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PETN
Identifiers
CAS number [78-11-5]
PubChem 6518
SMILES C(C(CO[N+](=O)[O-])(CO[N+](=O)[O-])CO[N+](=O)[O-])O[N+](=O)[O-]
Properties
Molecular formula C5H8N4O12
Molar mass 316. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 137 g/mol
Density 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 77 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point

141. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 3 °C, 414 K, 286 °F
Explosive data
Shock sensitivity Medium
Friction sensitivity Medium
Explosive velocity 8400 m/s
RE factor 1. Shock sensitivity is a comparative measure of the sensitivity to sudden movement of a Chemical compound, usually of an Explosive. Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding Explosive velocity is the Velocity at which the shockwave front travels through a detonated Explosive. Relative effectiveness factor or RE factor is a measurement of an Explosive 's power for Military Demolitions purposes 66
Hazards
Autoignition
temperature		 190 °C
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, also known as pentrite, or rarely and primarily in German as nitropenta) is one of the most powerful high explosives known, with a relative effectiveness factor (R. The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Relative effectiveness factor or RE factor is a measurement of an Explosive 's power for Military Demolitions purposes E. factor) of 1. 66.

Contents

Uses

The most obvious use of PETN is as an explosive. It is more sensitive to shock or friction than TNT or tetryl, and it is never used alone as a booster. Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3 Tetryl is a sensitive Explosive compound used to make Detonators and Explosive booster charges An explosive booster acts as a bridge between a low energy Explosive and a low sensitivity (but typically high energy explosive It is primarily used in booster and bursting charges of small caliber ammunition, in upper charges of detonators in some land mines and shells, and as the explosive core of detonation cord. The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which For the Ratt album see Detonator (album A detonator is a device used to trigger an Explosive device. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person Detonating cord (also called detonation cord, detacord, det cord, detcord, primer cord or sun cord) is a thin flexible

Apart from this, PETN is used as a vasodilator, similar to nitroglycerin. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN has been used to treat angina and Heart failure since at least 1870 The medicine for heart diseases "Lentonitrat" is pure PETN. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. [1]

Production

PETN's preparation involves the nitration of pentaerythritol with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid. Pentaerythritol is the Organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH4 Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The preferred method of nitration is the ICI method, which utilizes concentrated nitric acid (98%+) alone, as mixed acid can create unstable sulfonated by-products.

C(CH2OH)4 + 4HNO3 → C(CH2ONO2)4 + 4H2O

Pollution

PETN does not occur naturally, so the production of this kind of compound without detonation may lead to contamination of the environment. PETN is subject to biodegradation in untreated or unpreserved urine and feces. Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organisms There also have been some reports of its degradation by bacteria, whose PETN reductase denitrates PETN into trinitrates and then dinitrates (French et al. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have , 1996). The last compound shown in the pathway, pentaerythritol dinitrate, is degraded further to unknown products.

History

Penthrite was first synthesized in 1891 by Tollens and Wiegand by nitration of pentaerythritol. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wiegand is an old German Surname. It originated from the Old High German Verb wgan, meaning to fight. Pentaerythritol is the Organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH4 In 1912, after being patented by the German government, the production of PETN started. PETN was used by the German army in World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [2] PETN is also one of the ingredients in Semtex plastic explosive. Semtex is a general-purpose Plastic explosive containing RDX and PETN. Plastic explosive (or the obsolete term plastique) is a specialised form of Explosive material.

See also

References

  1. ^ Russek H. I. (1966). "The therapeutic role of coronary vasodilators: glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. ". American Journal of Medical Science 252 (1): 9-20. doi:10.1097/00000441-196607000-00002. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 4957459.  
  2. ^ Stettbacher, Alfred (1933). Die Schiess- und Sprengstoffe. Barth, 459.  

External links

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