovelock is a city in Pershing County, Nevada, United States. Carson Sink is a large Playa, approximately 300 sq mi (780 km² in area in the Lahontan Valley of northwestern Nevada. The Tule ( Schoenoplectus acutus, syn Scirpus acutus Schoenoplectus lacustris Scirpus lacustris subsp ")

Chief Winnemucca – Chief of the Paiutes. He was also named Poito.
Chief Winnemucca – Chief of the Paiutes. Chief Winnemucca, aka one moccasin, was an important chief of the Northern Paiute at the time of the Paiute War of 1860 He was also named Poito.

Relations among the Northern Paiute bands and their Shoshone neighbors were generally peaceful. In fact, there is no sharp distinction between the Northern Paiute and western Shoshone. Relations with the Washoe people, who were culturally and linguistically very different, were not so peaceful. Washo People The Washo are a Native American people who originally lived around Lake Tahoe and adjacent areas of the Great Basin.

Sarah Winnemucca - Paiute writer and lecturer
Sarah Winnemucca - Paiute writer and lecturer

Sustained contact between the Northern Paiute and Euro-Americans came in the early 1840s, although the first contact may have occurred as early as the 1820s. Sarah Winnemucca (born Thocmentony, Paiute: Shell Flower) ( ca Although they had already started using horses, their culture was otherwise largely unaffected by European influences at that point. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. As Euro-American settlement of the area progressed, several violent incidents occurred, including the Pyramid Lake War of 1860 and the Bannock War of 1878. The Paiute War, also known as the Paiute Indian War, the Pyramid Lake War and the Pah Ute War, was a war between Northern Paiutes (along with The Bannock War was an 1878 War primarily between the Bannock people and the Northern Shoshone, tribes of Native Americans, vs the United These incidents took the general pattern of a settler steals from, rapes or murders a Paiute, a group of Paiutes retaliate, and a group of settlers or the U.S. Army counter-retaliates. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Many more Paiutes died from introduced diseases such as smallpox. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Sarah Winnemucca's book "Life Among the Piutes"[1] gives a first-hand account of this period, although it is not considered to be wholly reliable. Sarah Winnemucca (born Thocmentony, Paiute: Shell Flower) ( ca

The first reservation established for the Northern Paiute was the Malheur Reservation in Oregon. The Malheur Reservation was a former Indian reservation in the U The federal government's intention was to concentrate the Northern Paiute there, but its strategy did not work. Because of the distance of that reservation from the traditional areas of most of the bands, and because of the poor conditions on that reservation, many Northern Paiute refused to go there, and those that did soon left. Instead they clung to the traditional lifestyle as long as possible, and when environmental degradation made that impossible, they sought jobs on white farms, ranches or cities and established small Indian colonies, where they were joined by many Shoshone and, in the Reno area, Washoe people. An Indian Colony is a Native American settlement associated with an urban area Later, large reservations were created at Pyramid Lake and Duck Valley, but by that time the pattern of small de facto reservations near cities or farm districts often with mixed Northern Paiute and Shoshone populations had been established. The Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in northwestern Nevada in the United States. The Duck Valley Indian Reservation was established as a homeland for members of both the Shoshone and Paiute tribes of Native Americans It lies on the Starting in the early 20th century the federal government began granting land to these colonies, and under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 these colonies gained recognition as independent tribes. The Indian Reorganization Act, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally the Indian New Deal, was a U Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government

Wovoka – Paiute spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance
Wovoka – Paiute spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance

Tribes

These are federally-recognized tribes with significant Northern Paiute populations:

Famous Northern Paiutes

Population

Further information: Population of Native California

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Lovelock is a city in Pershing County, Nevada, United States. The Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in northwestern Nevada in the United States. The Duck Valley Indian Reservation was established as a homeland for members of both the Shoshone and Paiute tribes of Native Americans It lies on the The Walker River Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in central Nevada in the United States. Winnemucca (Win-ah-muc-ah is the County seat of Humboldt County in the U Yerington is a city in Lyon County, located in western Nevada, USA. Alturas is the County seat of Modoc County, California, United States. Chief Winnemucca, aka one moccasin, was an important chief of the Northern Paiute at the time of the Paiute War of 1860 Sarah Winnemucca (born Thocmentony, Paiute: Shell Flower) ( ca Wovoka (c 1856 - September 20, 1932) also known as Jack Wilson, was the Northern Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Chief Tenaya (died 1853) was a Native American chief of the Yosemite Valley people in California. Tau-gu was a chief of the Paiute Native Americans in the 1870's Estimates of the Native Californian population have varied substantially both with respect to California's pre-contact count and for changes during subsequent periods Alfred L. Kroeber thought that the 1770 population of the Northern Paiute within California was 500. Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11 1876&ndashOctober 5 1960 was one of the most influential figures in American Anthropology in the first half of the twentieth He estimated their population in 1910 as 300. [2] Others [3] put the total Northern Paiute population in 1859 at about 6,000.

Southern Paiute

Southern Paiutes – Moapa - Las Vegas Paiutes wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe
Southern Paiutes – Moapa - Las Vegas Paiutes wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe

The Southern Paiute traditionally lived in the Colorado River basin and Mojave Desert in northern Arizona, southeastern California, southern Nevada, and southern Utah. The Colorado River (' Aha Kwahwat in Mojave) is a River in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately For the indigenous American tribe see Mohave. The Mojave Desert (moʊˈhɑːvi or /məˈhɑːvi/ ( Hayikwiir Mat'aar in Mojave The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The Utah Paiutes were terminated in 1954 and regained federal recognition in 1980. A band of Southern Paiutes at Willow Springs and Navajo Mountain, south of the Grand Canyon, reside inside the Navajo Indian Reservation. Navajo Mountain, in southeastern Utah and adjacent Arizona, is a prominent free-standing Laccolith, a dome-shaped body of Igneous rock that The Grand Canyon These "San Juan" Paiutes were recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1980.

First European contact with the Southern Paiutes occurred in 1776 when Fathers Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Domínguez chanced upon them during their failed attempt to find an overland route to the missions of California. Silvestre Vélez de Escalante was a Franciscan Missionary and explorer of the Southwest United States during the late 18th century Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, a native of Mexico City, was ordained a Franciscan priest and Missionary and explorer of the Southwest United States The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between Even before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered from slave raids by the Navajo and the Utes, but the introduction of Spanish and later Euroamerican explorers into their territory exacerbated the practice. The Navajo or Diné people (also spelled Navaho) of the Southwestern United States UTE ( Usinas y Terminales Eléctricas) is Uruguay 's government-owned power company In 1851, Mormon settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship. TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon However, the Mormon presence soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiutes and the Mormons were basically peaceful. This was largely because of the diplomacy efforts of Mormon missionary Jacob Hamblin. Jacob Hamblin ( April 6, 1819 &ndash August 31, 1886) was a Western pioneer, Mormon missionary and Diplomat But there is no doubt that the introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of cattle) made it difficult for the Southern Paiutes to continue their traditional lifestyle. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family

Southern Paiute communities are located at Las Vegas, Pahrump, and Moapa, in Nevada; Cedar City, Kanosh, Koosharem, Shivwits, and Indian Peaks, in Utah; at Kaibab and Willow Springs, in Arizona; Death Valley and at the Chemehuevi Indian Reservation and on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in California. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Pahrump is a Census-designated place (CDP in Nye County, Nevada, United States. Moapa Town is a Census-designated place (CDP in Clark County, Nevada, United States. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Cedar City is a city in Iron County, Utah, United States, 250 miles south of Salt Lake City on Interstate 15. Kanosh is a town in Millard County, Utah, United States. The population was 485 at the 2000 census. Koosharem is a town in Sevier County, Utah, United States. The population was 276 at the 2000 census. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Kaibab is a Census-designated place (CDP in Coconino and Mohave counties in the U The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Death Valley is the lowest driest and hottest Valley in the United States. The Chemehuevi are a Native American tribe who presently live with the Mohave in and near the Colorado River Reservation in Arizona. The Colorado River Indian Reservation is 189 miles (304 km west of Phoenix Arizona, on highway 95 California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Some would include the 29 Palms Reservation in Riverside County, California. Riverside County is a County located in the southeastern part of the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

Pah Ute War

Numaga, chief of the Paiutes during the Pyramid Lake Paiute War. He was named the “Peace Chief”.
Numaga, chief of the Paiutes during the Pyramid Lake Paiute War. He was named the “Peace Chief”.
Further information: Paiute War

The Pah Ute War, also known as the Paiute War, was a minor series of raids and ambushes initiated by the Paiute and which had an effect on the development of the Pony Express. The Paiute War, also known as the Paiute Indian War, the Pyramid Lake War and the Pah Ute War, was a war between Northern Paiutes (along with The Pony Express was a fast Mail service crossing the North American continent from St It took place from May through June 1860, though sporadic violence continued for a period afterwards.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca (1883). Northern Paiute traditional narratives include myths legends tales and oral histories preserved by the Northern Paiute people of the Great Basin deserts of western Nevada The Mountain Meadows massacre involved a mass slaughter of the Fancher-Baker emigrant Wagon train at Mountain Meadows in the Utah Territory by The known history of the Yosemite area started with Ahwahnechee and Paiute peoples who inhabited the central Sierra Nevada region of California that now History The name "Hetch Hetchy" comes from a grass with edible seeds that grows in the valley in the Native American Sierra Miwok language. Mono Lake is an Alkaline and hypersaline lake in California, United States that is a critical nesting habitat for several bird species and is Pipe Spring National Monument is located in the US state of Arizona, and
  2. ^ Kroeber, p. 883
  3. ^ Fowler and Liljeblad, p. 457

References

External links

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