Pair skating is a figure skating discipline. Figure skating is an athletic Sport in which individuals pairs or groups perform spins, jumps, footwork and other intricate and challenging International Skating Union (ISU) regulations describe pair teams as consisting of "one lady and one man. The International Skating Union (ISU is the international governing body for competitive Ice skating disciplines including Figure skating, Synchronized " The teams perform both singles elements in unison and elements such as acrobatic lifts that are unique to pair skating, with the goal of giving an impression of "two skating as one". Pair skating is difficult because achieving this degree of unison requires similar technique and timing on all elements of the performance, as well as practice and trust between the partners. Pair skaters perform all of the same elements as singles skaters, with a few extra elements, such as lifts, that set the discipline apart from simply being two singles skaters skating together.

Contents 1 Pair skating elements 1.1 Illegal elements 2 Terminology 3 References

Pair skating elements

See also: Figure skating lifts

Note: Women are referred to as "ladies" in ISU regulations. Figure skating lifts are a required element in Pair skating and Ice dancing.

• Throw jump - a move in which the man assists the lady into the air and she lands on her own. Throw jumps can be done with any of the jump takeoffs, done as doubles, triples, or quadruples for elite pair teams. The toe loop and salchow are considered the easiest jumps while the loop and flip are more difficult; the most difficult throw jump is the axel. The most difficult throw jump that has been completed in competition is the throw triple axel jump. The Axel is a Figure skating jump with a forward take-off It is named after the Norwegian skater Axel Paulsen, who first performed the jump in 1882 It was first performed by Rena Inoue and John Baldwin Jr at the 2006 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. Rena Inoue (born October 17, 1976 in Nishinomiya Hyōgo, Japan) is an American Pair skater. John Baldwin Jr (born October 18, 1973 in Dallas Texas) is an American figure skater. The US Figure Skating Championships is an annual Figure skating competition organized by U It was first performed in international competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in

• Pair spin- a spin in which the two spin around a common axis while holding each other. Spins are an element in Figure skating where the skater rotates centered on a single point on the ice while holding one or more body positions The additional balance obtained by holding onto a partner allows pair skaters to obtain spin positions that would be difficult or impossible for a singles skater to achieve.

• Death spiral - a move in which the man performs a pivot while swinging the lady around on a deep edge in a position almost horizontal to the ice. Death spiral is an element of Pair skating performed with the man in a Pivot position one toe anchored in the Ice.

• Lift - lifts are categorized by the grip and position used to initially lift the lady over the man's head. For example, in a hip lift, the man lifts the lady with his hand on her hip, and a press lift uses a hand-to-hand grip. The hardest type of lift is considered to be the Axel lasso lift, in which the lady rotates a full turn while she is lifted by the man in a hand-to-hand grip. In normal lifts, the man performs turns on the ice before setting the lady down; a carry lift, by contrast, is a lift without rotation.

• Twist lift - a move that begins with the man assisting the lady in an Axel or toe-assisted jump where she rotates and is caught mid-air by the man, who then places her down back on the ice. Double and triple twist lifts are commonly seen at the elite level; the first quadruple twist lift was performed by Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai at the 1977 European Championship. Marina Cherkasova (Russian Марина Черкасова b November 17, 1964 in the Soviet Union) was a Russian figure skater Sergei Shakhrai (Russian Сергей Шахрай b June 28, 1958 in Soviet Union) was a Russian figure skater. The European Figure Skating Championships ( "Europeans") is an annual Figure skating competition in which figure skaters compete for

• Side-by-side elements include: jumps, spins, and step sequences. Keeping in line with "two skating as one", the quality of a side-by-side element is not evaluated by an average of each skater's completion. Instead, skaters should begin a side-by-side element together, maintain unison and close proximity to each other throughout, and finish together. Pairs sometimes shout auditory cues to their partner in order to maintain and adjust their timing throughout a side-by-side element.

Illegal elements

Some pair skating maneuvers are banned from Olympic-eligible skating due to their high risk of serious injury to the skaters. Kyoko Ina (born October 11, 1972 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese-American Figure skater. John Luther Zimmerman IV (born November 26, 1973 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American professional Figure skater Illegal elements warrant deductions in both the 6. 0 and ISU Judging System. These moves are only performed in exhibitions or professional competition.

• A headbanger or bounce spin is performed by the man swinging the lady around with both of her feet off the ice, supported only by the man's grip on her ankle. The lady is elevated and lowered during the spin in a periodic fashion, sometimes with her head coming dangerously close to skimming the ice.

• A Detroiter is performed by the man lifting the lady over his head, holding her parallel to the ice while he is in a two-foot spin. The hold is the most dangerous part of the spin because the man is supporting the lady only by her legs. This move is also performed in more dramatic and dangerous fashion with a one-handed hold.

Other illegal maneuvers include:

• somersault type jumps
• lifts with wrong holds
• lifts with more than 3 ½ revolutions of the man
• spinning movements in which the man swings the lady around in the air while holding her hand or foot
• twist-like or rotational movements during which the lady is turned over with her skating foot leaving the ice
• rotational movements with the grip of one of the partners on the leg, arm and neck of the other partner
• jumps of one of the partners towards the other partner
• lying and prolonged and/or stationary kneeling on both knees on the ice at any moment

Terminology

• Mirror pairs are rare teams that perform side-by-side elements in opposite rotational directions. One such pair was Kristi Yamaguchi (counter-clockwise) and Rudy Galindo (clockwise). Kristine Tsuya "Kristi" Yamaguchi- Hedican (born July 12 1971) is an American figure skater and the 1992 Olympic Champion A clockwise motion is one that proceeds 'like the Clock 's hands' from the top to the right then down and then to the left and back to the top Val Joe "Rudy" Galindo (born September 7, 1969 in San Jose California) is an American figure skater who competed in A clockwise motion is one that proceeds 'like the Clock 's hands' from the top to the right then down and then to the left and back to the top Jill Watson and Peter Oppegard also jumped in opposite directions. Jill Watson (born 1963 is an American figure skater and coach Peter Oppegard (born August 23 1959 is an American figure skater and coach More recently, Tiffany Vise (clockwise) and Derek Trent (counterclockwise) also rotate in opposite directions. Tiffany Vise (born February 2, 1986 in Aurora Colorado) is an American pair skater. Derek Trent (born March 21, 1980 in Knoxville Tennessee) is an American pair skater.

• Mirror skating is a term similar to mirror pairs, but can apply to movements other than jumps and spins. The pair team of Andrée and Pierre Brunet are credited with first performing this kind of movement. Andrée Brunet (also Andrée Joly, September 16, 1901 in Paris, France – March 30, 1993, Boyne City Pierre Brunet may refer to Pierre Brunet (figure skater, Olympic champion pair skater Pierre Brunet (rower, Olympic bronze medalist ^[1]

• Shadow skating occurs when the pair performs the same movements without touching one another.

• A similar pair is a pair team made up of two men or two women. The opposite of a mixed pair. Similar pairs do not compete in ISU events.

References

• Smith, Beverley. Figure Skating: A Celebration. ISBN 0-7710-2819-9.
• Rossano, George. Mechanics of Lifts.

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